CHAPTER –III

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

There are scarce studies with regard to the effect of mobile phone addiction on

personality and mental health. It is just recently that certain researchers have focused their

attention in this regard. However the attempts are made in this section to review the studies of

those factors that are believed to be influential on mental health and personality of the students‘

sample.

Bandhana et al. (2010) studied on home environment, mental health and academic

achievement among Hr. secondary school students, and results revealed that mean value of

mental health of girls is 74.76 and boys is 70.76. Therefore, this was revealed after analyses that

the mean value of mental health of girls is more in comparison to boys.

Balaji Arumugam et al. (2013) studied on mental health problems among adolescents and

its psychosocial correlates. The mental health problem in this study was associated with female

sex, less age, higher socio economic status, unhealthy home environment (parents fighting,

parental abuse), sibling rivalry, unhealthy school environment (fight with friends) and the type of

family, single parent were not associated with the mental problems.

Garima Gupta and Sushil Kumar (2010) studied on Mental Health in Relation to

Emotional Intelligence and Self Efficacy among College Students, the results indicate that

emotional intelligence and self-efficacy are positively correlated with mental health. It also

revealed that male students were better than female students in terms of mental health, emotional

intelligence and self-efficacy which underline the importance of training in emotional

intelligence, self efficacy and mental health for female college students.

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 Verma and Pushkrit Gupta (2011) studied on emotional intelligence in relation to mental

health and adjustment of secondary school students. The result of research revealed that

correlation between emotional intelligence and mental health is significant and another

correlation between emotional intelligence and adjustment also proved significant. The t-ratio

regarding emotional intelligence between male and female is significant but after considering

adjustment the result came to just opposite i.e., negative.

Chandra Shekhar et al. (2012) worked on Self-concept and mental health of school

students under the impact of television viewing, results showed that there was a non significant

difference in television viewing between the Govt. and Private school students as far as their self

concept was concerned where as a significant difference was found in their mental health.

Pillai Aravind et al. (2008) studied Non-traditional lifestyles and prevalence of mental

disorders in adolescents in Goa, India. The current prevalence of any DSM–IV diagnosis was

1.81%; 95% CI 1.27–2.48. The most common diagnoses were anxiety disorders (1.0%),

depressive disorder (0.5%), behavioural disorder (0.4%) and attention-deficit hyperactivity

disorder (0.2%). Adolescents from urban areas and girls who faced gender discrimination had

higher prevalence. The final multivariate model found an independent association of mental

disorders with an outgoing ‗non-traditional‘ lifestyle (frequent partying, going to the cinema,

shopping for fun and having a boyfriend or girlfriend), difficulties with studies, and lack of

safety in the neighborhood, a history of physical or verbal abuse and tobacco use. Having one‘s

family as the primary source of social support was associated with lower prevalence of mental

disorders.

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 Brinda B. Sharma (2013) study was conducted on family relationship pattern and mental

health in adolescents, results indicate that adolescents whose parents were viewed as accepting,

especially the mother, had a better mental health status. Above average to average level of

parental acceptance was found for adolescents belonging to high socio-economic status whereas

average to below-average level of parental acceptance accounted for those belonging to low

socio-economic status. Parental acceptance also differed significantly for boys and girls. High to

above-average level of parental avoidance was seen among adolescents from high-socio

economic background. Variance in paternal avoidance was indicated for boys and girls. The

level of parental concentration was average for both groups. However, there is a difference in

Mothers‘ concentration towards boys and girls.

Pareek and Rao(1971) studied teacher behavior and student mental health. The tests were

administered to 1,700 pupils of class V drawn from fifty primary and middle schools of Delhi.

The tools were used Prayag Mehta‗s intelligence 44 test and Pareek‗s frustration test. Major

findings of the study were: Students talk was thirty-one percent of the time; data for associations

between teacher behavior and student mental health revealed that. As a result of training teachers

started using more and more interaction, using the categories of praising, encouraging, accepting

and classifying the ideas of students and questions without changing the amount of classroom

talk; and teachers sustained changed behavior for six to seven months after training; they showed

differences on these categories when compared with a group of untrained teachers.

Wig and Nagpal(1971) studied the mental health and academic achievement – a

comparison of successful and failed students. The sample consisted of eighty two students of age

group nineteen to twenty four years. Out of these forty one students were selected from a group

who had failed in 1966-67 and had rejoined the university. The rest, forty one students, were

47
those who had passed in 1966-67. The tools administered to the above sample were: Hindi and

Punjabi versions of the Maudsley personality inventory, the Carnell medical index health

questionnaire (CMI), and a self administered social questionnaire and interview on the model of

psychiatric case history. Major findings of the study were: 1. the two-groups were significantly

different on mental health score, 2. The areas which seemed to be noncontributory were parental

deprivation during the preschool period and sexual adjustment.

Sarker(1979) studied the relationship between mental health and some family

characteristics of middle class school going adolescents. The sample consisted of randomly

selected 400 school-gain children (212 boys and 188 girls) of age group 13 to 17 years. Mental

health inventory was administered on the 400 children selected and on the basis of results

obtained healthy and unhealthy groups were formed. Major findings of the study were: 1. The

mentally unhealthy group of children had higher family tension than the healthy group, 2. The

children from families with syncretic division of function had better mental health, 3. The family

structure (excepting syncretic division of functions) was not related to the mental health of the

children.

Sharma(1979) studied the self-concept, level of aspiration and mental health as factors in

academic achievement. A sample of 1060 students was randomly drawn from students studying

in classes X to XII of high schools, and intermediate colleges situated in eight eastern districts of

Uttar Pradesh. The tools used were piers Harris children self-concept scale (Hindi adaptation),

Ansari and Ansari‗s LA coding test, Asthana‗s adjustment inventory and personal data schedule.

Major findings of the study were: Mental health was positively and significantly related to self-

concept, differences in mental health did not influence the level of aspiration, and differences in

48
self-concept affected mental health, the level of aspiration had favorable influence on mental

health.

Veereshwar(1979) made a study of mental health and adjustment problems of college

going girls. A sample of 406 girls in the age group of 18-20 years was drawn from the

undergraduate students of Meerut University by the sequential list method. The sample was further

divided into national service scheme (NSS) and Non-NSS groups. The national service scheme

group had 182 students and the Non-national service scheme group standardized adjustment

inventory for college students (A.K. Singh, 1974), and a youth problem inventory (M. Verma,

2008). Major findings of the study were: 1. the difference in adjustment of urban and rural girls

was not significant in the area of health both groups showed quite satisfactory health adjustment, 2.

The national service scheme and non-national service scheme groups did not differ significantly in

home adjustment, educational area and health.

Anand (1989) studied the mental health of high school students. A sample of 262 high

school students (169 boys and 63 girls) participated in the study. A Likert type mental health

scale developed by the author was used. Major findings of the study were: The mental health of

adolescents, their academic achievement and the educational and occupational status of parents

were positively related.

Manjuvani (1990) studied the influence of home and school environment on the mental

health status of children. A sample of 514 students from classes VIII to X (271 boys and 243

girls) from Tirupati high school participated in the study. The tools used included three

inventories dealing with home environment school environment and mental health. Major

findings of the study were: 1. the home environment was a major significant contributor to all the

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three components of mental health, 2. the school environment contributed to liabilities and the

mental health index.

Pathak and Rai(1993) made a study of mental health of higher secondary students in

relation to socio-economic status. Sample comprised of 501 55 students of classes IX-XII drawn

from two urban and two rural higher secondary schools of Azamgarh district, mental health scale

by Anand and socio-economic status, Index by Bhattacharya were administered on subjects.

Major findings of the study were: 1. Female students were mentally healthier than male students,

when SES was controlled; 2. Urban and rural students did not differ significantly on mental

health, when SES was controlled.

Ketan Dholakiya and Ashwin Jansari(2005) made a study of mental health of the students

residing in affected & non-affected earth quake area and gender. The sample comprised of 120

students of Kutch district of Gujarat state. Tools were used Kumar‗s mental health check list.

The major findings of the study revealed that the students residing in earth quake area had more

frustration. Boys showed more uneasiness and sleeplessness compared to girls. But girls showed

more nervousness than boys.

Sarita Sanwal, Shubha Dube and Bharti Bhatnagar(2006) studied the mental health of

adolescents with specific reference to integration of personality. The sample selected for the

present study comprised of 120, adolescents. The sample was selected from Sadhu Vaswani

public school, Jaipur city Rajasthan). Mental health inventory (M.H.I.) by Jagadish and

Srivastava, A.K. a standardized tool was used for data collection. Major findings of the study

were:the percentage on integration of personality (IP) which means balance of psychic force in

the individual and includes the ability to understand and to share other people‗s emotions, ability

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to concentrate at work and have interest in several activities;girls were leading in this category

than boys as the girls have more patience, tolerance, emotional stability and more well adjustable

than boys.

Nathawat(1977) made a study of creativity in relation to mental health. The sample of the

study consisted of 320 adolescent boys of class X selected randomly from the high schools of

Kurukshetra. They were administered the Wallach-Kogan test of creativity. Major findings of the

study were: 1. No significant differences were found in the areas at home, health, social,

emotional, and school adjustment among the high, the moderate, and the low creative

individuals, 2. The high creative individuals were not found different from the low creative and

the moderate creative individuals in insecurity and security feelings. The same relationship was

observed between the moderate and the low creative individuals, 3. The high creative individuals

were not different from the low and the moderate creative individuals in the level of neuroticism

as well as in neurotic depression and hysterical personality traits. The same pattern of

relationship was seen between the moderate and the low creative individuals.

Bhargava and Qureshi(2006) made a comparative analysis of mental health of drug

abuser and non-drug abusers and found that drug abusers were found significantly lower in

adjustment, emotional stability, autonomy, intelligence and scored more in insecurity and self-

concept.

Singh, Chaudhary and Asthana(2007) studied the mental health status of high and low

emotionally intelligent adolescent and observed a significant difference in mental health status

indicating better mental health of highly emotionally intelligent adolescent.

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 Singh (2008) studied the effect of socio-economic status and residence on mental health

of college students and found that low socio-economic status had a negative impact upon sound

development of mental health behavior. However rural urban region was not found to be a

significant determines of mental health behavior.

Tejpreet Kang, Asha Chawla(2009) studied the mental health: A study of rural

adolescents. The sample consisted of rural adolescent boys and girls. The tools used were socio

economic status scale. Mental health check list. Major findings of the study were: A non-

significant gender difference across mental health status but a significant difference in somatic

health status of adolescent boys and 59 girls. Boys were found to be having better somatic health

status as compared to girls.

Bala, Agarwal and Sarna(2009) studied the gender differences as associated with mental

health of the college going students of various faculties. The sample consisted of 210 students

selected from the three different faculties namely arts, science and commerce. Tools are used mental

health battery (Singh and Sen Gupta, 2000) Major findings of the study were: 1. Gender difference

exists with reference to various aspects of mental health. Boys had greater emotional stability,

adjustment and intelligence than girls in students of art faculty and self-concept in the students of

science faculty, 2. Mental health differs significantly while subject belonged to different gender and

discipline of the study. Girls had greater security-insecurity feeling than boys in the students of arts

faculty; greater emotional stability, adjustment and security-insecurity in the students of science

faculty and emotional stability, autonomy and security-insecurity in the students of commerce

faculty.

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 Prasanna (1984) made a study of certain mental health variables associated with high and

low achieving adolescents. The sample was made up of 1050 pupils (567 boys and 483 girls) of

Std. IX, selected by applying the proportional stratified sampling technique. The tools used were

: 1. Mental health status scale (M. Abraham, and K.C.B. Prasanna, 1981) to measure optimism

adaptability, sense of security, regularity of habits, perception of reality, emotional maturity,

social conformity, freedom from socio-pathic tendencies, recreational pursuits, mastery of

environment positive attitude towards others, freedom from negativism, freedom from

withdrawing tendencies, concept of degree of freedom, 2. Composite test of generalized

achievement (A.S. Nair, M. Abraham, D. Seethamony), 3. Kerala university group test of

intelligence (N.P. Pillai, A.S. Nair and J. Gourikutty Amma, 1968), 4. The Kerala non-verbal

group test of intelligence (A.S. Nair, 1971), 5. The Kerala socio-economic scale (A.S. Nair,

1970) and 6. General data sheet. Major findings of the study were: 1. all the mental health

variables studied discriminated between high and low achievers in most of the groups studied. 2.

High achievers had higher mean scores than low achievers for all the 16 mental health variables

studied.

Bhattacharjee (1985) studied the needs, frustration, frustration-in toleration and mental

health of adolescent girls reading in certain urban secondary schools in west Bengal. A sample of

five schools of three urban areas of Nadia and 24 parganas were selected and 804 (class VIII, IX

and X) girls were drawn. An adolescent girl‗s needs frustration and frustration-in toleration

questionnaire, an adolescent girl‗s needs, frustration and frustration in toleration picture

projection test, Sen‗s neurotic questionnaire (F-test) Roy‗s social intelligence test and

Kuppuswamy‗s Self Efficacy Scale were used. Major findings of the study were: 1. Incidence of

mental Ill-health was high, 2. There was high positive relationship between materialistic, sexual

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relationship, security and independence needs and mental-ill-health, 3. There was a high positive

correlation between frustration-inhalation and mental-ill-health, 4. There was negative relation

between idealistic and altruistic needs and mental ill-health.

Aghara (1995) has showed that socio-economic status affects the mental health of

students, but no significant effect of sex difference is found on the mental health of the students.

Jarraniya (1996) found a significant difference between the ratings of mental health

among the boys and girls students.

Gasima Gupta and Sushil Kumar (2010) studied the mental health in relation to emotional

intelligence and self efficacy among college students. The paper studies the relationship of mental

health with emotional intelligence and self-efficacy among college students 200 participants

(Male=100 and female=100) were drawn from science and arts streams of Kurukshetra University,

Kurukshetra. Data analysis involved the use of product movement method of correlation and t-test.

The results indicate that emotional intelligence and self efficacy are positively correlated with mental

health. It also revealed that male students were better than female students in terms of mental health,

emotional intelligence, self efficacy and mental health for female college students.

Masse, Raymond et al., (1998) studies the structure of mental health: higher order

confirmatory factor analyses of psychological distress and well being measures. The study

addressed the question of whether psychological distress and subjective well being are the

opposite poles of the same axis of mental health or independent constructs that should be

measured on two independent axes. Two scales were used: a psychological distress manifestation

scale based on 23 items and four factors (anxiety/depression, irritability, self depreciation, and

social disengagement) and a psychological well being manifestation scale with 25 items and six

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factors (self esteem, social involvement, mental balance, control of self and events, sociability

and happiness). Structural equation modeling analyses confirmed that these 10 factors can be

viewed as components of two correlated dimensions (psychological distress and well being) of a

two correlated dimensions (psychological distress and well being) of a two dimensional latent

construct which reflects a higher order concept of mental health. The authors concluded that

assessment of mental health in general populations should use concomitant measures of

psychological distress and well being.

Nicolas, Mario – George (2003), in the study A cross cultural examination of individual

values, worry and mental health status investigated the validity of micro worry C (i.e., worry

about personal concerns) and macro worry (i.e., worry about boarder societal issues) constructs

and their relationship to clinical conceptualizations of worry. It was expected that micro worry

would be correlated with negative indicators of mental health and personal well being while

macro worry would be correlated with positive indicators of these variables. Correlations in the

predicted direction were obtained between micro worries and self report measures of positive

and negative effect, general mental health status and life satisfaction.

Bostic, Terence John (2003) study utilized structural equation modeling to analyze the

utility of a new, theory driven integrated model of physical and mental well being the model

sought to explain the nature of the relations among constructive thinking, subjective well being,

psychological adjustment, physical vitality, and physical symptoms findings from this

investigation are somewhat difficult to interpret, given many aspects of the data. Results from

part of the data suggest that constructive thinking may be useful in discretely predicting

individual reports of physical health, psychological adjustment and levels of subjective vitality.

The results suggest that these are direct, not mediated effects from constructive thinking.

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 Wilkinson, - Ross – B and et al. (1998) in the study of measurement of adolescents

psychological health‘ examined psychological health in adult populations has been

conceptualized as comprising 2 distinct, though related, dimensions well being and distress.

Research into adolescents psychological health has been dominated by a single factor approach

with well being and distress depending opposite ends of this continuum. Measures of

psychological health were administered to 345 late adolescents. A series of confirmatory factor

analyses supported an oblique two factor model of psychological health with measures of anxiety

and negative affect defining a distress construct and measured of positive effect, satisfaction with

life and happiness defining a well being construct. A measure of depression loaded on both well

being and distress. It is concluded that although these two dimensions are highly correlated, they

are distinguishable in adolescent‘s samples.

Yung – Ho-Ko (1976) studies about the mental health status of junior and senior high

school boys. The findings are: (1) The mental health status of senior high school group was the

worst (2) The mental health of junior high school group was significantly different from that of

the university group(3) the mental health of their year server high school students was

significantly poor compared to that of the first and second year senior high school students.

Keyes, Corey-L-M; Waterman, - Mary – Beth (2003) Evidence is reviewed that indicates

the beneficial social and economic outcomes that are associated with higher levels of subjective

well being and identifies multiple determinants of subjective well being for adults. Areas

discussed include positive feelings and emotional well being, positive functioning and

psychological well being, and positive functioning and social well being. Determinants of well

being or happiness and mental health include age, sex, race, education, income, employment,

social relationships, marriage, friendships, leisure, volunteering, social roles, religion, genetic

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predisposition, personality traits, self esteem, personal control and optimism, and goals. It is

concluded that the research suggests that well being in adulthood is best viewed as a means

rather than an end in life, because it supports productivity, life satisfaction, socially desirable

behaviors, and positive physical and mental health.

Effect of Addiction on Mental Health:

Soderqvist, et al. (2008) explored the assess use of wireless phones and health symptoms

in 2000 Swedish adolescents and they showed that frequent mobile phone users reported health

complaints, such as tiredness, stress, headache, anxiety, concentration difficulties and sleep

disturbances. Regular users of wireless phones had health symptoms more often and reported

poorer perceived health than less frequent users. Selfhout, et al. (2009) stated that Dutch

adolescents who perceive low friendship quality, internet use for communication purposed

predicted less depression, 44 where as internet use for non communication purposes predicted

more depression and more social anxiety. Kowalski (2010) investigated that cyber bullying has

been shown to cause higher levels of depression and anxiety for victims than traditional bullying

and has also been connected to cases of youth suicide with teens known to engage in reading

hurtful comments before their suicide attempts. Thomee, et al. (2011) examined the associations

between psychosocial aspects of mobile phone use and mental health symptoms in a prospective

cohort of young adults, who responded to a questionnaire at baseline and 1-year follow-up. There

were cross-sectional associations between high compared to low mobile phone use and stress,

sleep disturbances and symptoms of depression for men and women. White, et al. (2011)

explored that the relationship between sleep quality/ length and mobile phone use among college

students and they found that various aspect of mobile phone use such as addictive text

messaging, problematic texting and pathological texting are related to sleep quality but not sleep

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length. Srivastava and Tiwari (2013) investigated that the effects of excess use of cell phone on

adolescent‘s mental health and quality of life. They randomly selected 100 male students from

Uttar Pradesh, India. They found that limited users of cell phone have better mental health and

quality of life than unlimited users of cell phone. Acharya, et al. (2013) examined that the health

effects of cell phones usage amongst students pursuing professional courses in colleges. College

students of both sexes in the age group 17-23 years from urban and rural 45 backgrounds were

selected at random (those using cell phones). Result showed that headache was to be the

commonest symptoms followed by irritability/anger. Other common mental symptoms included

lack of concentration and poor academic performance, insomnia, anxiety etc. Among physical

symptoms- body aches, eye strain, digital thumb were found to be frequently in both sexes. Kino,

et al. (2013) investigated that short term impact of adolescent`s prolonged exposure to violent

video game on sleep and they found that prolonged video game may cause clinically significant

disruption to adolescent sleep, even when sleep after video-gaming in initiated of normal bed-

time. Kodvanji, et al. (2014) investigated the impact of internet use on lifestyle of undergraduate

medical students in India. Their cross-sectional study involved 90 (18-20 years) undergraduate

medical students. The two groups addictive and non-addictive were compared for environmental

stressors and lifestyle factors such as sleep, dietary pattern, physical activities and hobbies. The

addictive internet user group had a statistically significant impairment of sleep and excessive day

time sleepiness and presence of environmental stressors when compared to the non-addictive

internet user group. Teppers, et al. (2014) examined the relationship between Facebook use and

loneliness. Cross-lagged analysis based on data from 256 adolescents revealed that peer-related

loneliness was related over time using Facebook for social skills compensation, reducing feelings

of loneliness, and having interpersonal contact. Facebook use for making new friends reduced

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peer-related loneliness over time, whereas Facebook use for social skills compensation increased

peer-related loneliness over-time. 46 Alam, et al. (2014) explored that the impact of internet

addiction on young adult in Malaysia. Result showed that male adults those are using internet

excessively were having some problems such as interpersonal problem, behavioural problem,

physical problem, psychological problem and work problem in their daily life and females were

having their physical problems while using internet excessively. The young adults believed that

the internet usage can help them to improve their skills for doing their work better. Arora, et al.

(2014) concluded that frequent type of all technology types was significantly inversely

associated with weekday sleep duration. Frequent music listeners and video gamers had

significantly prolonged sleep onset. The greatest effect was observed in frequent television

viewers. Difficulty falling asleep was significantly associated with frequent mobile telephone

use, video gaming and social networking with music listeners demonstrating the greatest effect.

Kathait and Singh (2014) investigated that internet addiction has a greater effect on the mental

health of youth and it is significantly related with psychological symptoms such as depression,

anxiety, social isolation and disturbed sleep pattern. Pandey (2014) concluded that internet users

are reported many types of problems techno stress, anxiety, maladjustment, depression, internet

addicted disorders and cyber sexual addiction are most common and more particularly the

teenagers are the most vulnerable to these negative effects. Excessive internet usage negatively

affects to the level of adolescents techno stress. It affects more 47 negatively to the rural and

female adolescents in comparison to urban and male adolescent.

Addiction and Personality:

Landers & Lounsbury (2006) investigated in a study on the relationship between the

remaining factors of the Big Five Inventory and the usage of the Internet for 117 undergraduate

59
students and they found that three of the Big Five traits such as agreeableness, conscientiousness,

and extraversion were negatively related to total Internet usage. Valkenburg, et al. (2006)

investigated the consequences of friend networking sites (e.g. frienster, MySpace) for

adolescent`s self- esteem and well being. They found that the frequency with which adolescent

used the site had an indirect effect on their social self-esteem and well being. The use of the

friend networking site stimulated the number of relationship formed on the site, the frequency

with which adolescents received feedback on their profiles, and the tone (i.e. positive vs.

negative) of this feedback. Positive feedback on the profiles enhanced adolescent`s social self-

esteem and well being, whereas negative feedback decreased their self- esteem and well being.

Ha JH, et al. (2008) found that excessive cellular phone user Korean adolescents expressed more

depressive symptoms, higher interpersonal anxiety 50 and lower self-esteem, a positive

correlation was also observed between excessive cellular phone use and internet addiction.

Kumar & Sayadevi (2009) found that positive relationship between neuroticism and internet

addiction and negative relationship between extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness

with internet addiction in Indian students. Gentile (2009) described that adolescent`s who used

videogames at pathological levels were nearly three times more likely to be diagnosed with

Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyper activity Disorder than adolescent`s who

played at non pathological levels. Wilson, et al. (2010) showed that personality characteristics

such as extroversion and conscientiousness and self esteem predicted both time spent on social

networking sites use and addictive tendencies toward SNS. Kuss, et al. (2010) investigated that

the interaction between personality traits and the usage of particular internet applications as risk

factor for internet addiction in 3105 adolescents at the Netherland and they found that the use of

online gaming and social applications (online social networking sites and Twitter) increased the

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risk for addiction. Schommenti and Vincenzo (2010) concluded that technology addiction

showed some psychodynamic aspects similar to those of other forms of addiction, such as

obsession, impulsivity and compulsivity. Pantic, et al. (2012) investigated that the relationship

between social networking and depression indicators in 160 high school students and their result

51 indicate that the time spent on online social networking in high school students is related to

the risk for depression. Dong, et al. (2012) examined the potential personality predictors of

internet addicted Chinese adolescents and they found that students addicted to the internet

showed higher neuroticism/stability scores, higher psychoticism/ socialization scores and lower

lie scores than their normal peers before their addiction. Internet addiction was accounted by

three independent variables, neuroticism/stability, psychoticism/ socialization and lie. Fraser, et

al. (2012) investigated that the associations between violent video gaming empathic, responding

and prosocial behaviour enacted toward strangers, friends and family members. Participants

consisted of 780 emerging adults from four universities in the United States. Result showed

small to moderate effects between playing violent video game and lowered empathic concern for

both males and females. In addition, lowered empathic concerned partially mediated the

pathways between violent video game and prosocial behaviour toward all three targets, but was

most strongly associated with lower prosocial behaviour toward strangers. Xu, et al. (2012)

explored that the prevalence of adolescent internet addiction (AIA) and associated symptoms in

5,122 adolescents from 16 high schools of different school types (junior, senior, and senior

ordinary and senior vocational) in Sanghai. Their study provides evidence that adolescent

personal factors play key roles in inducing adolescent internet addiction. Adolescents having

aforementioned personal characteristics and online behaviors are at high-risk of developing AIA

that may compound different Psychological symptoms 52 associated with AIA. Spending

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excessive time online is not in itself a defining symptom of AIA. More attention is needed on

adolescent excessive weekend internet use in prevention of potential internet addicts. Carli, et al.

(2013) found that a strong association between problematic internet uses and the symptoms of

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) /depression with relatively higher effect size,

and anxiety, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and aggression had small effect

sizes. Rosen, et al. (2013) stated that the more face book friends predicted more clinical

symptoms of bipolar-mania, narcissism and histrionic personality disorder but fewer symptoms

of dysthymia and schizoid personality disorder. Technology related attitudes and anxieties

significantly predicted clinical symptoms of the disorder. After factoring out attitudes and

anxiety, face book and selected technology uses predicted clinical symptoms with face book use,

impression management and friendship being the best predictors. Both positive and negative

aspects of technology including social media as well as apparently detrimental effects of

preference multitasking. Romano, et al. (2013) explored the immediate impact of internet

exposure on the mood and psychological states of internet addicts and low internet users and

they found that internet addiction was associated with long standing depression, impulsive non

conformity and autism traits. High internet users also showed a pronounced decrease in mood

following internet use compared to the low internet users. Koronczai, et al. (2013) found that

dissatisfaction with bodily appearance can sometimes lead to the avoidance of personal contacts

and the increase of 53 internet use among adolescent`s. A direct relationship between increase of

internet use and association with bodily appearance along with the possible mediation effects of

depression, anxiety and self-esteem Sheopuri and Sheopuri (2014) observed that extent of

addictive behaviour towards the usage of mobile phones and the relation between the users of the

mobiles and the psychological behaviour among adolescents in Bhopal, India. They showed that

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cell phone usage is so strongly integrated in to young people‘s behaviour that symptoms of

behavioural addiction, such as cell phone usage interrupting their day to day activities. Davey

and Davey (2014) concluded that Smartphone addiction among Indian teens can not only

damage interpersonal skills, but also it can lead to significant negative health risks and harmful

psychological effects on Indian adolescents. Increase in the use of Smartphone‘s in societies, has

raised concern about social and psychological effects of excessive use of Smartphone‘s

especially among Indian adolescents. Smartphone‘s have made mobile connectivity so accessible

that today‘s Indian generations are abusing their Smartphone. Smartphone abuse to addiction has

become more serious since adolescent can download and run numerous applications with

Smartphone even without internet connection. Mohammadzadeh, et al. (2015) evaluated that the

relationship between personality traits and attachment styles with addiction to the internet in 300

high school students in the city of Ilam. Results showed that correlation exists between

personality traits, attachment styles and Internet addiction. Secure attachment, extroversion,

ambivalent attachment and flexibility addiction to internet in the 54 students. It can be concluded

that personality traits and attachment styles are influential factors on internet addiction.

Research Questions: The following questions were raised and attempts were made to answer
them:

1) What is the impact of mobile phone addiction on mental health of sample?

2) What is the effect of mobile phone addiction on personality of students?

3) Are there any differences in personality and mental health of students belonging to two

levels of education and three faculties of study?

4) Are there any gender differences in personality and mental health?

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