Sure!

Here is a detailed expansion of all the chapters from **CBSE Class 10 Mathematics**, including
all important concepts, theorems, and formulas for in-depth understanding and preparation.

---

### **Chapter 1: Real Numbers**

- **Euclid's Division Lemma**:

- States that for any two positive integers \( a \) and \( b \), there exist unique integers \( q \)
(quotient) and \( r \) (remainder) such that:

\[

a = bq + r \quad \text{where} \, 0 \leq r < b

\]

- This is used to compute the **HCF** of two numbers through repeated division (Euclid’s
Algorithm).

- **Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic**:

- Every composite number can be expressed (factorized) as a product of primes, and this
factorization is unique, apart from the order of the factors.

- Example: \( 30 = 2 \times 3 \times 5 \).

- **HCF and LCM**:

- **HCF** (Highest Common Factor) is the greatest integer that divides two or more numbers.

- **LCM** (Least Common Multiple) is the smallest multiple common to two or more numbers.

- Relationship between HCF and LCM:

\[

\text{HCF} \times \text{LCM} = \text{Product of two numbers}

\]

- **Irrational Numbers**:

- A number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers. Example: \( \sqrt{2} \), \( \sqrt{3} \), \(
\pi \).
 - Proof of irrationality: Use contradiction. For example, assume \( \sqrt{2} \) is rational, then it can
be expressed as \( \frac{p}{q} \). Show that both \( p \) and \( q \) must be divisible by 2, leading to a
contradiction.

- **Decimal Expansions**:

- Rational numbers: Either terminate (like \( \frac{1}{2} = 0.5 \)) or repeat periodically (like \(
\frac{1}{3} = 0.\overline{3} \)).

- Irrational numbers: Non-terminating, non-repeating (like \( \pi = 3.14159\ldots \)).

---

### **Chapter 2: Polynomials**

- **Degree of a Polynomial**:

- The highest power of the variable in the polynomial.

- Types:

- Linear: \( ax + b \) (Degree 1)

- Quadratic: \( ax^2 + bx + c \) (Degree 2)

- Cubic: \( ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d \) (Degree 3)

- **Zeros of a Polynomial**:

- A real number \( x \) is called a zero of the polynomial \( p(x) \) if \( p(x) = 0 \).

- Geometrically, the zeros of a polynomial are the x-coordinates where the graph intersects the x-
axis.

- **Relationship Between Zeros and Coefficients**:

- For a quadratic polynomial \( ax^2 + bx + c \), if the zeros are \( \alpha \) and \( \beta \), then:

\[

\alpha + \beta = -\frac{b}{a}, \quad \alpha \beta = \frac{c}{a}

\]

- For a cubic polynomial \( ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d \), if the zeros are \( \alpha, \beta, \gamma \), then:

\[
 \alpha + \beta + \gamma = -\frac{b}{a}, \quad \alpha \beta + \beta \gamma + \gamma \alpha =
\frac{c}{a}, \quad \alpha \beta \gamma = -\frac{d}{a}

\]

- **Division Algorithm for Polynomials**:

- Given two polynomials \( p(x) \) and \( g(x) \) where \( g(x) \neq 0 \), there exist polynomials \(
q(x) \) and \( r(x) \) such that:

\[

p(x) = g(x)q(x) + r(x), \quad \text{where} \, r(x) = 0 \, \text{or} \, \text{degree of} \, r(x) <
\text{degree of} \, g(x)

\]

---

### **Chapter 3: Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables**

- **General Form**:

- A pair of linear equations in two variables can be written as:

\[

a_1x + b_1y + c_1 = 0 \quad \text{and} \quad a_2x + b_2y + c_2 = 0

\]

- **Graphical Method**:

- The solution to a pair of linear equations is the point of intersection of their graphs (lines).

- If the lines intersect at a point, the system has a unique solution (consistent).

- If the lines are parallel, there is no solution (inconsistent).

- If the lines coincide, there are infinitely many solutions (dependent).

- **Algebraic Methods**:

1. **Substitution Method**: Solve one equation for one variable and substitute in the other.

2. **Elimination Method**: Multiply the equations to make the coefficients of one variable the
same, then subtract to eliminate one variable.
 3. **Cross-Multiplication Method**: Used directly to find the values of \( x \) and \( y \) when the
equations are in standard form.

- **Conditions for Consistency**:

- For the system \( a_1x + b_1y + c_1 = 0 \) and \( a_2x + b_2y + c_2 = 0 \):

- Unique solution: \( \frac{a_1}{a_2} \neq \frac{b_1}{b_2} \)

- No solution: \( \frac{a_1}{a_2} = \frac{b_1}{b_2} \neq \frac{c_1}{c_2} \)

- Infinite solutions: \( \frac{a_1}{a_2} = \frac{b_1}{b_2} = \frac{c_1}{c_2} \)

---

### **Chapter 4: Quadratic Equations**

- **Standard Form**:

- A quadratic equation is expressed as:

\[

ax^2 + bx + c = 0

\]

where \( a \neq 0 \).

- **Methods of Solving Quadratic Equations**:

1. **Factorization**: Express the quadratic equation as a product of two binomials and set each to
zero.

Example: \( x^2 - 5x + 6 = 0 \Rightarrow (x - 2)(x - 3) = 0 \).

2. **Completing the Square**: Convert the quadratic expression into a perfect square trinomial.

Example: \( x^2 + 6x + 8 \Rightarrow (x + 3)^2 = 1 \).

3. **Quadratic Formula**: The roots of the quadratic equation \( ax^2 + bx + c = 0 \) are given by:

\[

x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}

\]
- **Nature of Roots**:

- Discriminant \( D = b^2 - 4ac \).

- If \( D > 0 \), the equation has two distinct real roots.

- If \( D = 0 \), the equation has two equal real roots.

- If \( D < 0 \), the equation has no real roots (imaginary roots).

---

### **Chapter 5: Arithmetic Progressions (AP)**

- **Definition**:

- An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers in which the difference of any two

consecutive terms is constant, called the **common difference (d)**.

- Example: \( 2, 5, 8, 11, \ldots \) where \( d = 3 \).

- **nth Term of an AP**:

- The formula for the nth term (\( a_n \)) of an arithmetic progression is:

\[

a_n = a + (n - 1)d

\]

where \( a \) is the first term and \( d \) is the common difference.

- **Sum of First n Terms**:

- The sum \( S_n \) of the first \( n \) terms of an arithmetic progression is given by:

\[

S_n = \frac{n}{2} \left[ 2a + (n - 1)d \right]

\]

or equivalently,

\[

S_n = \frac{n}{2} \left( a + l \right)

 \]

where \( l \) is the last term of the AP.

---

### **Chapter 6: Triangles**

- **Similarity of Triangles**:

- Two triangles are said to be **similar** if their corresponding angles are equal and their
corresponding sides are in proportion.

- **

Criteria for Similarity**:

1. **AA (Angle-Angle)**: If two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of another triangle,
the triangles are similar.

2. **SSS (Side-Side-Side)**: If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, the
triangles are similar.

3. **SAS (Side-Angle-Side)**: If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle
and the sides including these angles are proportional, the triangles are similar.

- **Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales' Theorem)**:

- If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides, then it divides
those sides in the same ratio.

\[

\frac{AP}{PB} = \frac{AQ}{QC}

\]

- **Pythagoras Theorem**:

- In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides:

\[

c^2 = a^2 + b^2

\]
 where \( c \) is the hypotenuse, and \( a \) and \( b \) are the other two sides.

---

### **Chapter 7: Coordinate Geometry**

- **Distance Formula**:

- The distance between two points \( (x_1, y_1) \) and \( (x_2, y_2) \) in the Cartesian plane is given
by:

\[

d = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2}

\]

- **Section Formula**:

- If a line segment joining two points \( (x_1, y_1) \) and \( (x_2, y_2) \) is divided by a point \( P(x, y)
\) in the ratio \( m:n \), then the coordinates of the point \( P \) are:

\[

P(x, y) = \left( \frac{mx_2 + nx_1}{m+n}, \frac{my_2 + ny_1}{m+n} \right)

\]

- **Midpoint Formula**:

- The midpoint of a line segment joining two points \( (x_1, y_1) \) and \( (x_2, y_2) \) is:

\[

M = \left( \frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1 + y_2}{2} \right)

\]

- **Area of a Triangle**:

- The area of a triangle with vertices at \( (x_1, y_1) \), \( (x_2, y_2) \), and \( (x_3, y_3) \) is given
by:

\[

\text{Area} = \frac{1}{2} \left| x_1(y_2 - y_3) + x_2(y_3 - y_1) + x_3(y_1 - y_2) \right|

\]
---

### **Chapter 8: Introduction to Trigonometry**

- **Trigonometric Ratios**:

- Consider a right-angled triangle with an angle \( \theta \). The trigonometric ratios are defined as
follows:

\[

\sin \theta = \frac{\text{Opposite Side}}{\text{Hypotenuse}}, \quad \cos \theta =

\frac{\text{Adjacent Side}}{\text{Hypotenuse}}, \quad \tan \theta = \frac{\text{Opposite
Side}}{\text{Adjacent Side}}

\]

\[

\csc \theta = \frac{1}{\sin \theta}, \quad \sec \theta = \frac{1}{\cos \theta}, \quad \cot \theta =
\frac{1}{\tan \theta}

\]

- **Trigonometric Identities**:

- Fundamental trigonometric identities:

1. \( \sin^2 \theta + \cos^2 \theta = 1 \)

2. \( 1 + \tan^2 \theta = \sec^2 \theta \)

3. \( 1 + \cot^2 \theta = \csc^2 \theta \)

- **Values of Trigonometric Ratios**:

- Standard values for \( 0^\circ \), \( 30^\circ \), \( 45^\circ \), \( 60^\circ \), and \( 90^\circ \):

| \( \theta \) | \( 0^\circ \) | \( 30^\circ \) | \( 45^\circ \) | \( 60^\circ \) | \( 90^\circ \) |

|----------------|---------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|

| \( \sin \theta \) | 0 | \( \frac{1}{2} \) | \( \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \) | \( \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \) | 1

|

| \( \cos \theta \) | 1 | \( \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \) | \( \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \) | \( \frac{1}{2} \) | 0

|
 | \( \tan \theta \) | 0 | \( \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \) | 1 | \( \sqrt{3} \) | Not Defined |

---

### **Chapter 9: Some Applications of Trigonometry**

- **Height and Distance**:

- Trigonometry is used in practical situations to find heights and distances where direct
measurement is not possible.

- **Angle of Elevation**: The angle formed by the line of sight and the horizontal when looking at
an object above the horizontal level.

- **Angle of Depression**: The angle formed by the line of sight and the horizontal when looking at
an object below the horizontal level.

- To solve problems related to heights and distances, use the appropriate trigonometric ratio based
on the angle given (usually \( \sin \), \( \cos \), or \( \tan \)).

---

### **Chapter 10: Circles**

- **Tangent to a Circle**:

- A tangent is a line that touches the circle at exactly one point.

- A tangent is always perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact.

- **Properties of Tangents**:

1. **The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact**.

2. **The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal**.

- **Number of Tangents from a Point**:

- From an external point to a circle, exactly two tangents can be drawn.

- From a point on the circle, exactly one tangent can be drawn.

- No tangent can be drawn from an internal point.

---

### **Chapter 11: Constructions**

- **Basic Constructions**:

1. **Division of a Line Segment**: Divide a given line segment in a given ratio.

2. **Tangents to a Circle**: Construct the tangents to a circle from a point outside the circle.

- **Constructions Involving Triangles**:

- Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle as per the given scale factor.

- Example: Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle with a scale factor of 3:4.

---

### **Chapter 12: Areas Related to Circles**

- **Circumference and Area of a Circle**:

- Circumference: \( C = 2 \pi r \), where \( r \) is the radius.

- Area: \( A = \pi r^2 \).

- **Area of a Sector of a Circle**:

- The area of a sector with central angle \( \theta \) is:

\[

\text{Area of sector} = \frac{\theta}{360^\circ} \times \pi r^2

\]

- **Area of a Segment of a Circle**:

- The area of a segment is obtained by subtracting the area of the triangle formed by the radii and
the chord from the area of the corresponding sector.
- **Perimeter of a Sector**:

- The perimeter of a sector is the sum of the arc length and the two radii:

\[

\text{Perimeter of sector} = 2r + \frac{\theta}{360^\circ} \times 2 \pi r

\]

---

### **Chapter 13: Surface Areas and Volumes**

- **Surface Area and Volume of Solids**:

- **Cube**:

- Surface Area = \( 6a^2 \) where \( a \) is the edge of the cube.

- Volume = \( a^3 \).

- **Cuboid**:

- Surface Area = \( 2(lb + bh + hl) \) where \( l, b, h \) are the dimensions of the cuboid.

- Volume = \( lbh \).

- **Sphere**:

- Surface Area = \( 4 \pi r^2 \).

- Volume = \( \frac{4}{3} \pi r^3 \).

- **Hem

isphere**:

- Curved Surface Area = \( 2 \pi r^2 \).

- Total Surface Area = \( 3 \pi r^2 \).

- Volume = \( \frac{2}{3} \pi r^3 \).

- **Cylinder**:
 - Curved Surface Area = \( 2 \pi rh \).

- Total Surface Area = \( 2 \pi r(h + r) \).

- Volume = \( \pi r^2 h \).

- **Cone**:

- Curved Surface Area = \( \pi rl \) where \( l \) is the slant height.

- Total Surface Area = \( \pi r(l + r) \).

- Volume = \( \frac{1}{3} \pi r^2 h \).

---

### **Chapter 14: Statistics**

- **Mean, Median, and Mode**:

1. **Mean**: The average of the data points.

- For a grouped frequency distribution, mean can be calculated using the formula:

\[

\text{Mean} = \frac{\sum f_i x_i}{\sum f_i}

\]

where \( f_i \) is the frequency and \( x_i \) is the class mark.

2. **Median**: The middle value of the data set.

- For a grouped frequency distribution:

\[

\text{Median} = L + \left( \frac{\frac{N}{2} - F}{f} \right) \times h

\]

where \( L \) is the lower boundary of the median class, \( N \) is the total frequency, \( F \) is the
cumulative frequency before the median class, \( f \) is the frequency of the median class, and \( h \)
is the class width.

3. **Mode**: The value that appears most frequently in the data set.

- For a grouped frequency distribution:

 \[

\text{Mode} = L + \left( \frac{f_1 - f_0}{2f_1 - f_0 - f_2} \right) \times h

\]

where \( f_1 \) is the frequency of the modal class, \( f_0 \) is the frequency of the class
preceding the modal class, and \( f_2 \) is the frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.

- **Ogive**:

- A graph that represents the cumulative frequency distribution of the data.

---

### **Chapter 15: Probability**

- **Basic Concepts**:

- Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event occurring.

- The probability of an event \( E \) is given by:

\[

P(E) = \frac{\text{Number of favorable outcomes}}{\text{Total number of outcomes}}

\]

- **Complementary Events**:

- The probability of the complement of an event \( E \) (i.e., the event not happening) is:

\[

P(\text{Not } E) = 1 - P(E)

\]

- **Sum of Probabilities**:

- The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is 1.

---
This concludes the detailed expansion of each chapter in **CBSE Class 10 Mathematics**. Each topic
has been broken down with important formulas, theorems, and methods to solve problems
effectively.