Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

•Chapter 3
Java fundamentals and control structures

1
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Review
• Java was introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1995.
• Java is a programming language popularly used to build programs that can work on the Net.
• Its primary features are: it is object-oriented and a cross platform language.
• Swing, Drag and Drop, Java 2D API, Java Sound and RMI are some of the features added to the existing
version of Java.
• A Java applet is designed to work in a pre-defined “sandbox” only. This makes it safe to be used on the
Internet.
• Java bytecodes are machine language instructions understood by the Java Virtual Machine and usually
generated as a result of compiling Java language source code.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Review Contd…
• Java programs can be divided into following categories-applets, applications, GUI applications,
servlets and database applications.
• Java visual development tools help the programmer to develop Java applications and applets
more quickly and efficiently.
• The JDK contains the software and tools needed to compile, debug and execute applets and
applications written in the Java language. It’s basically a set of command-line tools.
• Enhancement in Swing, AWT, a new I/O class and so on has been added in the latest version of
Java 1.4.2.
• The future will use a lot of Java related programs for consumer gadgets with embedded
technologies.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Objectives
• Interpret the Java Program
• Understand the basics of Java Language
• Identify the Data Types
• Understand arrays
• Identify the Operators
• Format output using Escape Sequence
 Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

A Sample Java program

// This is a simple program called First.java

class First
{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
System.out.println ("My first program in Java ");
}
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Analyzing the Java Program

• The symbol // stands for commented line.
• The line class First declares a new class called First.
• public static void main (String [] args)
• This is the main method from where the program begins its execution.
• System.out.println (“My first program in java”);
• This line displays the string My first program in java on the screen.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Compiling and executing the Java program

The java compiler creates a file called 'First.class' that contains the byte codes

To actually run the program, a java interpreter called java is required to execute the code.
 Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Passing Command Line Arguments

class CommLineArg
{
public static void main (String [] pargs)
{
System.out.println("These are the arguments passed to the main
method.");
System.out.println(pargs [0]);
System.out.println(pargs [1]);
System.out.println(pargs [2]);
}
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Passing Command Line Arguments

Output
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Basics of the Java Language

• Classes & Methods
• Data types
• Variables
• Operators
• Control structures
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Classes in Java
• Class declaration Syntax
class Classname
{
var_datatype variablename;
:

met_datatype methodname(parameter_list)
:
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Sample class
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Data Types

 byte  Array
 char
 boolean  Class
 short  Interface
 int
 long
 float
 double
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Type Casting

• In type casting, a data type is converted into another data type.

• Example
float c = 34.89675f;
int b = (int)c + 10;
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Automatic type and Casting

• There are two type of data conversion: automatic type conversion and casting.
• When one type of data is assigned to a variable of another type then automatic
type conversion takes place provided it meets the conditions specified:
• The two types are compatible
• The destination type is larger than the source type.
• Casting is used for explicit type conversion. It loses information above the
magnitude of the value being converted.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Type Promotion Rules

• All byte and short values are promoted to int type.
• If one operand is long, the whole expression is promoted to
long.
• If one operand is float then the whole expression is promoted to
float.
• If one operand is double then the whole expression is promoted
to double.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Variables

• Three components of a variable declaration are:

• Data type
• Name
• Initial value to be assigned (optional)

• Syntax
datatype identifier [=value][, identifier[=value]...];
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example

class DynVar
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
double len = 5.0, wide = 7.0;
double num = Math.sqrt(len * len + wide * wide);
System.out.println("Value of num after dynamic initialization is " + num);
}
}

Output
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Scope and Lifetime of Variables

• Variables can be declared inside a block.

• The block begins with an opening curly brace and ends with a
closing curly brace.
• A block defines a scope.
• A new scope is created every time a new block is created.
• Scope specifies what objects are visible to other parts of the
program.
• It also determines the life of an object.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example
class ScopeVar
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
int num = 10;
if ( num == 10)
{
// num is available in inner scope
int num1 = num * num;
System.out.println("Value of num and num1 are " + num + " " + num1);
}
//num1 = 10; ERROR ! num1 is not known
System.out.println("Value of num is " + num);
}
} Output
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Array Declarations

• Three ways to declare an array are:

• datatype identifier [ ];

• datatype identifier [ ] = new datatype[size];

• datatype identifier [ ] = {value1,value2,….valueN};

Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example – One Dimensional Array

class ArrDemo
{
public static void main(String [] arg)
{
double nums[] = {10.1, 11.3, 12.5,13.7, 14.9};
System.out.println(" The value at location 3 is : " + nums[3]);
}
}

Output
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example – Multi Dimensional Array

class MultiArrayDemo
{
for (int count = 0; count < 4; count++)
public static void main ( String [] arg)
{
{
for (int ctr = 0; ctr < count+1; ctr++)
int multi[][] = new int [4][];
{
multi[0] = new int[1];
System.out.print(multi[count][ctr] + " ");
multi[1] = new int[2];
System.out.println();
multi[2] = new int[3];
}
multi[3] = new int[4];
}
int num = 0; Output
}
for (int count = 0; count < 4; count++)
}
{
for (int ctr = 0; ctr < count+1; ctr++)
{
multi[count][ctr] = num;
num++;
}
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Conditional Operators
• Assignment operators
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Arithmetic Operators
• Operands of the arithmetic operators must be of numeric type.
• Boolean operands cannot be used, but character operands are
allowed.
• These operators are used in mathematical expressions.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example
class ArithmeticOp
{
public static void main ( String [] arg)
{ Output
int num = 5, num1 = 12, num2 = 20, result;
result = num + num1;
System.out.println("Sum of num and num1 is : (num + num1) " + result);
result = num % num1;
System.out.println("Modulus of num and num1 is : (num % num1) " + result);
result *= num2;
System.out.println("Product of result and num2 is : (result *= num2) " + result);
System.out.println("Value of num before the operation is : " + num);
num ++;
System.out.println("Value of num after ++ operation is : " + num);
double num3 = 25.75, num4 = 14.25, res;
res = num3 - num4;
System.out.println("num3 – num4 is : " +res);
res -= 2.50;
System.out.println("res -= 2.50 " + res);
System.out.println("Value of res before -- operation is : "+ res);
res--;
System.out.println("Value of res after -- operation is : " + res);
}
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Bitwise Operators
• A bitwise operator allows manipulation of individual bits in an
integral primitive data type.
• These operators act upon the individual bits of their operands.
• Bitwise operators perform Boolean algebra on the corresponding
bits in the two arguments to produce the result.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Relational Operators
• Relational operators test the relation between two operands.
• The result of an expression in which relational operators are used, is
boolean (either true or false).
• Relational operators are used in control structures.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example
class RelOp
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
float num = 10.0F;
double num1 = 10.0;
if (num == num1)
System.out.println ("num is equal to num1");
else
System.out.println ("num is not equal to num1");
} Output
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Logical Operators
• Logical operators work with boolean operands.
• Some operators are
• &&
• ||
• ^
• !
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Conditional Operators

• The conditional operator is unique, because it is a ternary or triadic operator

that has three operands to the expression.
• It can replace certain types of if-then-else statements.
• The code below checks whether a commuter’s age is greater than 65 and print
the message.
CommuterCategory = (CommuterAge > 65)? “Senior
Citizen” : “Regular”;
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Assignment Operators

• The assignment operator is a single equal sign, =, and assigns a value

to a variable.
• Assigning values to more than one variable can be done at a time.
• In other words, it allows us to create a chain of assignments.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Operator Precedence
• Parentheses: ( ) and [ ]
• Unary Operators: +, -, ++, --, ~, !
• Arithmetic and Shift operators: *, /, %, +, -, >>, <<
• Relational Operators: >, >=, <, <=, ==, !=
• Logical and Bitwise Operators: &, ^, |, &&, ||,
• Conditional and Assignment Operators: ?=, =, *=, /=, +=, -=
• Parentheses are used to change the order in which an expression is evaluated.
Any part of an expression enclosed in parentheses is evaluated first.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Formatting output with Escape Sequences

• Whenever an output is to be displayed on the screen, it needs to be

formatted.
• The formatting can be done with the help of escape sequences that
Java provides.
• System.out.println (“Happy \tBirthday”);
• Output: Happy Birthday
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Control Flow
• All application development environments provide a decision making process
called control flow statements that direct the application execution.
• Flow control enables a developer to create an application that can examine the
existing conditions, and decide a suitable course of action.
• Loops or iteration are an important programming construct that can be used to
repeatedly execute a set of actions.
• Jump statements allow the program to execute in a non-linear fashion.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Control Flow Structures in Java

• Decision-making
• if-else statement
• switch-case statement
• Loops
• while loop
• do-while loop
• for loop
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

if-else statement
• The if-else statement tests the result of a condition, and performs appropriate actions
based on the result.
• It can be used to route program execution through two different paths.
• The format of an if-else statement is very simple and is given below:
if (condition)
{
action1;
}
else
{
action2;
}
 Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example

class CheckNum
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
int num = 10;
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + " is an even number");
else
System.out.println(num + " is an odd number");
}
} Output
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

switch – case statement

• The switch – case statement can be used in place of if-else-if

statement.
• It is used in situations where the expression being evaluated results in
multiple values.
• The use of the switch-case statement leads to simpler code, and
better performance.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example
class SwitchDemo
{ case 5:
public static void main(String[] args)
str = "Friday";
{ break;
int day =
case 6:4;
String str; str = "Saturday";
switch (day) break;
{ default:
case 0:str = "Invalid day";
} str = "Sunday";
break;
System.out.println(str);
} case 1:
} Output str = "Monday";
break;
case 2:
str = "Tuesday";
break;
case 3:
str = "Wednesday";
break;
case 4:
str = "Thursday";
break;
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

while Loop
• while loops are used for situations when a loop has to be executed as long as
certain condition is True.
• The number of times a loop is to be executed is not pre-determined, but
depends on the condition.
• The syntax is:
while (condition)
{
action statements;
.
.
.}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example
class FactDemo
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
int num = 5, fact = 1;
while (num >= 1)
{
fact *= num;
num--;
} Output
System.out.println("The factorial of 5 is : " + fact);
}
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

do – while Loop
• The do-while loop executes certain statements till the specified condition is
True.
• These loops are similar to the while loops, except that a do-while loop
executes at least once, even if the specified condition is False. The syntax is:
do
{
action statements;
.
.
} while (condition);
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example

class DoWhileDemo
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
int count = 1, sum = 0;
do
{
sum += count;
count++;
}while (count <= 100);
System.out.println("The sum of first 100 numbers is : " + sum);
}
}
Output
The sum of first 100 numbers is : 5050
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

for Loop
• All loops have some common features: a counter variable that is initialized before the loop begins, a
condition that tests the counter variable and a statement that modifies the value of the counter variable.
• The for loop provides a compact format for incorporating these features.

Syntax:
for (initialization statements; condition; increment / decrement statements)
{
action statements;
.
.
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Example
class ForDemo
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
int count = 1, sum = 0;
for (count = 1; count <= 10; count += 2)
{
sum += count;
}
System.out.println("The sum of first 5 odd numbers is : " + sum);
}
}

Output
The sum of first 5 odd numbers is : 25
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Jump Statements
• Three jump statements are:
• break
• continue
• return
• The three uses of break statements are:
• It terminates a statement sequence in a switch statement.
• It can be used to exit a loop.
• It is another form of goto.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

The value of num is : 1

Example The
The
value of num
value of num
is
is
:
:
2
3
The value of num is : 4
class BrDemoAppl
{
The value of num is : 5
public static void main(String [] args) The value of num is : 6
{ The value of num is : 7
for (int count = 1; count <= 100; count++) The value of num is : 8
Output{ The value of num is : 9
if (count == 10) The loop is over
break;
System.out.println("The value of num is : " + count);
}
System.out.println("The loop is over");
}
}
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Summary
• A Java program consists of a set of classes. A program may contain comments. The compiler ignores
this commented lines.
• The Java program must have a main() method from where it begins its execution.
• Classes define a template for units that store data and code related to an entity.
• Variables defined in a class are called the instance variables.
• There are two types of casting:widening and narrowing casting.
• Variables are basic unit of storage.
• Each variable has a scope and lifetime.
• Arrays are used to store several items of same data type in consecutive memory locations.
Object Oriented Programming Course VKU

Summary Contd…
• Java provides different types of operators. They include:
• Arithmetic
• Bitwise
• Relational
• Logical
• Conditional
• Assignment
• Java supports the following programming constructs:
• if-else
• switch
• for
• while
• do-while
• The three jump statements-break,continue and return helps to transfer control to another part
of the program.