Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

•Chapter 4

•Methods, arrays and references

1
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Method Definitions
• Methods belong to a class
• Defined inside the class
• Heading
• Return type (e.g. int, float, void)
• Name (e.g. nextInt, println)
• Parameters (e.g. println(…) )
• More…
• Body
• enclosed in braces {}.
• Declarations and/or statements.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

The Method main

• A program
• a class that has a method named main.
• Execution begins in the main method
• So far
• no attributes (instance variables)
• no methods other than method main.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU
------------ Person.java ------ defining Person ---------------------
public class Person
{
private String _name;
private String _iceCream;

public void setName(String newName)

{
this._name = newName; // this. is optional
}

public void setIceCream(String newIceCream) { … }

public void print()

{
System.out.println(this._name + “ likes “ + this._IceCream); // this. optional
}
}

------------ PersonTest.java ----- using Person ------------------

public class PersonTest
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Person joe = new Person();
joe.setName(“Joseph”);
joe.setIceCream(“Rocky Road”);

Person mary = new Person();

mary.setName(“Mary”);
mary.setIceCream(“Chocolate Fudge”);
mary.print();
}
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example
• class SpeciesFirstTry
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Example, contd.
• class SpeciesFirstTryDemo

– Each object of type SpeciesFirstTry has its own values for

the three attributes
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Two Types of Methods

1. Return a value
• next = keyboard.nextInt();
• keyboard is the calling object.
2. Don’t return a value, called void method
• System.out.println(“Enter data:”);
• System.out is the calling object
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

void Method Definitions

• example
public void writeOuput() //heading
{ //body
System.out.println(“Name: “ + name);
System.out.println(“Age: “ + age);
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Using return in a void Method

• form
return;
• usage
• end the invocation of the method prematurely for dealing with some
problem
• caution
• better ways to deal with a potential problem (“exceptions”) [later...]
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Defining Methods That Return a Value

• example
public float density(float area) // heading
{ // body
return population / area;
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Defining Methods That Return a Value,

cont.
• must contain return statement
return Expression;
• Expression must have a type that matches the return type
• multiple return statements are allowed
• a single return statement is better (one exit point for the method).
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Naming Methods
• Use a verb to name methods
• Actions
• getBalance, deposit, changeAddress
• Start a method name with a lowercase letter.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

public Method Definitions

• syntax for a void method
public void methodName(parameters)
{
<statement(s)>
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

public Method Definitions

• syntax for methods that return a value
public returnType methodName(parameters)
{
<statement(s), including a
return statement>
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Local Variables
• Declared within a method
• “local to” (confined to) the method definition
• can’t be accessed outside the method
• Not attributes (instance variables)
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Local Variables, cont.

• class BankAccount
• class LocalVariablesDemoProgram
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Passing Values to a Method: Parameters

• Input values for methods (within the program, not from user)
• passed values or parameters
• More flexibility for methods
• formal parameters
• Part of method definition
• After the method name, within parentheses
• type
• name
• arguments, or actual parameters
• Calling a method with an object within the parentheses
• matching data type
• in the same order
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Formal vs Actual Parameters

public static void main(String[] args)
{
print(“George Bush”);
}

public static void print(String name)

{
System.out.print(“The name is: “ + name);
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Scope of Formal Parameters

• Start: begin of the method
• End: end of the method
public float square(float num)
{ // begin of num’s scope
…
} // end of num’s scope
 Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Parameter Passing Example

//Definition of method to double an integer
public int doubleValue(int numberIn)
{
return 2 * numberIn;
}

//Invocation of the method... somewhere in main...

...
int next = keyboard.nextInt();
System.out.println(someObj.doubleValue(next));

• What is the formal parameter in the method definition?

• numberIn
• What is the argument (actual parameter) in the method invocation?
• next
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Pass-By-Value:
Primitive Data Types as Parameters
• When the method is called
• value of each argument is copied (assigned) to its corresponding formal
parameter
• Formal parameters
• initialized to the values passed
• local to their method
• Variables used as arguments cannot be changed by the method
• the method only gets a copy of the variable's value
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example for Pass-by-Value

public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 10, num = 20;
int sq = MyClass.square(x);
System.out.println(x);
System.out.println(num);
}

public static int square(int num)

{
num = num * num;
return num;
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Arguments to Methods
• An argument in a method invocation can be
• a literal such as 2 or ‘A’
• a variable
• an expression that yields a value
[technically a literal or variable is also an “expression”]
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example for Pass-by-Value

public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 10, area;
area = MyClass.square(x);
area = MyClass.square(5);
area = MyClass.square(x + 5 % 2);
}

public static int square(int num)

{
return num * num;
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Multiple Arguments to Methods

anObject.doStuff(42, 100, 9.99, ‘Z’);
public void doStuff(int n1, int n2, double d1, char c1);

• arguments and formal parameters are matched by position

• Corresponding types need to match
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Method with a Parameter

• class SpeciesSecondTry
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Using a Method with a Parameter

• class SpeciesSecondTryDemo
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Access specifiers for Methods

• public

• private

• protected
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Method Modifiers
• static
• abstract
• final
• native
• synchronized
• volatile
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Class Constructors
• Special method used to initialize member variables of the class
• Same name as the Class name and does not have a return type
• Called when an object is created
• Types:
• Explicit constructors
• Implicit constructors
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Arrays in JAVA
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Declaring an Array Variable

• Do not have to create an array while declaring array variable
• <type> [] variable_name;
• int [] prime;
• int prime[];
• Both syntaxes are equivalent
• No memory allocation at this point
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Defining an Array
• Define an array as follows:
• variable_name=new <type>[N];
• primes=new int[10];
• Declaring and defining in the same statement:
• int[] primes=new int[10];
• In JAVA, int is of 4 bytes, total space=4*10=40 bytes
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

• Declaring and defining in the same statement: (Khai báo mảng)

Kiểu dữ liệu tên_mảng = new Kiểu dữ liệu [];

• Ví dụ: int[] primes=new int[10];
double [] mangA = new double [100];
 Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Graphical Representation
Index
prime

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 1 11 -9 2 1 11 90 101 2

value
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What happens if …
• We define
• int[] prime=new long[20];
MorePrimes.java:5: incompatible types
found: long[]
required: int[]
int[] primes = new long[20];
^
• The right hand side defines an array, and thus the array variable
should refer to the same type of array
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

What happens if …
• We define
• int prime[100];
MorePrimes.java:5: ']' expected
long primes[20];
^
• The C++ style is not permitted in JAVA syntax
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

What happens if …
• Valid code:
int k=7;
long[] primes = new long[k];

• Invalid Code:
int k;
long[] primes =new long[k];
Compilation Output:
MorePrimes.java:6: variable k might not have been initialized
long[] primes = new long[k];
^
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Array Size through Input

….
BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String inData;
int num;
System.out.println("Enter a Size for Array:");
inData = stdin.readLine();
num = Integer.parseInt( inData ); // convert inData to int
long[] primes = new long[num];
System.out.println(“Array Length=”+primes.length);
….
SAMPLE RUN:
Enter a Size for Array:
4
Array Length=4
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Default Initialization
• When array is created, array elements are initialized
• Numeric values (int, double, etc.) to 0
• Boolean values to false
• Char values to ‘\u0000’ (unicode for blank character)
• Class types to null
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Accessing Array Elements

• Index of an array is defined as
• Positive int, byte or short values
• Expression that results into these types
• Any other types used for index will give error
• long, double, etc.
• Incase Expression results in long, then type cast to int
• Indexing starts from 0 and ends at N-1
primes[2]=0;
int k = primes[2];
…
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Validating Indexes
• JAVA checks whether the index values are valid at runtime
• If index is negative or greater than the size of the array then an
IndexOutOfBoundException will be thrown
• Program will normally be terminated unless handled in the try {} catch {}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

What happens if …

long[] primes = new long[20];

primes[25]=33;
….
Runtime Error:
Exception in thread “main” java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 25
at MorePrimes.main(MorePrimes.java:6)
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Reusing Array Variables

• Array variable is separate from array itself
• Like a variable can refer to different values at different points in the program
• Use array variables to access different arrays
int[] primes=new int[10];
……
primes=new int[50];
• Previous array will be discarded
• Cannot alter the type of array
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Initializing Arrays
• Initialize and specify size of array while declaring an array variable
int[] primes={2,3,5,7,11,13,17}; //7 elements
• You can initialize array with an existing array
int[] even={2,4,6,8,10};
int[] value=even;
• One array but two array variables!
• Both array variables refer to the same array
• Array can be accessed through either variable name
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Graphical Representation

even

0 1 2 3 4
2 4 6 8 10

value
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Demonstration
long[] primes = new long[20];
primes[0] = 2;
primes[1] = 3;
long[] primes2=primes;
System.out.println(primes2[0]);
primes2[0]=5;
System.out.println(primes[0]);
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Output
2
5
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Array Length
• Refer to array length using length
• A data member of array object
• array_variable_name.length
• for(int k=0; k<primes.length;k++)
….
• Sample Code:
long[] primes = new long[20];
System.out.println(primes.length);

• Output: 20
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Change in Array Length

• If number of elements in the array are changed, JAVA will
automatically change the length attribute!
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Sample Program
class MinAlgorithm
{
public static void main ( String[] args )
{
int[] array = { -20, 19, 1, 5, -1, 27, 19, 5 } ;
int min=array[0]; // initialize the current minimum
for ( int index=0; index < array.length; index++ )
if ( array[ index ] < min )
min = array[ index ] ;
System.out.println("The minimum of this array is: " + min );
}
}

*Program taken from: http://chortle.ccsu.edu/CS151/Notes/chap47/ch47_10.html

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Arrays of Arrays
• Two-Dimensional arrays
• float[][] temperature=new float[10][365];
• 10 arrays each having 365 elements
• First index: specifies array (row)
• Second Index: specifies element in that array (column)
• In JAVA float is 4 bytes, total Size=4*10*365=14,600 bytes
 Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Graphical Representation
Sample[0] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sample[1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sample[2] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Initializing Array of Arrays

int[][] array2D = { {99, 42, 74, 83, 100}, {90,
91, 72, 88, 95}, {88, 61, 74, 89, 96}, {61, 89,
82, 98, 93}, {93, 73, 75, 78, 99}, {50, 65, 92,
87, 94}, {43, 98, 78, 56, 99} };
//5 arrays with 5 elements each
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Arrays of Arrays of Varying Length

• All arrays do not have to be of the same length
float[][] samples;
samples=new float[6][];//defines # of arrays
samples[2]=new float[6];
samples[5]=new float[101];
• Not required to define all arrays
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Initializing Varying Size Arrays

int[][] uneven = { { 1, 9, 4 }, { 0, 2}, { 0, 1, 2, 3,
4 } };
//Three arrays
//First array has 3 elements
//Second array has 2 elements
//Third array has 5 elements
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Array of Arrays Length

long[][] primes = new long[20][];
primes[2] = new long[30];
System.out.println(primes.length); //Number of arrays
System.out.println(primes[2].length);//Number of elements in the second array

OUTPUT:
20
30
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Sample Program
class unevenExample3
{
public static void main( String[] arg )
{ // declare and construct a 2D array
int[][] uneven = { { 1, 9, 4 }, { 0, 2}, { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 } };
// print out the array
for ( int row=0; row < uneven.length; row++ ) //changes row
{
System.out.print("Row " + row + ": ");
for ( int col=0; col < uneven[row].length; col++ ) //changes column
System.out.print( uneven[row][col] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Output
Row 0: 1 9 4
Row 1: 0 2
Row 2: 0 1 2 3 4
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Triangular Array of Arrays

• Triangular Array
for(int k=0; k<samples.length;k++)
samples[k]=new float[k+1];
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Multidimensional Arrays
• A farmer has 10 farms of beans each in 5 countries, and each farm
has 30 fields!
• Three-dimensional array
long[][][] beans=new long[5][10][30];
//beans[country][farm][fields]
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Varying length in Multidimensional Arrays

• Same features apply to multi-dimensional arrays as those of 2
dimensional arrays
long beans=new long[3][][];//3 countries
beans[0]=new long[4][];//First country has 4 farms
beans[0][4]=new long[10];
//Each farm in first country has 10 fields
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Introduction to reference in java

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

What’s a reference
• In Java, reference is a typed named memory space which holds
address of an Object of that type.
• Reference in Java is similar with pointer in C/C++.
• Java is safer, C/C++ is more powerful.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Reference vs. Pointer

• 1) You cannot put your hands on an Object without through its reference in Java. In C/C++, you can.
• 2) In C/C++, you can do arithmetic on pointers, but you cannot do arithmetic on references in Java.
• 3) In C/C++, you can dereference a pointer, you cannot dereference a reference in Java.
• 4)In Java, all object are put on the heap only. In C/C++, you can put an Object/struct onto the stack.
• 5) In C/C++, you can cast pointer to an totally different type without compiler errors. In Java, you cannot,
Java is more strong typed language.
• 6) In C/C++, pointer can point to primitive types too. In Java, reference cannot reference a primitive type,
unless the wrapper class is used.
• 7) In C/C++, pointer can point to another pointer, in Java, reference cannot reference another reference.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

example
• Java:
Class A{…}
A a;
a=new A(); reference

• C/C++:
pointer
struct a{…}
struct a* p = malloc(sizeof(a));
p=&a;
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Addition
 Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

A swap method?
• Does the following swap method work? Why or why not?
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 7;
int b = 35;
// swap a with b?
swap(a, b);
System.out.println(a + " " + b);
}

public static void swap(int a, int b) {

int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
 Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Value semantics
• value semantics: Behavior where values are copied when assigned, passed as
parameters, or returned.
• All primitive types in Java use value semantics.
• When one variable is assigned to another, its value is copied.
• Modifying the value of one variable does not affect others.

int x = 5;
int y = x; // x = 5, y = 5
y = 17; // x = 5, y = 17
x = 8; // x = 8, y = 17
 Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Reference semantics (objects)

• reference semantics: Behavior where variables actually store the address of an
object in memory.
• When one variable is assigned to another, the object is
not copied; both variables refer to the same object.
• Modifying the value of one variable will affect others.

int[] a1 = {4, 15, 8};

int[] a2 = a1; // refer to same array as a1
a2[0] = 7;
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a1)); // [7, 15, 8]

index 0 1 2
a1 value 4
7 15 8 a2
 Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

References and objects

• Arrays and objects use reference semantics. Why?
• efficiency. Copying large objects slows down a program.
• sharing. It's useful to share an object's data among methods.

DrawingPanel panel1 = new DrawingPanel(80, 50);

DrawingPanel panel2 = panel1; // same window
panel2.setBackground(Color.CYAN);

panel1

panel2
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Objects as parameters
• When an object is passed as a parameter, the object is not copied. The
parameter refers to the same object.
• If the parameter is modified, it will affect the original object.

public static void main(String[] args) {

DrawingPanel window = new DrawingPanel(80, 50);
window.setBackground(Color.YELLOW);
example(window);
window
}

public static void example(DrawingPanel panel) {

panel.setBackground(Color.CYAN);
...
} panel
 Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Arrays as parameters
• Arrays are also passed as parameters by reference.
• Changes made in the method are also seen by the caller.
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] iq = {126, 167, 95};
increase(iq); iq
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(iq));
}
public static void increase(int[] a) {
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
a[i] = a[i] * 2;
}
}
index 0 1 2
• Output:
[252, 334, 190] a value 126
252 167
334 190
95
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Arrays pass by reference

• Arrays are also passed as parameters by reference.
• Changes made in the method are also seen by the caller.
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] iq = {126, 167, 95}; iq
increase(iq);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(iq));
}
public static void increase(int[] a) {
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
a[i] = a[i] * 2; index 0 1 2
}
} a value 126
252 167
334 190
95

• Output:
[252, 334, 190]