T h r s report was prepared os on uccovni of Goverfimene s p o n s o r e d work.

Neither t h P Untted S t o t e s ,
not the Commission, nor ony person acting on behalf of t h e Comrrission.
A. Mokcs o n y worranty cc rcpre~entnt~on,
e x m e s s e d or r,nplied, w i t h re-rect t o t h e accuracy,
contpieteneas, or usefulness of t h e nnfurrnotion contofned in t h i s report, or t h a t t h e use of
any rnfocmotton, apparatus, method, or processn d t s c l o a e d tn t h i s report may not inlringc
prcvotely o w n e d rqghts, or
a. A S S V ~ W aPn y I i o b i l t h e s with resDect t o the use of, or for domogas resulting from t h e use of
tiny informotion, o p p a r a t u s , n e t h o d , or proLosr drsclosed to thes report.
A6 u s e d tn the .Ibovc. ‘ ‘ m r w n a c t i n g o n behclf of t h e C o m m i s s i o n ” m c l u d e s ony e m p l o y e e or
rantroctor of the C o m n ~ i s s ~ r r nor
, e m p l o y e e of s u c h contractor, to t h e e x i e n t t h a t s u c h e m p i o y a e
r r contractor of t h e C o m m i s s i o n , or employee of 5 u c h c o n t r a c t o r prepares. d i s s e m i n a t e s , or
p r o v l d e s a t c e s s to, a n y information b u r w o n t t o hrs employment of c o n t r a c t with t h e Commtsaion,
or h l a employment wtth s u c h contractor.
 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Preface ................................................... 4
I n t r o d u c t i o n .............................................. 5
P r o p o s i t i o n Indexing Concepts ............................. 9
P r o p o s i t i o n Index ......................................... 14
J o u r n a l P r o p o s i t i o n s ...................................... 19
S p e c i a l P r o p o s i t i o n s ...................................... 43
Bibliography .............................................. 46
 4

PREFACE

One important reason t o develop a massive data b a s e i s t h e a b i l -

i t y one t h e n has t o t e s t theoret.i.ca1 g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s a c r o s s a wide
v a r i e t y of s i t u a t i o n s and s t i m u l i . This p r o p o s i t i o n a l i n v e n t o r y
allows us t o e x p l o i t for t h e o r y t e s t i n g a n e x t e n s i v e survey data
b a s e on c i t i z e n handling of nuclear t h r e a t i n p a r t i c u l a r , and of
t h e e x t e r n a l environment i n general.. It h e l p s us t o work i n an
e f f i c i e n t , cumulative f a s h i o n toward r e l i a b l e p r e d i c t i o n s about
p u b l i c opinion on n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y m a t t e r s and g e n e r a l i z e d under-
s t a n d i n g of t h e c o r r e l a t e s of r e l e v a n t p u b l i c opinion. We a l s o
hope that; p u b l i c opinion r e s e a r c h e r s and a n a l y s t s w i l l f i n d t h i s
i n v e n t o r y a useful. s u r v e y of t h e o r e t i c a l r e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s which
have appeared s i n c e t h e l a s t major reviews of c i t i z e n a t t i t u d e s
toward -the i n t e r n a t i o n a l environment and American measures t o cope
w i t h t h a t enviromient.

Davis B. Bobrow
 5

II!?TRODUCTION
This memorandum is the product of an attempt to systematically
collect and present the results of empirical investigations of the
relationship between various characteristics of the individual and
national security/foreign policy attitudes, beliefs, and opinions e

The survey of the literature presented here covers those studies pub-
lished from 1960 through 1966. Early 1960 was taken as an appropriate
starting point because 1959 was marked by the publication of two works
1
which summarized the then-existent research in this area. Hero com-
piled the empirical work which related various 'political' individual
difference variables such as party affiliation, information l e v e l , and
interest to foreign affairs opinions while Christiansen2 was concerned
with the relationship between more 'psychological' variables such as
insecurity and aggression on one hand and foreign affairs opinions on
the other.
This effort, along with the two above mentioned works, focuses on
the relationship between various intervening or mediating variables and
foreign affairs/national security attitudes and opinions. That is,
information, interest, anxiety, authoritarianism, etc. are intervening
variables in the sense that they are responsible for the manner in
which the individual exposes himself to, perceives, and/or reacts to
various political stimuli. Most of the studies reported here attempt
to explain individual differences in overt response patterns in terms
of individual differences on dispositional variables such as those
mentioned above. For clarification purposes, this author's orientation
can be described as social-psychological, and the variables derive pri-
marily from psychology, sociology, and political science.

I
Hero, A.O. Americans --
in World A f f a i r s . Boston, Mass. : World Peace
Foundation, 1959.

2Christiansen, B. Attitudes Toward Foreign Affairs -

as-a Function of I

Personality. Oslo: University of Oslo Press.

Cri-teria f o r i n c l u s i o n i n inventorv

With t h r e e exceptions, r e l e v a n t journal. a r t i c l e s appearing from

January, 1960 through December, 1966 incl-usive a r e compiled i n t h i s
inventory. A r t i c l e s were included r e g a r d l e s s of t h e ty-pe of sample
used i f t h e v a r i a b l e s employed were judged r e l e v a n t . To be judged
r e l e v a n t , -the dependent v a r i a b l e i n t h e r e p o r t e d r e l a t i o n s h i p had t o
be a national. s e c u r i t y / f o r e i g n a f f a i r s a t t i t u d e , opinion, o r b e l i e f
and a t l e a s t one o f t h e independent v a r i a b l e s had t o be an i n d i v i d u a l
d i f f e r e n c e mea,sure i n c l u d i n g demographic v a r i a b l e s . The exceptions
t o t h i s l a t t e r c r i t e r i a a r e of two s o r t s :
a) some f i n d i n g s have been included which r e l a t e one r e l e v a n t
i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e r i c e v a r i a b l e which i s o f t e n used i n con-
j u n c t i o n with n a t i o n a l securi.ty/foreign a f f a i r s opinions t o
some domestic a f f a i r s a t t i t u d e , f o r example, f i n d i n g s r e f e r -
r i n g t o t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between al-ienation and a t t i t u d e s
toward l o c a l bond referendums. Such f i n d i n g s a r e suggestive
i f t h e r e a d e r wishes t o equate 1-oca1 bond referendums w i t h
c e r t a i n f o r e i g n a f f a i r s i s s u e s such as f o r e i g n a i d ; however,
no claim i s made t h a t e i t h e r 1) a l l r e s e a r c h on t h e r e l a t i o n -
s h i p between such p a i r s of v a r i a b l e s i s incl.uded, or 2) t h a t
a l l s u g g e s t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s have been incI-uded.
b) a c o n s i d e r a b l y smaller nunber of s t u d i e s have a f o r e i g n
a f f a i r s r e l e v a n t dependent v a r i a b l e b u t l a c k a n i n d i v i d u a l
d i f f e r e n c e independent v a r i a b l e , f o r example, t h e s t u d i e s
showing t h e e f f e c t o f t h e S o v i e t Sputnik successes on the
p u b l i c ' s a t t i t u d e toward defense spending and o t h e r i s s u e s .
These s t u d i e s a r e included because t h e i r r e s u l t s i n v i t e
specul.ation about t h e i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e v a r i a b l e s r e s p o n s i -
bl.e f o r -the gbserved. e f f e c t . Such mediating v a r i a b l e s could
al.so account f o r -Lhe d . i f f e r e n t i a 1 e f f e c t o f e v e n t s on d i f f e r e n t
members of t h e p o p u l a t i o n t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e power of t h e
explanation. Again, no c1.ai.m i s made t h a t a l l such s t u d i e s
have been included.
 7

L i t e r a t u r e s e a r c h methods

Two l i t e r a t u r e s e a r c h methods were employed t o canvas t h e j o u r n a l s .

The f i r s t involved t h e use of t h e P s y c h o l o g i c a l A b s t r a c t s and t h e
Sociological Abstracts. A b s t r a c t s judged t o be r e l e v a n t and appearing
w i t h i n t h e time p e r i o d considered were compiled; t h e o r i g i n a l a r t i c l e s
were r e a d and included i f s t i l l judged r e l e v a n t . This a u t h o r was f o r c e d
t o r e l y on t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system of t h e two A b s t r a c t s . I n t h e case
of t h e S o c i o l o g i c a l Abstracts, t h e c a t e g o r i e s " S o c i a l Psychology: person-
a l i t y and c u l t u r e , '' and "Mass Phenomena: p u b l i c opinion" were examined;
i n t h e P s y c h o l o g i c a l A b s t r a c t s , t h e c a t e g o r y " S o c i a l Psychology: atti-
t u d e s and opinions" was considered r e l e v a n t .
The second s e a r c h technique involved t h e examination of t h e Table
of Contents for t h o s e volumes of c e r t a i n j o u r n a l s appearing from 1960
through 1966. I f t h e a r t i c l e t i t l e appeared t o b e r e l e v a n t , t h e a r t i c l e
summary was read, and, i f s t i l l judged r e l e v a n t , t h e a r t i c l e was sum-
marized and i n c l u d e d . The j o u r n a l s examined i n t h i s manner were thought
to be t h e most important p u b l i c a t i o n s i n our c o n t e n t a r e a and a r e as
f o l l o w s ( i n a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r 1:
American J o u r n a l of Sociology
American P o l i t i c a l Science Review
American S o c i o l o g i c a l Review
J o u r n a l of Abnormal and S o c i a l Psychology
J o u r n a l of C o n f l i c t R e s o l u t i o n
Journal of Experimental Research i n P e r s o n a l i t y
J o u r n a l of Experimental S o c i a l Psychology
Journal. of P e r s o n a l i t y
J o u r n a l of P e r s o n a l i t y and S o c i a l Psychology
Journal of Social Issues
J o u r n a l o f S o c i a l Psychology
P u b l i c Opinion Q u a r t e r l y
S o c i a l Forces
S o c i a l Problems
 8

A s mentioned previously, t h e r e a r e t h r e e a r t i c l e s which d i d not

appear i n j o u r n a l s which a r e included i n t h i s inventory. Two of them,
S c o t t and Rosenberg, appeared i n Kelman ( e d . ) , I n t e r n a t i o n a l Behavior:
-
A Social-Psychological Analysis.' The t h i r d , McClosky, appeared i n
Rosenau (ea. ), Domestic Sources -
of Foreign P o l i c y .
4 These t h r e e
a r t i c l e s a r e i-ncluded because t h e y a r e unquestionably r e l e v a n t , and
because t h e y i n c l u d e r e p o r t s of p r e v i o u s l y unpublished e m p i r i c a l work
by t h e i r a u t h o r s . Only those f i n d i n g s which were published f o r t h e
f i r s - t time i n t h e s e a r t i c l e s a r e i n c h d e d i n t h i s inventory. The t h r e e
a r t i c l e s a r e l i s t e d i n a s e p a r a t e s e c t i o n following t h e j o u r n a l a r t i c l e s
b u t a r e referenced w i t h t h e o t h e r ar-Licles.

Use of t h e index

'The e m p i r i c a l f i n d i n g s a r e summarized i n s t a t e m e n t s i n v o l v i n g a t
l e a s t two variabl-es, and a l l r e s u l t s from a s i n g l e study a r e grouped
t o g e t h e r , t h e a u t h o r s b e i n g ordered a l p h a b e t i c a l l y . Each statement has
a r e f e r e n c e number. The Table of Contents r e f e r s t h e r e a d e r t o all.
f i n d i n g s i n v o l v i n g a p a r t i c u l a r v a r i a b l e by l i s t i n g t h e numbers of a l l
statements which i n c l u d e -that v a r i a b l e . To locate findings r e l a t i n g
p a i r s of v a r i a b l e s , t h e reader should r e f e r t o t h o s e statements indexed
under b o t h vari-able names. For example, i f one wishes t o l o c a t e t h e
f i n d i n g s on alienation/anomie, he should look up al.1 s t a t e m e n t s whose
numbers a r e indexed under alienation/anomie i n the Table o f Contents.
-
.I.f he wishes t o l o c a t e t h o s e f i n d i n g s r e l a t i n g alienation/anomie t o
authoritarianism, he should look a t t h o s e s t a t e m e n t s which are indexed
j o i n t l y under b o t h v a r i a b l e s .

'Kel:nan, 11. C. ( e d . ), I n t e r n a t i o n a l Behavior: A Social-Psychological

Analysis. New York: Hol-t, Rinehart and b J i n S t 0 ~ 5 .
4Kosenau, J.N. ( e d . ) , Domestic Sources of Foreign P o l i c y . New York:
-
E'ree P r e s s , 1967.
 9

PROPOSITION INDEXiNG CONCEPTS

The following individual difference concepts were used to index
the propositions. The definition of each concept is the one charac-
teristically used by investigators dealing with that variable.
1. Absolutism-gradualism: the desired rate of transition from the
present policy to the preferred policy. The absolutist favors an
immediate, one step changeover, the gradualist prefers a slower,
stepwise shift.

2. Age: a demographic variable referring to the respondent's chron-

ological age.

3. A m iety:
a. dispositional: chronic fear, worry, and/or anxiousness;
usually measured by the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (Taylor,
1953).
b. situational: fear, worry, and/or anxiousness about a specific
object or situation.

4, Authoritarianism: personality syndrome involving a variety of

symptoms, e. g., submission to authority, intolerance of human
weakness, anti-introspectionism;conceptually developed by Adorno,
et.al. (1950) and usually measured by one of the many forms of
the Facism (F) Scale.

5. Cognitive complexity: the number of different concepts used by

the respondent in perceiving and describing a domain of objects,
e. g., nations-
6. Consensus/conformity (attitudinal) : the degree to which an indi-
vidual or group holds t h e modal attitude of a larger social
grouping of which it is a part.

7. Consistency (attitudinal): the degree to which attitudes held by

an individual do not contradict each other; the contradiction
usually being defined in terms of logical criteria or affective
balance states.

8. Cynicism (political): a disbelief in the sincerity of the pro-

fessed motives and/or competence of political leaders and a con-
tempt for their motives and abilities.

9. Dogmatism (rigidity-flexibility): the openness of the respondent's

belief and/or attitude systems to new information o r the respon-
dent's ability to take another point of view. Usually measured
w i t h Rokeach's Dogmatism (D) Scale. (Rokeach, 1960)

10. Education: demographic variable referring to the number of years

of formal education of the respondent.
 10

11 D E f f i c a c y : a b e l i e f i n o n e ‘ s a b i l i t y t o produce a d e s i r e d e f f e c t
on some aspect, of t h e environment, v e r y c l o s e c o n c e p t u a l l y t o t h e
n o t i o n of powerlessness embodied. i n many conceptions of a l i e n a t i o n ,
a l s o s i m i l a r t o R o t t e r ’ s ( 1962) I n t e r n a l - E x t e r n a l C o n t r o l v a r i a b l e .

12. E t h n i c - r a c i a l background: demographic v a r i a b l e r e f e r r i n g t o t h e

r a c e of t h e respondent o r h i s p r e s e n t o r p a s t e t h n i c group member-
ship *

13 9
Ethnocentrism: t h e tendency t o s e e t h e environment i n b i p o l a r ,
in-group, out-group terms. The a s c r i p t i o n of unfavorab1.e char-
a c t e r i s t i c s t o out-group mem’oers and f a v o r a b l e a t t r i b u t e s t o i n -
group members. Most e l a b o r a t e l y developed by Adorno, e t . a l . (1950)
and measured by Ethnocentrism ( E ) Scale.

14. Event s e n s i t i v i t y : t h e tendency t o be aware of and influenced by

p o l . i t i c a 1 e v e n t s i n c l u d i n g p o l i c y changes.

15- Extremity:
a. a t t i t u d i n a l : a p r e f e r e n c e for extreme o r p o l a r i z e d a t t i t u d e s ,
b e l i e f s , oi’ opinions.
b. p o l i c y p r e f e r e n c e : a p r e f e r e n c e f o r p o l i c i e s which a r e d r a s t i c a l l y
d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e p r e s e n t l y b e i n g pursued b y t h e l o c a l , & s t a t e ,
and/or f e d e r a l agencies.

16 a Generalized d i s p o s i t i o n s :
a . w i t h i n domain: a tendency t o r e a c t t o a l l members of a c l a s s
of o b j e c t s ( e . g . , nations) i n a s i m i l a r way.
b . a c r o s s domain: a tendency t o r e a c t t o members of d i f f e r e n t
c l a s s e s ( e . g . , n a t i o n s and people) i n s i m i l a r ways.

17. information l e v e l : t h e amount of f a c t u a l information t h e respon-

d e n t p o s s e s s e s about a p a r t i c u l a r a r e a , u s u a l l y domestic o r
foreign affairs.

18. I n t e r e s t ( p o l - i t i c a l ) : t h e degree t o which a t t e n t i o n i s focused,

i n any of a v a r i e t y of ways, on t h e p o l i t i c a l realm. Often a s e l f -
r e p o r t e d v a r i a b l e , sometimes a n a c t i v i t y measure.

1-9. I n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m - I s o l a t i o n i s m :
a. involvement: support f o r U.S. p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n v a r i o u s non-
b e l l i g e r e n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o j e c t s and programs.
b. United Nations: s p e c i f i c support f o r U.S. involvement i n and
support f o r t h e United Nations Organization.
c. f o r e i g n a i d : support f o r p r e s e n t and/or i n c r e a s e d f o r e i g n a i d
expenditures by t h e U.S.

20 0 I n t o l e r a n c e of ambiguity: a p r e f e r e n c e f o r s i t u a t i o n s and i n f o r -
mation which i s unambiguous, i . e . , t h e r e i s no u n c e r t a i n t y about
t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s i t u a t i o n o r o b j e c t . Often measured
b y Budner’s I n t o l e r a n c e of Ambiguity Scale.(Budner, 1962)
21 e Liberalism-Conservatism: the tendency tg Bndorsement of policy pre-
ferences and/or b e l i e f s identified with liberal or ,conservative
spokesn~en(usually includes attitudes t o w e d social-wel-
fare programs, big government, economic issues, and social change).
Also includes self-reported degree of liberalism and conservatism.

22. Machiavellianism/manipulativeness : the tendency to act toward

other people and nations in a manner determined primarily by the
perceived instrumentality of the act in gaining one's own end. In
interpersonal relations, the variable is usually measured by
Christie ' s Mach Scale. (Christie, 1959)

23. Media Eqosure: the amount of time exposed to media of various

types, the type of program exposure, and media source credibility
ratings.

24 e Nationalism: sense of national consciousness, loyality or devotion

to own nation above other nations o r hlmanity (conceptually similar
to anti-worldmindedness which is also classified under internationalism
.
( involvement ) )

25 - negative voting tendencies: the tendency to vote against the

perceived power structurc or Esta'6Lishment by iroting against their
candidates or pr'ograms

26. Occupation: demographic variable referring to the present job or

employment of the respondent.

27. Opinionation (opinion holding) : the tendency to express an opinion

on a variety of issues.

28 Optimism-pessimism:
a. war outbreak and effects : perceived probability of war within
a given time period and effects of such a conflict to the
respondent, his crjmmunity, and his nation.
b. personal: respondent's expectations about his future and that
of his family.
c. general: expectations about the future state of domestic and
international affairs, about half of the items refer to some
specific aspect of the situation while the other half refer to
conditions in general,

29 Personal involvement:
a. organizational membership: degree and type of participation in
formal organizations.
b. political activitism: amount and type of personal involvement
in political activities including campaigning, membership in
issue oriented political groups, and attitudes toward direct
political aetion.
c. opinlon leadership: the degree to which the respondent's advice
is sought on political,.~economic and social issues.
 12

30. P o l i t i c a l party identification: self-reported party identification,

p a r t y r e g i s t r a t i o n , or p a r t y voting preference.

31. Region (geographic) : demographic v a r i a b l e r e f e r r i n g t o t h e p a r t o f

t h e country i n which t h e respondent l i v e s o r was r a i s e d .

32. Reliance on m i l i t a r y s o l u t i o n s , use of f o r c e , o r t h r e a t of use of

force:
a. use of m i l i t a r y f o r c e : a p r e f e r e n c e €or t h e use of m i l i t a r y
f o r c e r a t h e r t h a n o t h e r l e s s b e l l i g e r e n t means ( n e g o t i a t i o n s ,
economic a i d , e t c . ) as s o l u t i o n s t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l problems
or frustrations.
b. s t r e n g t h : a p r e f e r e n c e €or m i l i t a r y preparedness o p t i o n s
as a means of i n s u r i n g n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y as opposed t o t h e
advocacy of disarmament.
e. f i r m e s s : a p r e f e r e n c e f o r non-concilliatory s t a n c e s i n
d e a l i n g with t h e enemy; a n unwillingness t o a c c e p t anything
less t h a n f u l l acceptance of national. demands. This dimension
i s independent of t h e t y p e of means p r e f e r r e d t o achieve t h a t
end.

33. ReLigion/relieiosity: respondent ' s s e l f - r e p o r t e d r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i -

a t i o n , r e l i g i o u s a c t i v i t i e s , and the n a t u r e of h i s r e l i g i - o u s b e l i e f s .

34. Response s e t : t h e tendency t o give s i m i l a r answers -to a, wide v a r i e t y

of questions, u s u a l l y a tendency t o acquise (answer "yes. " )

35. S a l i e n c e : t h e perceived importance of a p a r t i c u l a r i s s u e a r e a o r

situa-Lion, u s u a l l y based on s e l f r e p o r t s .

36. Satisfaction-dissatisfaction:
a. p o l i t i c a l : t h e degree t o which t h e respondent i s happy with,
s a k i s f f e d with, o r approves of some a s p e c t of t h e p o l i t i c a l
situation or leadership.
b. p e r s o n a l : t h e degree t o which t h e respondent i s happy o r
s a t i s f i e d with h i s present s i t u a t i o n o r condition.

37. Sex: demographi-c v a r i a b l e r e f e r r i n g t o t h e sex of t h e respondent.

38. S h e l t e r support: t h e degree t o which t h e respondent s u p p o r t s v a r i -

ous c i v i l defense programs, p r i m a r i l y f a l l o u t s h e l t e r s , and/or p a r -
t i c i p a t e s i n t h o s e programs.

39. S i m i l a r i t y - d i s s i m i l a r i t y ( a t t i t , u d i n a l ) : t h e degree t o which another

group o r i n d i v i d u a l i s perceived by t h e respondent as holding
a t t i t u d e s or b e l i e € s which a r e similar t o h i s own a t t i t u d e s and
beliefs.

40. Socioeconomic s t a t u s : a g e n e r a l index of t h e r e s p o n d e n t ' s s t a t u s

o r p r e s t i g e v i s - a - v i s o t h e r members o€ the group based on a l l o r
some s e t of t h e following demographic v a r i a b l e s : occupation, income,
education, r e l i g i o n , neighborhood, race, e t h n i c background, and sex.
41. S t a t u s c o n s i s t e n c y : t h e amount of s i m i l a r i t y among t h e respon-
dent ' s s t a t u s p o s i t i o n on s e v e r a l demographic v a r i a b l e s u s u a l l y
i n c l u d i n g income, education, and e t h n i c - r a c i a l background.

42. Threat p e r c e p t i o n : t h e degree to which t h e respondent s e e s a

p a r t i c u l a r o b j e c t or s i t u a t i o n as a t h r e a t to a valued o b j e c t ,
u s u a l l y h i s country o r himself.

43. Time p e r s p e c t i v e : t h e degree t o which conceptions of f u t u r e

events, c o n t i n g e n c i e s , and outcomes i n f l u e n c e t h e r e s p o n d e n t ' s
behavior or p o l i c y p r e f e r e n c e s .

44. Tolerance:
a. a t t i t u d i n a l : degree of acceptance of t h o s e h o l d i n g a t t i t u d e s
and b e l i e f s which d e v i a t e from t h o s e of t h e respondent.
b. ethnic-racial: degree of acceptance of t h o s e having e t h n i c -
r a c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which d e v i a t e from t h o s e of t h e
respondent ( p r e j u d i c e )

45. Trust:
a. i n t e r p e r s o n a l : t h e degree to which t h e respondent p e r c e i v e s
o t h e r people as t r u s t w o r t h y and t r e a t s them accordingly.
b. i n t e r n a t i o n a l : t h e degree t o which t h e respondent p e r c e i v e s
o t h e r n a t i o n s as t r u s t w o r t h y .

46. Voting behavior:

a. frequency: t h e frequehcy w i t h which t h e respondent h a s voted
i n t h e past.
b. c o n s i s t e n c y : t h e r e g u l a r i t y with which t h e respondent v o t e s
f o r t h e same p a r t y o r candidate.

47. A l i e n a t i o n : o r i g i n a l l y a s o c i o l o g i c a l concept now developed p r i -

m a r i l y as a p s y c h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e . Most o f t e n measured by e i t h e r
S r o l e ' s ( 1956) o r N e t t ler ' s ( 1-957) scale. The concept usually
i n v o l v e s one o r some combination of t h e f o l l o w i n g components:
a. normlessness: t h e g e n e r a l f e e l i n g of d i s a s s o c i a t i o n from t h e
s o c i a l norms and mores of t h e group--a l a c k of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n with
o r understanding of s o c i a l s t a n d a r d s .
b . powerlessness: b e l i e f s on t h e p a r t of t h e i n d i v i d u a l t h a t he
l a c k s t h e a b i l i t y o r power t o i n f l u e n c e t h e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e o r
o t h e r persons. This component i s v e r y s i m i l a r to t h e concept
of p e r s o n a l e f f i c a c y .
e . s o c i a l i s o l a t i o n : a g e n e r a l f e e l i n g of t h e i n d i v i d u a l t h a t he
i s n o t a p a r t of t h e s o c i a l group, t h a t he i s i s o l a t e d and alone
a g a i n s t t h e world.
 PROPOSITION IIVDEX

1. Absolutism-gradualism: 004, 066, 075, 078, 079.

2. Age: 008, 014, 038, 042, 044, 060, 074, 075, 087, 12 , 199, 2 ZL
222.
-
3- Anxiety :
a. dispositional:
. - 0
b. situational: Log, 120, 1.21,132, 149, 174, 243.
4. Authoritarianism: 009, Oil., 022, 027, 028, 035, 047, 048, 054,
057, 059, 060, 062, 081, 082, 083, 102, 103, 110, 118, 126,
132, 134, 1-35, 144, l54-, 159, 160, 170, 198, 200, 211, 220,
223, 227, 228, 230, 232, 244, 245.
5. Cognitive complexity: 104, 1-05,106, 107, 147, 156, 182, 183,
236.
-
6. Consensus/conformity (attitudinal): 023, 030, 069, 078, 079,
081, 118, 173, 200, 2011,220.
7. Consistency (attitudinal): 050, 065, 068, 105, 106, 218, 224.
8. Cynicism (political.): 036, 110, 130, 132, 165, 230, 232.
9. Dopatism (rigidity-flexibility)
: 010, 053, 047, 063, 076, 103,
124, 132, 138, 139,..143,147, 154, 1-55, 156, 1-57,1.59, 183,
211, 221, 231, 236.
10. Education: 008, 015, 016, 020, 025, 032, 038, 046, 049, 059,
062, 064, 072: 084, 096, 097, 111, 113, 133, 134, 1.36, 137,
142, 1 . 5167,
~ 169, 170, 1.72, 174, 195, 196, 2105, 213, 222,
223, 226, 228, 234.
11. 015, 036, 037, 043,
Efficacy: 004, 0L22,- Oj+j+, 046, 055, 056,
045,
067, 07'7, 095, 123, 130, 132, 136, iy(, 145, 1.46, 171, 177,
204, 213, 233.
12. Ethnic-racial background: 090, 096, 097, 101, 142, 176, 205.
13* Ethnocentrism: 035, 053, 076, 107, 108, 124, 134, 1-35, 153, 16%
1.97, 211, 212, 232, 254.
14- Event sensitivity: 001, O31., 040, 041, 051, 084, 100, 124, 139,
141, 147, 172: 1'73,183, 188, 195, 197, 199, 21.7, 218, 234.
15. Extremity :
a. attitudinal: 009, 032, 107, 132, 1-38,1lt4, 155, 157, 1-58,
 178, 236.
b. policy preference: 004,,204.
16. Generalized dispositions:
a. within domain: 116, 125, 127, 188, 248, 255, 256, 259.
b. across domain: 003, 114, 125, 127, 180, 188, 250, 251,
252.
-
17 Information Level: 006, 017, 026, 038, 039, 049, 065, 068,
069, 070, 078, 084, 088, 090, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110,
115, -123,126, 133, 16j, 164, 1.74, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187,
1-
18. Interest (political): 006, 029, 039, 043, 044, 093, 123, 171,
1 - .
19. Internationalism-Isolationism:
a. involvement: 065, 071, 072, 073, 085, 086, 087, 101, 125,
j,
235, 236, 2579 258, 259.
b. United Nations: 084,-085, 086, 087, 088, 089, 090, 091,
092, 097, 094, 113, 114, 128, 210, 235, 237.
c. foreign aid: z,
-
2379
20. Intolerance of ambiguity: 027, 047, 102, 107, 108, 132, 144,
147, 155, 236.
21. Liberalism-Conservatism: 002, 010, 011, 023, 024, 033, 035,
052, 067, 094, 101, 111, 118, 1-57,152, 160, 1-79,1-91,
1-93,235, 237, 238.
22, Machiavellianism/manipulativeness : 027, 110, 230.
23 Media Exposure: 033, 050, 065, 078, 099, 108, 109, 111, 139,
140, 188, 189, 199, 217, 219, 224, 226.
24. Nationalism: 2099 210, 211, 212.
25* Negative voting tendencies: 067, 095, 137, 203, 207, 208, 215.
26. Occupation: 046, 080, 096, 097, 098, 102, 145, 150, 195, 196,
199, 219, 2lP9 226, 240.
27 Opinionation (opinion h o l d i n g ) : 006, 066, 078, 084, 087, 088,
090, 231.
28. Optimism-pessimism:
a. war out'oreak and e f f e c t s : 002, 005, 007, 018, 019, 020,
021, 052, 053, 059, 061, 062, 078, 0'79, 110, 1-11, 112,
117, 119, 120, 148, 1.49, 160, 1.61, 166, 168, 169, 196,
1-97,2 2 l > 2113, 254.
b. p e r s o n a l : 005, 007, 168, 230, 250.
c. general: 002, 004, 007, 020, 036, 078, 079, $32, 141, 163,
. -=
29. P e r s o n a l involvement:
a. o r g a n i z a t i o n membership: 026, 034, 055, 056, 065, 078,
082, 146, 165, 184, 186, 234.
b. p o l i t k k a l a c t i v i t i s m : 012, 015, 043, 044, 052, 055, 056,
077, 081, 083, 104, 123, 229, 130, 131, 143, 165,
171, 177, 178, 233, 242.
c. opinion k a d e r s h i p : 035, 034, 106, 129, 143, 217, 218,
21.9.
-
30. P o l i t i c a l p a r t y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n : 017, 042, 080, 092, 118, 128,
129, 176, 202, 206, 239.
31e Region (geographic): 073, 089, 228.
32. Iiel-iance on m i l i t a r y s o l u t i o n s , use o f f o r c e , o r t h r e a t of
use of fol-ce:
a. use of f o r c e : 030, 0 3 6 ~053, 054, 059, 060, 061, 062,
074, 0.75,119, 160, 161, 196, 200, 227, 235, 243,
247, 249, 251, 254, 257.
h. s t r e n g t h : 001, 0x3, 014, 01.6, 017, 01-8, 020, 053, 070,
110, 111., 1.12, 113, 1.28, 141, 164, 210, 235, 237,
246, 247, 257.
c. firmness: 070, 013, mb, 016, 017, 035, 057, 058, 064, 084,
085, 086, 090, 11.2, 113, 169, 211, 212, 238, 239,
240, 2j-11)242, 245, 249.
-
33. H e l i g i o n / r e l i @ o s i t y : 012, 016, 027, 052, 066, 071, Ogl., 112,
162, 163, 1G9 188, 190, 208, 222, 242.
34. Response s e t : 047, 132, 154.
35. S a l i e n c e : 001, 1~11., 120, 1.21, 148, 175, 195, 234.
36 Satisfaction-dissatisfaction:
a. political: 001, 021, 100, 197, 207.
b. personal: 026, 078, 079, 123, 133, 165, 190, 232, 252.
37. Sex: 038, 088, 102, 121, 161, 179, 1-99?226, 243.
38. Shelter support: 013, 018, 019, 020, 201, 052, 108, 1.09, 117,
119, 120, 122, 148, 167, 169, 174, 221, 224, 225, 242.
39. Similarity-dissimilarity (attitudinal): 023, 024, Q25, 028, 050,
191, 192, 1-95, 194.
40. Socio-economic status: 026, 042, 055, 058, 065, 066, 078, 079,
101, 113, 121, 122, 123, 1-34,150, 1629 163, 165, 169,
1-77,205, 213, 222, 223.
41. Skatus consistency: 096, 101, 179, 216.
42. Threat perception: 001, 019, 030, 036, 03'7,051, 052, 053,
109, 164, 211, 246, 255, 258.
43. Time persepective: 002, 003, 004, 005, QOq, 008, 075, 105, 096,
198, 229.
44. Tolerance:
a. attitudinal: 022, 027, 028, 063, 130, 131, 133, 157, 158,
188, 191, 192, 1-93,1-94,220.
b. ethnic-racial: 041, 098, 128, 134, 135, 370, 207, 216,
222, 237.
45 Trust :
a. interpersonal: 026, 047, 048, 125, 127, 133, 188, 230,
232.
b. international:
. - 0
46. Voting behavior:
a. frequency: 029, 043, 044, 065, 093, 136, 172, 203.
b. consistency: 029, 206.
47 Alienation: 034, 041, 043, 045, 055, 060, 061, 062, 066, 067,
095, 099, 134, 135, 137, 140, 142, 145, 146, 150, 151, 162,
165, 170.,184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 194, 203, 205, 206,
207, 208, 213, 214, 215, 221, 222, 233, 241, 244.
a. normlessness: 045, 046, 132, 133, 165, 189.
b. powerlessness: 045, 046, 130, 132, 136, 165, 184, 185,
186, 187, 189.
 1-8

c. social isolation: 0)+5,046, 165, 176, 189, 190.

 X)URl!AL PROPOSXTIONS

Almond (1960)
001 A spectacular technological/military achievement (Sputnik) by
the enemy results in
a. an increase in the salience of foreign affairs and defense
problems
b, an increased sense of personal vulnerability
e. an increased support for education and defense expenditures
d. a l o s s of faith in the party in power.

Anast (1965)
002 A desire to reduce governmental welfare programs (backward
time orientation) was associated with a dissatisfaction with
news media, a general pessimism and pessimism about war
expectancy; a desire f o r more programs (forward time orienta-
tion) was associated with satisfaction with media and optimism
about war and in general.
003 Temporal orientation i s a generalized trait, consistent across
the personal, domestic, and international domains.

Back and Gergen (1963a)

004 Those who endorsed futility items (either short time perspec-
tive or general pessimism) tend to prefer extreme, one-step
solutions to both domestic and international problems
005 Long time perspective was associated with
a. favorable attitudes toward foreign aid
b. optimism about the likelihood of war
c . optimism about future unemployment.
006 Low information level about foreign affairs was associated with
a large number of don't know responses to attitude items (dis-
interest).

Back and Gergen (1963b)

007 Serial time orientation (events are repeatable in time) versus
apocalyptic orfentation (events unique, impending misf ortune)
was associated with
a. optimism about international and domestic economic affairs
b. optimism about personal and general domestic affairs.
008 Education was positively correlated with serial time orientation
while age was positively correlated with an apocalyptic orien-
tation.

Barker (1963)
009 There was no relationship between authoritarianism and extremity
of political attitudes (PEC scale 1.
010 High dogmatism is associated with high conservatism.
 20

Barker (1963) continued

011 The F-Scale as a measure of a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
po lit i c a1 cons e r v a t i.s m .

Barton ( 19631
012 Jewish respondents were more l i k e l y t h a n P r o t e s t a n t s , and
P r o t e s - t a n t s more l i k e l y t h a n C a t h o l i c s , t o mention p o l i t i c a l
a c t i o n as a s o l u t i o n t o t h e t h r e a t of n u c l e a r war.
013 Support f o r f a l l o u t s h e l t e r s as a p e r s o n a l s o l u t i o n t o t h e
t h r e a t of nuclear war -- was not a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r e l i a n c e on
s t r e n g t h r a t h e r t h a n n e g o t i a t i o n as a n a t i o n a l response t o
that threat.
014 Age was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e mention of m i l i t a r y
preparedness r a t h e r t h a n n e g o t i a t i o n as a s o l u t i o n t o t h e
t h r e a t of nuclear w a r .
01-5 Those w i t h a c o l l e g e education a r e more l i k e l y t h a n t h o s e
without t o s e e personal. p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n as a s o l u t i o n t o
t h e t h r e a t of war.
016 Among Catholics, education was n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d with
f a v o r i n g of n e g o t i a t i o n s r a t h e r t h a n s t r e n g t h ; among P r o t e s -
t a n t s and Jews, t h e c o r r e l a t i o n was p o s i t i v e .

Bendig, Vaughan, Ray, and Klions (1960)

01'7 Favorableness of a t t i t u d e toward t h e space program was p o s i -
t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h l e v e l of information about t h a t program
b u t not r e l a t e d t o p a r t y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o r tough-tenderminded-
ness.

B e r r i e n (1963)
018 F a l l o u t s h e l t e r owners d i f f e r e d from non-owners i n t h a t t h e
owners
a. thought a n a c c i d e n t a l war was more p o s s i b l e
b . thought t h a t t h e i r a r e a (geographic) would b e a t t a c k e d
c . tended t o p l a c e more r e l i a n c e on m i l i t a r y preparedness as
a means of keeping t h e peace.
019 S h e l t e r owners d i d __
not d i f f e r from non-owners i n t h e degree
of perceived t h r e a t from R u s s i a o r b e l i e f s about t h e hazards
of n u c l e a r war.

Berrien, Schulman, and Amarel (1963)

020 Those who had b u i l t f a l l o u t s h e l t e r s i n t h e i r homes as compared
w i t h t h o s e who had. not, had
a . higher income
b . higher e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l
e . g r e a t e r tendency - t o b e l i e v e U . S . was l o s i n g Cold War
d. g r e a t e r tendency t o b e l i e v e t h a t war could occur by a c c i d e n t
e. g r e a t e r tendency t o favor s t r o n g m i l i t a r y p o l i c y as means o l
keeping t h e peace.
 ill

Berrien, Schulman, and Amarel (1963) continued

021 Shelter builders did not differ from non-builders in their
perception of the effects of nuclear war.

Bordua ( 19611
Intolerance of political and religious non-conformists was
.
022
positively correlated to authoritarianism (F-Scale) The
relationship did not disappear when attitude toward authority
was factored out.

Breed and Ktsanes (1961)

023 An individual's perception of public opinion on a given issue
tends t o be biased in a conservative direction, i.e., the
public in general is thought to hold attitudes which are more
conservative than the respondent's own attitudes.
024 Those favoring liberal policies were more accurate in their
perception of public opinion than those favoring the more
conservative polic ies .
025 Education was not related to accuracy of perception of public
opinion.

Bronfenbrenner (1960)
026 Participation in community affairs was negatively correlated
with
a. a tendency to describe oneself and others in unfavorable
terms (termed dismality by the author could be general
dissatisfaction)
b. social class (with acquiescence and dismality held constant)
e. mistrust of people (with social class and dismality held
constant )
d. high information about local and national affairs.

Budner (1962)
027 Intolerance of ambiguity was positively correlated with reli-
giosity, favorable attitudes toward censorship, and authori-
tarianism; and negatively correlated with Machiavellianism.

Byrne (1965)
028 Authoritarianism was n o t related t o tolerance f o r nonconformists
but perceived similarity-dissimilarity was.

Campbell (19601
029 High political interest was associated with high frequency of
voting and with straight ticket voting at the national level.
 22

Campbell and Cain (1965.1

030 The percentage of t h e population supporting t h e use of f o r c e
a g a i n s t another country i s a f u n c t i o n of
a. t h e b e l l i g e r e n t a c t i o n s of t h e o t h e r country
b . t h e p o l i c y of t h e n a t i o n a l government toward t h e b e l l i g -
erent.

Carlsson (1965)
031 l 1 The degree of smoothness shown b y some e m p i r i c a l v o t e s e r i e s
can be accounted f o r by assuming delayed response and s t i m u l u s
v a r i a t i o n s t y p i c a l - l y over a year o r a good p a r t of it b u t not
v e r y much beyond a y e a r . ”

C a r t e r (1962)
032 Educational level. i s n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p o l a r i z a t i o n
( e x t r e m i t y ) of images.

C a r t e r and Clarke (1962)

033 S e l f designated opinion l e a d e r s h i p was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
a. h i g h exposure t o mass media
b . ].ow r e s i s t a n c e t o p o l i t i c a l change.
034 There was no d i f f e r e n c e between s e l f d e s i g n a t e d l e a d e r s and
followers i n
a . v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n membership
b . amount of time spent i n t e r a c t i n g w i t h o t h e r s
e . anomie.

Chesler and Schuiuck (1964)

035 -4 hard l i n e p o l i c y toward t h e Cuban c r i s i s was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
a. h i g h p o l i t i c a l conservatism ( v . high l i b e r a l - i s m )
b. a n t i - i n t e l l e c t u a l i s m ( a u t h o r i t a r i a n symptom)
e. high ethnocentrism.
036 Those who r e p o r t e d b e i n g f r i g h t e n e d b y t h e U.S.-Soviet con-
f r o n t a t i o n over Cuba were
a. i n f a v o r of a less a g g r e s s i v e U.S. p o l i c y
b . more p e s s i m i s t i c about t h e i n f l u e n c e of p u b l i c opinion
(political futility).

Chu (1966)
037 I n d i v i d u a l s tended t o minimize t h e magnitude o f a t h r e a t when
a. t h e t h r e a t w a s imminent r a t h e r t h a n remote
b . t h e s o l u t i o n was perceived a s i n e f f i c a c i o u s r a t h e r t h a n
efficacious.
Cohen (1966)
038 The m i l i t a r y p o l i c y p u b l i c ( h i g h m i l i t a r y p o l i c y i n f o r m a t i o n )
as compared w i t h t h e f o r e i g n p o l i c y p u b l i c was
a . d i s p r o p o r t i o n a l l y more male
b. younger
e . more h i g h l y educated.
039 Self r a t e d i n t e r e s t i n m i l i t a r y affairs was not a v e r y good
p r e d i c t o r of l e v e l of i n f o r m a t i o n about m i l i t a r y a f f a i r s .

C r e s p i (1964)
040 The American p u b l i c ' s r e a c t i o n t o t h e Eichmann t r i a l was an
i n c r e a s e i n sympathy f o r t h e Jews b u t no d e c r e a s e i n sympathy
for t h e Germans.
041 Those who thought t h a t Jews had t o o much power d i d n o t d i f f e r
from t h o s e who thought t h e y d i d not i n t h e i r r e a c t i o n s t o t h e
Eichmann t r i a l .

C r i t t e n d e n (1962)
042 Age i s p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h Republicanism e s p e c i a l l y
among middle c l a s s respondents.

Dean (1960)
043 There were no s i z e a b l e c o r r e l a t i o n s (over -t- .20) between t h e
v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of a l i e n a t i o n (power l e ssneys , norrnle s sne s s ,
s o c i a l i s o l a t i o n ) and p o l i t i c a l a p a t h y ( i n t e r e s t , i n f l u e n c e ,
v o t i n g frequency).
044 O f t h e demographic v a r i a b l e s , o n l y age w a s r e l a t e d t o p o l i t i c a l
a p a t h y ( i n t e r e s t , i n f l u e n c e , v o t i n g frequency).

Dean (1961)
045 The d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s of a l i e n a t i o n (powerlessness, normless-
ness, and s o c i a l i s o l a t i o n ) were a l l p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d .
046 All a s p e c t s of a l i e n a t i o n (powerlessness, normlessness, and
s o c i a l i s o l a t i o n ) were n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h
a. o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s
b. education
e. income
and p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h age.

DeSoto, Kuethe, and Wunderlich (1960)

047 High a u t h o r i t a r i a n s tended t o b e more s u s p i c i o u s and a f r a i d of
s t r a n g e r s t h a n low a u t h o r i t a r i a n s , b u t t h e r e were no d i f -
f e r e n c e s between t h e two groups on i n t o l e r a n c e of ambiguity,
r i g i d i t y , o r acquiescence measures.
 24

Deutsch (1960)
048 I n a two person game, h i g h a u t h o r i t a r i a n s were more u n t r u s t i n g
and untrustworthy t h a n low a u t h o r i t a r i a n s .

Deutsch and Proshansliy (1961)

049 Current a f f a i r s information l e v e l was r e l a t e d t o e d u c a t i o n a l
level.. among middle c l a s s respondents.

Diab (1965)
050 I n d i v i d u a l s expose themselves s e l e c t i v e l y t o t h o s e media sources
which have t h e same views t h a t t h e y do.

D i l l e h a y (1964)
051 The immediate e f f e c t on an i n t e r n a t i o n a l . c o n f r o n t a t i o n ( t h e
U-2 i n c i d e n t ) between t h e U . S . and Russia on t h e American
p u b l i c was t o i n c r e a s e t h e perceived l i k e l i h o o d of a more
a g g r e s s i v e s o v i e t f o r e i g n p o l i c y and o f a world war. This
i n c r e a s e diminished v e r y q u i c k l y over time as S o v i e t i n t e n t i o n s
became more v i s i b l e .

Ekman, Cohen, Moos, Schlesinger, and Stone (1963 1

052 An a c t i v e a n t i - s h e l t e r group d i f f e r e d from a n a c t i v e p r o - s h e l t e r
group i n t h a t t h e former
a. saw n u c l e a r war as more d e v a s t a t i n g
b . p r e f e r r e d d i r e c t p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n t o damage l i m i t i n g a l t e r -
n a t i v e s ( s h e l t e r s ) t o reduce t h e t h r e a t of war
e . saw themselves as more p o l i t i c a l l y l i b e r a l although -there
was no a c t u a l d i f f e r e n c e i n p o l i t i c a l opinions
d. was d i s p r o p o r t i o n a l l y Jewish
e . t h e r e was no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e group's e s t i m a t e of t h e
imminence ;pi; nuclear war a

Epstein (1-967)
053 An i n c r e a s e i n t h e perceived t h r e a t of n u c l e a r war r e s u l t e d i n
a. more f a v o r a b l e a t t i t u d e s toward m i l i t a r y preparedness and
t h e use of f o r c e i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s
b. g r e a t e r pessimism about t h e outbreak of war
c . g r e a t e r confidence t h a t o n e ' s own s i d e would win any c o n f l i c t .

E p s t e i n (1966)
051.1 High a u t h o r i t a r i a n s were more l i k e l y t o i m i t a t e a g g r e s s i v e models
t h a n low a u t h o r i t a r i a n s .

Erbe (1964)
055 Pol-itical participation was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
a. high socio-economic status
b. high o r g a n i z a t i o n a l involvement
e. ].ow a l i e n a t i o n - h i g h poli.t;ical efficacy.
 25

Erbe (1964) continued

056 With socioeconomic c l a s s held c o n s t a n t , a l i e n a t i o n / e f f i c a c y
was n o t r e l a t e d t o p o l i t i c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n b u t o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
membership was

Eysenck (1961)
057 Tendermindedness was n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h e x t r a v e r s i o n
( b o t h Eysenck's measures).
058 Socioeconomic c l a s s i s n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h tbughminded-
ness ( h a r d - l i n e domestic and f o r e i g n p o l i c i e s ) .

Farris (1960)
059 A u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h jingoism and
pessimism about t h e l i k e l i h o o d of war b u t t h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s
were g r e a t l y reduced when e d u c a t i o n was h e l d c o n s t a n t .
060 Age was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d with a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m , p o l i t i c a l
anomie, and jingoism.
061 P o l i t i c a l anomie was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h jingoism and
pessimism about t h e l i k e l i h o o d of w a r .
062 Education i s n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h jingoism, a u t h o r i t a r i a n -
i s m , p o l i t i c a l anomie, and pessimism about t h e l i k e l i h o o d of
war.

Foulkes and Foulkes (1965)

063 Dogmatism was n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d with t o l e r a n c e of i n d i v i d -
u a l s with p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s d i f f e r e n t from those o f t h e
respondent

Frymier (1961)
064 CollBge s t u d e n t s had a more f a v o r a b l e a t t i t u d e toward Russia
t h a n h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s from t h e same region.

Galtung (1964)
065 S o c i a l p o s i t i o n (Galtung C-P index) was p o s i t i v e l y corre-
l a t ed with
a. p o l i t i c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n ( v o t i n g , newspaper reading, orga-
n i z a t i o n member ship)
b . p o l i t i c a l knowledge
c. a t t i t u d i n a l consistency
d. i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m ( c o o p e r a t i o n ) .
066 S o c i a l p o s i t i o n (Galtung C-P index) w a s n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d
with
a. alienation
b. a b s o l u t i s m o r moralism
c . r e l i g i o u s fundamentalism
d. number of d o n ' t know responses t o opinion q u e s t i o n s
( o p i n i o n h o l d i n g was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d with s o c i a l
position) a
 26

Gamson (1961)
067 Opposition t o a f l u o r i d a t i o n referendum was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
h i g h f e e l i n g s of powerlessness and a l i e n a t i o n w i t h age, edu-
c a t i o n , and income h e l d c o n s t a n t b u t was not r e l a t e d t o
p o l i i i c a l . l i b e r a l i sm-eonservati sm.

Gamson and MQdigliani (1966)

068 Information l e v e l i s p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h b e l i e f - p o l i c y
p r e f erence coiisi s t e n c y .
069 There was a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between information l e v e l
and support f o r governmental p o l - i c i e s .
0'70 There was a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between information l e v e l
and h a r d - l i n e a t b i t u d e s toward communist n a t i o n s ( m i l i t a r y
preparedness and c o n c i l i a t i o n ) .

Garrison (1961)
071 Religious fundamentalism i s n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h world-
mindedness i n t h e South.
072 As time s p e n t i n c o l l e g e i n c r e a s e s , worldmindedness i n c r e a s e s .
073 SouLhei-n s t u d e n t s were l e s s worldminded t h a n s t u d e n t s from
o t h e r a r e a s of t h e country.

Gergen and Back (1965)

074 With b e l i e f about t h e consequences of a p o l i c y h e l d c o n s t a n t ,
age was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a p r e f e r e n c e f o r b e l l i g e r e n t
policies.
075 I n c r e a s i n g age was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
a. l a c k of support f o r f o r e i g n a i d
b . p r e f e r e n c e f o r immediate payoff ( s h o r t run) p o l i c i e s i n
Korea
e . p r e f e r e n c e €or p u n i t i v e and immediate p o l i c i e s i n i n t e r -
p e r s o n a l and domestic i s s u e s
d. tendency t o see human c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s h e r e d i t a r i l y
r a t h e r t h a n environmentally determined.

Gladstone and Gaputa (1964)

076 There was no r e l a t i o n s h i p between dogmatism and t h e tendency
to a t t r i b u t e u n d e s i r a b l e t r a i t s t o peoples o f o t h e r n a t i o n s
(ethnocentrism).

Gore and Rot'cer (1963)

07'7 F e e l i n g s o f p e r s o n a l e f f i c a c y ( R o t t e r ' s high i n t e r n a l c o n t r o l )
were p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a w i l l i n g n e s s t o t a k e p a r t i n
d i r e c t a c t i o n campaigns ( c i v i l . r i g h t s ) .
 27

Halle (1966)
078 A s s o c i a l p o s i t i o n ( G a l t u n g ' s C-P index) i n c r e a s e d s o d i d
a. p o l i t i c a l knowledge
b. o r g a n i z a t i o n a l memberships
e . mass media exposure
d. opinion h o l d i n g (number of d o n ' t know responses t o opinion
que st i o n s de c r e as ed )
e. p e r c e n t a g e of group t h a t was n o t p e s s i m i s t i c and apoca-
l y p t i c about n u c l e a r w a r
f. t h e percentage f a v o r i n g g r a d u a l i s t r a t h e r t h a n a b s o l u t -
i o n i s t foreign policy alternatives
g. optimism about f u t u r e n a t i o n a l economic c o n d i t i o n s
h. s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h p r e s e n t econamic c o n d i t i o n
i. p e r c e n t a g e h o l d i n g t h e m a j o r i t y opinion on v a r i o u s i s s u e s .
079 The a t t i t u d i n a l d i f f e r e n c e s between a d j a c e n t socioeconomic
s t a t u s groups i n c r e a s e as socioeconomic s t a t u s i n c r e a s e s .

Hamilton (1965)
080 Occupational s k i l l l e v e l i s u n r e l a t e d t o p o l i t i c a l p a r t y iden-
tification.

Harned (1961)
081 High a u t h o r i t a r i a n s w e r e l e s s l i k e l y t o hold t h e same p o l i t i c a l
a t t i t u d e s as t h o s e l e a d e r s of t h e p a r t y i n which t h e y were
a c t i v e , i.e., t h e y w e r e l e s s l i k e l y t o be a c t i v e i n p a r t y work
f o r i d e o l o g i c a l reasons.
082 Among t h o s e a c t i v e i n p o l i t i c a l p a r t y work, l o w a u t h o r i t a r i a n s
belonged t o more o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a n h i g h a u t h o r i t a r i a n s .
083 There was no c o r r e l a t i o n between a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m and a t e n -
dency t o b e a c t i v e i n p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

Hero (1966)
084 The h i g h e r t h e e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l
a. t h e more informed t h e respondent on UN i s s u e s
b. t h e g r e a t e r t h e tendency t o e x p r e s s opinions on UN i s s u e s
c. t h e l e s s t h e f l u x u a t i o n of a t t i t u d e s i n response t o dra-
matic e v e n t s
d. t h e g r e a t e r t h e approval of U.S. p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e UN
e. t h e l e s s t h e tendency t o endorse h a r d - l i n e p o l i c i e s toward
Communist n a t i o n s i n t h e UN.
085 Hard-line a t t i t u d e s toward Communist n a t i o n s i n t h e UN were
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o p p o s i t i o n to U.S. involvement i n c o o p e r a t i v e
international organizations.
086 Approval of t h e UN was associated w i t h endorsement of
a . U.S. p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n other m u l t i l a t e r a l cooperative
organizations
b. n e g o t i a t i o n s between t h e U . S . and Soviet Union.
 28

Hero (1966) continued

Old age was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h low opinion holding on UN i s s u e s
and i s o l a t i o n i s t a t t i t u d e s toward t h e UN.
Women were l e s s l i k e l y t o be w e l l informed about t h e UN, hold
fewer opinions about UN i s s u e s , and b e a g a i n s t a UTJ Permanent
Force t h a n men.
Southerners were l e s s l i k e l y t o support U.S. p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n
t h e UN o r b e f a v o r a b l y disposed t o t h e UN t h a n respondents
from o t h e r r e g i o n s of t h e country.
Negroes were more l i k e l y t o be uninformed about t h e UN, hold
fewer opinions on UN i s s u e s , and b e f o r t h e admission of
Communist China t o t h e UN t h a n whites.
Jews were t h e r e l i g i o u s group most f a v o r a b l y disposed toward
t h e UN followed b y C a t h o l i c s and t h e n P r o t e s t a n t s .
Those i d e n t i f y i n g w i t h t h e p o l i t i c a l p a r t y c o n t r o l l i n g t h e
Presidency w i l l be more f a v o r a b l y disposed toward t h e UN t h a n
those i d e n t i f y i n g with t h e opposition p a r t y i f t h e President
openly s u p p o r t s the UN.
Voters were more l i k e l y t h a n non-voters t o be f a v o r a b l y d i s -
posed toward t h e UN.
S e l f - r e p o r t e d l i b e r a l s were more l i k e l y t h a n c o n s e r v a t i v e s t o
b e f a v o r a b l y disposed toward t h e UN.

Horton and Thompson (1962)

095 Low e f f i c a c y and high a l i e n a t i o n were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e t e n -
dency t o v o t e a g a i n s t l o c a l bond i s s u e s .

Jackson and Burke (1965)

096 S t a t u s i n c o n s i s t e n c y was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h psycho-
l o g i c a l s t r e s s w i t h l a r g e d i s c r e p a n c i e s between education,
occupation, and e t h n i c background having much s t r o n g e r e f f e c t s
r e l a t i v e t o small d i s c r e p a n c i e s .
097 Psychological s t r e s s or a n x i e t y i s
a. p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h e t h n i c s t a t u s
b. n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h education
e. n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s .

Jones and Lambert (1965)

09'-( High acceptance of immigrants w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
a. h i g h p r e s t i g e of t h e immigrant's occupation
b. h i g h p r e s t i g e of t h e r e s p o n d e n t ' s occupation.

Ka.tz and Foulkes (1962)

099 High a l i e n a t i o n i s a s s o c i a t e d with h i g h use of t h e mass media
as an escape.
Katz and Piret (1.964)
100 Conspicious failures in foreign affairs which are attributable
directly to the President are usually followed by an increase
in public satisfaction with the President.

Kelly and Chambliss (1966)

101 Political liberalism (attitudes toward welfare, civil rights,
and internationalism) is associated with
a. social class
b. minority group membership
e. status consistency, although the first two variables are
more powerful predictors than status consistence.

Kelman and Barclay (1963)

102 High authoritarianism was associated with
a. high intolerance for ambiguity
b. being male rather than female
e. coming from a non-professional background.

Kerlinger and Rokeach (1966)

lo3 Although dogmatism and authoritarianism are positively cor-
related, they are factorially separate.

Kessel (1965)
104 Cognitive differentiation was correlated with playing an
active part in political party activities.
SO5 Political information level, cognitive differentiation, logical
consistency, and time perspective were all positively correlated.
106 Opinion leadership (trying to talk someone into changing a
political opinion) was associated with
a. high political information level
b. high cognitive differentiation
e . high logical consistency
d. long range time perspective.

Koenig and King (1964)

lo7 There was a negative correlation between cognitive complexity
and stereotyping.

Kraws, Mebling, and El-assal ( 1963)

108 Low knowledge about the effects of fallout was associated with
a. a highly ethnocentric, good-bad comparison of the U.S. and
Soviet Union
b. a belief that the mass media were exaggerating the effects
of fallout.
K r a w s , Mebling, and El-assal (1963) continued
109 There were no d i f f e r e n c e s between high and low i n f o r m a t i o n
about, f a l l o u t groups w i t h r e g a r d t o
a. a n x i e t y about C a l l o u t
'0. exposure t o mass media.

Kwoda (1964)
110 P r e f e r e n c e f o r peace o r i e n t e d ( n o n - r e l i a n c e on m i l i t a r y might)
was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
a. h i g h i n f o r m a t i o n l e v e l
b . optimism about t h e chances of world peace
e . low a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m
d . low p o l i t i c a l Machiavellianism
e . c y n i c a l a p p r a i s a l s of p o l i t i c i a n s .

Kuroda (1966)
111 Peace o r i e n t a t i o n (non-rei-iance on m i l i t a r y c a p a b i l i t y ) was
a s s o c i a t e d wi.th
a . newspaper r e a d i n g when newspapers were peace o r i e n t e d
b. p o l i t i c a l liberalism
c. h i g h e d u c a t i o n
d. optimism about t h e l i k e l i h o o d of war
e . h i g h s a l i e n c e of t h e war/peace i s s u e .

Laulicht, (1965)
112 Rel.igi.ous dogmatism was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h pessimism about t h e
outbreak of w a r , b e l l i g e r e n c y toward communism, and advocacy
of l a r g e defense e x p e n d i t u r e s .
ll3 High e d u c a t i o n was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f a v o r a b l e a t t i t u d e s toward
f o r e i g n a i d , t h e UN, c o e x i s t e n c e , and disarmament b u t no
o t h e r socioeconomic v a r i a b l e was r e l a t e d t o t h e above a t t i t u d e s .
114 Approval of domestic c o o p e r a t i v e / h e l p programs such as t h e
weI.fare program was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h approval of i n t e r n a t i o n a l
c o o p e r a t i v e / h e l p programs such as t h e UN and f o r e i g n a i d .
115 High i n f o r m a t i o n l e v e l about f o r e i g n a f f a i r s was a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h f a v o r a b l e a t t i t u d e s about f o r e i g n a i d .
116 T r u s t o r d i s t r u s t of Russia was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t r u s t or d i s -
t r u s t of t h e U.S. among Canadians.

Lerner (1965)
117 Attempts t o i n c r e a s e support f o r c i v i l defense p r e p a r a t i o n s such
as fa1l.ou.t s h e l t e r s r e s u l t e d i n an i n c r e a s e i n t h e p e r c e i v e d
l i k e l i h o o d o f war.

Leventhal, Jacobs, and Kudirka (1964)

118 H i g h a u t h o r i t a r i a n s were more p o l i t i c a l l y c o n s e r v a t i v e t h a n
low a u t h o r i t a r i a n s b u t t h e r e was no d i f f e r e n c e i n p a r t y a f f i l i -
a t i o n between t h e two groups nor was t h e r e any d i f f e r e n c e i n
s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o groiip norms.
Levine and Mode11 (1965)
ll9 F a l l o u t s h e l t e r owners were more l i k e l y t o regard f o r c e as
a v a l i d instrument of n a t i o n a l p o l i c y t h a n non-owners b u t
were n o t more p e s s i m i s t i c about t h e outbreak of war.
120 Favorable a t t i t u d e s toward f a l l o u t s h e l t e r s were a s s o c i a t e d
with
a. pessimism about t h e l i k e l i h o o d of w a r
b . g r e a t e r r e p o r t e d a n x i e t y or worry about n u c l e a r a t t a c k .
121 High a n x i e t y about n u c l e a r a t t a c k was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

.
a. b e i n g young o r middle aged r a t h e r t h a n o l d
b having dependents
c . b e i n g female
d. low socio-economic s t a t u s .

122 Socioeconomic s t a t u s was n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d with f a v o r -

a b l e n e s s toward f a l l o u t s h e l t e r s even w i t h war a n x i e t y held
constant.

Lindenf e Id ( 1964 1
123 P o l i t i c a l involvement ( i n t e r e s t , p a r t i c i p a t i o n , and competence)
was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
a. moderate and h i g h socioeconomic s t a t u s
b . s a t i s f a c t i o n with p e r s o n a l f i n a n c i a l s t a t e
c . a b e l i e f t h a t t h e outcome of t h e upcoming e l e c t i o n would
have some consequences f o r t h e respondent.

L o t t and L o t t (1963)
124 H i g h e t h n o c e n t r i c s ( C a l i f o r n i a E-Scale) were less l i k e l y t h a n
low e t h n o c e n t r i c s t o lower t h e i r e s t i m a t e of U.S. space
s u p e r i o r i t y a f t e r Russian s u c c e s s e s i n space.

Lutzker (1960)
125 I n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a tendency t o t r u s t o t h e r
p l a y e r s i n two person games.

MacKinnon and Centers (1963)

126 A u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m was n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d with degree o f p e r -
ceived knowledge about l i f e i n t h e S o v i e t Union b u t p o s i t i v e l y
c o r r e l a t e d w i t h c e r t a i n t y of judgement of own knowledge.

McClintock, Harrison, Strand, and Gallo (1963)

127 I n t e r n a t i o n a l i s m was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e r e s p o n d e n t ' s
number of c o o p e r a t i v e responses i n a two person game r e g a r d l e s s
of t h e other player's s t r a t e g y .
 32

McClosky, Hoffman, and 0 'Rara (1.960)

128 Democratic l e a d e r s d i f f e r e d from Republican l e a d e r s i n t h a t
t h e y were more i n f a v o r o r
a. governmental r a t h e r t h a n p r i v a t c c o n t r o l o f atomic energy
b . few immigration l i m i t a t i o n s
e . r e l i a n c e on t h e U.N.
d. American p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n m i l i t a r y a l l i a n c e s
e . foreign aid
f . i n c r e a s e d defense spending.

129 I d e o l o g i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s between Republican and Democratic

l e a d e r s were much more pronounced t h a n d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e
f o l l o w e r s of t h e two p a r t i e s . This d i f f e r e n c e i s probably due
t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n information level., c o g n i t i v e complexity,
s a l i e n c e , i n t e r e s t, involvement b u t t h e s e v a r i a b l e s were n o t
measured d i r e c t l y .

McClosky (1964)
130 P o l i t i c a l i n f l u e n t i a l - s d i f f e r e d from t h e genera1 p o p u l a t i o n i n
tha'i t h e y demonstrated
a . g r e a t e r support for democratic i d e a l s
b . g r e a t e r support f o r e x i s t i n g p o l i t i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s
e. greater b e l i e f i n equality
d. l e s s p o l i t i c a l cynocism
e . l e s s p o l i t i c a l f u t i l i t y o r f e e l i n g s of powerlessness.
l3l Although t h e r e was no d i f f e r e n c e i n i n f l u e n t i a l and g e n e r a l
p u b l i c support f o r g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t s o f freedom of speech,
i n f l u e n t i a l s were much more t o l e r a n t of e x p r e s s i o n of d e v i a n t
opinions i n s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n s .

McClosky and Schaar (1.965)

132 F e e l i n g s of normlessness were p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h
a. pessimism
b . powerlessness
c . cynicism
d . acquiescence
e e i n t o l e r a n c e of ambiguity
f. rigidity
g . manifest a n x i e t y
h. i n t o l e r a n c e of human weakness
i. a t t i t u d i n a l e x t r e m i t y
j. authoritarianism.
133 Normlessness was nega-Lively c o r r e l a t e d w i t h
a. l i . f e s a t i s f a c t i o n
b. ego s t r e n g t h
e. f a i - t h i n people
d a -tol.erance of deviancy
e. i n t e l l e c t u a l i t y
f. information l e v e l
g. education.
 33

McDill (19611
134 Socioeconomic status variables, especially education, were
negatively correlated with authoritarianism, anomie, and
prejudice (ethnocentrism).
135 Authoritarianism, anomie, and prejudice (ethnocentrism) were
a11 positively correlated, and authoritarianism was correlated
with anomie with ethnocentrism held constant.

McDill and Ridley (1962)

136 Education is positively correlated; political alienation
(powerlessness) and anomie negatively correlated with voting
frequency .
1-37 Education is negatively correlated and political alienation
(powerlessness) and anomie (Srole) positively correlated with
opposition to new political programs.

McGinnies (1965)
138 There was no relationship between extremity of the attitude and
the strength with which the attitude was held.
139 Written communications had a greater effect on attitudes than
communications which were listened to.

McLeod, Ward, and Tanneill (1965)

140 Alienation was not associated with amount of mass media usage
but was associated with a preference for electronic as opposed
to print media and preference for sensational as opposed to
informatiional stories.

Micheal (1960)
141 A spectacular technological/military achievement (Sputnik) by
the enemy results in
a. increased support for education and defense expenditures
b. a recognition that the U.S. was presently behind in the
space race but would eventually exceed Soviet accomplish-
ments.

Middleton (1963)
142 High alienation was associated with being Negro and with low
education holding race constant.

Miller (1965)
143 Dogmatism and involvement were both positively correlated with
resistance to attitude change but involvement accounted for
more of the variance than dogmatism.
 34

Mogar (1960)
144 High a u t h o r i t a r i a n i.ndividuals r a t e persons and groups i n more
extreme terms t h a n low a u t h o r i t a r i a n i n d i v i d u a l s . This d i f -
f e r e n c e i s e s p e c i a l l y pronounced when c o n t r o v e r s i a l groups a r e
'oeing r a t e d .

Neal and K e t t i g (1963)

145 A l i e n a t i o n s c a l e s f a c t o r e d i n t o powerlessness and normlessness
f a c t o r s . F a c t o r s were s t a b l e f o r manual and non-manual
workers .
Neal. and Seeman (1964)
146 F e e l i n g s of powerlessness were n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h
membership i n work-related o r g a n i z a t i o n s w i t h socioeconomic c l a s s
and social- m o b i l i t y h e l d c o n s t a n t .

Nidorf and Chockett (1.965)

147 High c o g n i t i v e complexity was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e a b i l i t y t o
i n c o r p o r a t e b o t h p o s i t i v e and negative information about an
o b j e c t while l.ow complexity was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e tendency
t o use only p o s i t i v e o r negative information.

Novak and Lerner (1966)

148 Attempts t o i n c r e a s e acceptance of f a l l o u t s h e l t e r s were
followed by i n c r e a s e s i n pessimism about t h e l i k e l i h o o d of
war.
149 Anxiety about nuclear war was not c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p e r c e p t i o n s
o f t h e imminence of such a war b u t was c o r r e l a t e d w i t h judge-
ments of i t s e f f e c t s .

Olsen (1965)
150 Low socioeconomic s t a t u s , e s p e c i a l l y occupation, was a s s o c i a t e d
with high a l i e n a t i o n .
151 Education was i n v e r s e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a l i e n a t i o n .
1.52 High a l i e n a t i o n was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a d e s i r e f o r more domestic
a c t i o n b u t disapproval of foreign aid.

Oskamp (1965)
1-53 I d e n t i c a l i n t e r n a t i o n a l a c t i o n s o r p o l i c i e s were more f a v o r a b l y
evaluated when t h e y were a t t r i b u t e d t o o n e ' s own country t h a n
t o an enemy.

Peabody (1966)
154 Authoritarianism and dogmatism were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a tendency
t o give yes answers t o complex opinion q u e s t i o n s .
 35

Plant, Telford, and Thomas (1965)

155 High dogmatism was associated with stereotyped and conventional
thinking.

Powe11 ( 1962)
156 Dogmatism was negatively correlated with the ability to dif-
ferentiate source from message.

Powell (1966)
157 Dogmatism was positively correlated with
a. extremity of own attitude
b. intolerance of other's differing attitudes.
158 Attitudinal extremity was positively correlated with intolerance
of other's attitudes.

Prien (1966)
159 Anti-worldmindedness was associated with several authoritarian
symptoms including personal conservatism, status oriented, and
rigidity.

Putney and Middleton (19621

160 Acceptance of war as an instrument of national policy was
associated with (all relationships with sex held constant)
a. high political conservatism (v. high liberalism)
b. high status concern (authoritarian symptom)
c. belief that nuclear weapons would be used
d. belief that U.S. could win a meaningful victory in a
nuclear war
e. belief that war was probable within 10 years.
161 Males are more likely than females to
a. accept nuclear war as an instrument of national policy
b. be optimistic about the outcome of such a war for them-
selves and the nation
e. be more certain that nuclear weapons will be used in a war
d. know more about nuclear weapons.

Quimey ( 19641
162 Political alienation was associated with
a. low socioeconomic status
b. high religious fundamentalism.
163 High fatalism is associated with
a. low socioeconomic status
b. high religious fundamentalism.
Richard (1965)
164 Approval of t h e U.S. space program was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
a. h i g h information l e v e l s about t h e program
b . a b e l i e f khat Soviet space achievements t h r e a t e n e d t h e
U.S.
e. a commitment t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c e x p l o r a t i o n of space.

Rose (1962)
165 Leaders o f v a r i o u s v o l u n t a r y s t a t e wide o r g a n i z a t i o n s d i f f e r e d
from t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c i n t h a t they
a . were of a higher socioeconomic s t a t u s
b . belonged t o more v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s d i s c o u n t i n g t h o s e
which t h e y l e d
e . were s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower on f e e l i n g s of normlessness and
powerlessness ( t h e d i f P e r e n c e s between t h e two groups on
S r o l e ' s anomie s c a l e and a s o c i a l i s o l - a t i o n s c a l e were n o t
significant)
d. were more s a t i s f i e d with t h e i r occupations b u t l e s s s a t i s -
f i e d w i t h t h e i r achievements
e . were l e s s c y n i c a l about t h e p o l i t i c a l . system.

Rose (1963)
166 High r e l i g i o s i t y i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h pessimism about t h e p o s s i -
b i l i t y of war i n t h e r e l a t i v e l y near f u t u r e ( 5 t o 10 y e a r s ) .
167 The c o l l e g e educated were more l i k e l y t o say t h a t t h e y would
not b u i l d a f a l l o u t s h e l t e r t h a n non-college educated.
168 Optimism-pessimism about t h e l i k e l i h o o d of a n u c l e a r w a r was
not r e l a t e d t o optimism-pessimism about o n e ' s p e r s o n a l f u t u r e .
169 Support f o r f a l l o u t s h e l t e r programs was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
a. having school age c h i l d r e n
b . low socioeconomic s t a t u s (low income, low e d u c a t i o n )
e . g r e a t e r perceived imminence of n u c l e a r war
d. hard l i n e a t t i t u d e s toward i n t e r n a t i o n a l communism.

Rose (1966)
170 A l i e n a t i o n and a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m were p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h
r a c i a l p r e j u d i c e . The r e l a t i o n s h i p between a l i e n a t i o n and
p r e j u d i c e was s t r o n g e r t h a n between a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m and
prejudice.

Kosenberg (1962)
l7l Low s e l f - e s t e e m ( l a c k of confidence i n own a b i l i t y t o have an
e f f e c t on o t h e r s ) was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h low p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t
and p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t y . LOW s e l f esteem w a s a l s o a s s o c i a t e d
wiLh h i g h i n t e r e s t i n p e r s o n a l a f f a i r s .
 37

Rosi (1965)
172 High education and interest (voting) groups respond more
quickly and more extremely to international events or policy
changes, i.e., their opinions are more readily effected.
173 Governmental changes in testing suspension preceeded rather
than followed changes in public opinion.
174 Educational level was positively correlated with information
about fallout and both were negatively correlated with anxiety
about the dangers of f a l l o u t .

Russet (1960)
175 Approval of foreign aid was associated with salience of inter-
national problems ( self report importance of international
problems ) .
176 No relationship between isolationism and party affilitation,
ethnic background, o r urgan-rural residence based on 1952
Roper survey.

Rutherford (1966)
177 Political campaign participation was associated with high socio-
economic status, a sense of personal efficacy, and participation
in smaller political units.
178 Mental health was -
not correlated with political interest, poli-
tical activity, or extremity of political attitudes.

Schmitt (1965)
179 Among married women, status consistency was positively- correlated
with political conservatism on domestic issues.

Scott (1960)
180 There was a positive correlation between the values a person
ex-ponses in interpersonal relations and those esponsed for
nations in international affairs.
181 Foreign affairs values clustered into two groups termed inter-
national cooperativeness and international competitiveness.

Scott (1962)
182 Information level is positively correlated with cognitive
complexity.
183 Closed cognitive systems (inadmissible for further defining
attributes) become more rigid (permanent, unchangeable) over
time
 38

Seeman (1966)
184 O r g a n i z a t i o n a l membership was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h low a l i e n a t i o n
(powerlessness ) and h i g h p o l i t i c a l knowledge.
185 A l i e n a t i o n (powerlessness) was n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h
p o l i t i c a l knowled-ge even w i t h education held c o n s t a n t .
186 Degree of involvement i n o r g a n i z a t i o n s was n e g a t i v e l y cor-
rei-ated w i t h a l i e n a t i o n (powerlessness) and p o s i t i v e l y c o r -
r e l a t e d wi-kii knowledge, t h e l a t t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p holding only
f o r manual. workers a

187 I n t e r e s t i n p o l i t i c s was n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a l i e n a t i o n
(powerlessness) and p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p o l i t i c a l
knowledge.
S h e a t s l e y and Feldman (1964)
188 The a s s a s s i n a t i . o n o f P r e s i d e n t Kennedy was followed by
a. a v e r y r a p i d dissemina-Lion of t h e news of h i s d e a t h
b. an i n d i v i d u a l r e a c t i o n beginning with d e n i a l followed by
shock and p h y s i c a l symptoms and a g r a d u a l recovery
e. no change i n a t t i t u d - e s toward r e l i g i o n , t o l e r a n c e , o r
t h e t r u s t w o r t h i n e s s o f people.

Simmons (1965a)
189 A l i e n a t i o n from s o c i e - t y was -
not r e l a t e d t o
a. p o l i t i c a l l i b e r a l i s m
b . f e e l i n g s of i n e f f i c a c y and normlessness.
190 A l i e n a t i o n from s o c i e t y was a s s o c i a t e d with
a,. low reli.gj.ous l i b e r a l i s m
b. d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n with o n e ' s l i f e .

Simmons ( 1.96%)
191 Tolerance o f a t t i t u d i n a l d i f f e r e n c e s i s g r e a t e r i f t h e
divergence i s toward t h e more c o n s e r v a t i v e r a t h e r t h a n more
liberal.
192 Toleranee of a t t i t u d i n a l discrepancy d e c r e a s e s as d i s s i m i l a r i t y
increases.
193 Tolerance f o r a t t i t u d i n a l discrepancy i s p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d
w i t h l i b e r a l i s m b u t r e l a t i o n s h i p l e v e l s o u t for extreme l i b e r a l s .
194 There was no r e l a t i o n s h i p be-tween a l i e n a t i o n and t o l e r a n c e f o r
attitude dissimilarity.

Smith (1961)
195 Education and o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s were p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d
with
a . quLckness o f response t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l e v e n t s
b. d u r a t i o n o f high concern w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l e v e n t s
c . information l e v e l abou-t i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s
d . awareness of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s
e . s t a b i l i t y of a t t i t u d e s toward o b j e c t , group, e t c .
Smith (1961) continued
196 Education and occupational status were negatively correlated
with
a. endorsement of preventive war during international crisis
b. pessimism about the likelihood c§ war
e. isolationism.

Smith (1962)
197 The success of the first Soviet manned space flight was to
reduce the confidence of Americans that
a. the U.S. was and would continue to be militarily stronger
than the Soviet Union
b. the U.S. was and would continue t o win the Cold War.

Smith (1965)
1-98 Authoritarianism was negatively correlated with future time
orientation.

Spitzer and Denzin (1965)

1-99 Following a spectacular event (the Kennedy assassination), high
information level about that event was associated with
a. a personal reliance on more than one type of information
source
b. being male rather than female
c. being young o r middle aged rather than old
d. being white collar rather than blue collar.

Steiner and Vannoy (1966)

200 High attitudinal conformity across a variety of situations was
associated with high manifest anxiety and interpersonal aggres-
sion but was not related to authoritarianism.

Stillman, Guthrie, and Becker (1960)

201 Self-reported political interest was positively correlated with
high political information e

202 Those identifying with the minority party were b e t t e r informed

than majority party identifiers on political issues.

Stone (1965)
203 There was no relationship between the size of the voter turnout
(high turnout may mean many alienated voters) and the passage
or rejection of the issues.

Strickland, Lewicki, and Katz (1966)

204 There was a positive correlation between efficacy (Internal-
External Control) and risk taking in a game situation.
 40

Templeton (1966)
205 High pol-iticaJ alienation (Srole) was associated with
a. being Negro
b. low educational level
e. low socioeconomic status.
206 Although alienation was not correlated with party identifi-
cation or presidential voting preferences, it was associated
with
a. inconsistent party voting patterns
b. low political interest
e. low political information.
207 High alienation was also associated with
a. dissatisfaction with the local political influence dis-
tribution
b. among whites, a satisfaction with Negroes current status
e. opposition to local bond referendums and programs.
208 There was no difference between alienation groups on specific,
practical political questions, but the high alienation group
differed from the low in its high agreement with moralistic
condemnations of the government such as corruption.

Terhune (1962)
209 Claiming loyality to nation before humanity was associated with
a. high nationalism
b. low advocacy of international cooperation.
210 Na.tionalism was not correlated with
a. attitudes toward international. cooperation
b. belligerency
e. attitudes toward the UN.

'Terhne (1964)
211 National.ism (desire to have own nation acquire or exert power)
was positively correlated with
a. dogmatism
b. respect for high-status figures (authoritarianism trait)
e. perceived national power
d. perceived internal and external threat if the nation is
perceived as powerful.
212 Nationalism is negatively correlated with perceived national
status.

Thompson and Horton (1960)

213 Political alienation .was negatively correlated with
a. socioeconomic class
b. occupational status
e. education
d. age.
 41

Thompson and Horton (1960) continued

214 There was no relationship between political interest and
alienation.
215 High alienation was associated with a tendency to vote against
local bond issues endorsed by the power structure.

Treiman (1966)
216 No relationship between various measures of status discrepancy
and prejudice toward Negroes.

Troldahl (1966)
217 Exposure to a highly informational persuasive message produced
attitude change in opinion followers but not in opinion
leaders .
218 Among opinion followers, awareness of information inconsistent
with present belief tends to result in advice seeking.

Troldahl and Van Dam (1965)

219 Opinion leaders (those asked for their opinion) -
did not differ
from opinion followers (those asking for the opinionFn
a . exposure to the relevant media content
b. information level
e. occupational prestige
d. gregariousness.

Vaughan and White ( 1966)

220 High authoritarianism was associated with
a. high attitude conformity across a variety of situations
b. cognitive rigidity
c. narrowmindedness (intolerance of deviancy).

Wallis (1965)
221 Willingness to spend personal time and money on civil defense
programs was associated with
a. belief in the imminence of war
b. personal anomie.

Warshay, Goldman, and Biddle (1964)

222 Anomie (Srole) was negatively correlated with socioeconomic
status with education being the best predicator and age,
religion, and minority group membership secondary.
223 Authoritarianism is negatively correlated with socioeconomic
status with education being the most strongly related SES
variable a
 42

Westerstahl, S a r l v i k , and Janson (1961)

224 Those who had a p o s i t i v e opinion of c i v i l defense were more
l i k e l y t o expose themsel-ves t o p r o - c i v i l defense l i t e r a t u r e .
225 Support f o r c i v i l defense programs p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h
l e v e l of information about c i v i l defense.

Westley and Severin (19611)

226 High usage and source c r e d i b i l i t y r a t i n g s of newspapers a s
opposed t o t e l e v i s i o n was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
a. high o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s
'o e h i g h e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e Is
e. b e i n g a man r a t h e r .than a woman.

Williams (1963)
22'7 Authori-tarianism was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a p r e f e r e n c e
f o r t h e use of f o r c e i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s .

Williams (1966)
228 High a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b e i n g from t h e South
and having a low e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l .

Wohlf ord ( 1966 1

229 Thinking about unpleasant e v e n t s i n t h e f u t u r e was a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h a g r e a t e r judged imminence of t h o s e e v e n t s .

Wrightsman ( 1966)
230 Cooperative behavior i n a two person game was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
b e l i e f s t h a t o t h e r people were t r u s t w o r t h y b u t was not a s s o c i -
ated with
a. p e r s o n a l optimism
b. a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m
e . p o l i t i c a l cynacism
d . machiavellianism.

Z i l l e r and Long (1965)

231 Dogmatism w a s n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e number of d o n ' t
know responses t o opinion q u e s t i o n s .
 43

SPECIAL PROPOSITIONS
McClosky (1967)
Isolationism was associated with
a. high misanthropy
b. high authoritarianism
c. distrust of other people
d. high ethrioc entrism
e. high political cynacism
f. dissatisfaction with self
g. high manifest anxiety.
Isolationism was associated with
a. high alienation
b. low efficacy
c. low political activism.
Isolationism was associated with
a. low education
b. low organizational membership
c. low information level
d. low political awareness.
Isolationism was associated with
a. domestic political conservatism
b. advocacy of low defense spending
c. anti-foreign aid attitudes
d. anti-U.N. attitudes
e. high belligerency (use of force).
Isolationism was associated with
a. intolerance of ambiguity
b. cognitive rigidity
c. cognitive simplicity
d. attitudinal extremity.
Domestic political liberalism was associated with
a. pro-immigration attitudes
b. l o w tariff advocacy
c. foreign aid advocacy
d. pro-U.N. sentiments
e. no relationship to defense spending.

Rosenberg (1965)
238 Political conservatives were more accepting of hard-line
policies than political liberals.
239 Political party identification was -
not associated with espousal
of hard-line foreign policy.
240 There w e r e no differences between middle and working class back-
ground respondents on acceptance of hard-line policy.
241 Alienation was negatively correlated with acceptance of hard
line policies.
 44

-Rosenberg (1-965) continued

242 Jews a r e l e s s a c c e p t i n g of h a r d - l i n e p o s i t i o n s i n f o r e i g n
a f f a i r s t h a n o t h e r r e l i g i o u s groups--they are more p o l i t i c a l
a c t i o n o r i e n t e d t h a n s h e l t e r supportive.
243 Males tend t o worry l e s s about t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of war and are
more l i k e l y t o a c c e p t war as an instrument of n a t i o n a l p o l i c y .
244 A l i e n a t i o n ( N e t t l e r ) was u n c o r r e l a t e d w i t h a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m .
245 A u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m i s p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h acceptance of
h a r d - l i n e pol-icies.

Scott (1965)
246 Advocacy of m i l i t a r y preparedness as a d e f e n s i v e s t r a t e g y was
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p e r c e p t i o n s of t h e enemy as s t r o n g and
dangerous.
24,-( There i s no evidence t h a t advocacy of military preparedness
as a d e f e n s i v e s t r a t e g y i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h advocacy of b e l -
l i g e r e n t measures i n f o r e i g n p o l i c y .
248 Estimates and e x p e c t a t i o n s o f t h e s t r e n g t h or power of one
" b i g power" n a t i o n a r e p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h e s t i m a t e s
and e x p e c t a t i o n s of t h e s t r e n g t h and power of o t h e r " b i g
power" n a t i o n s .
249 Approval. of a g g r e s s i v e measures i n f o r e i g n p o l i c y was a s s o c i -
a t e d w i t h d i s a p p r o v a l of o v e r t u r e s toward peace.
250 Optimism-pessimism about p e r s o n a l and domestic a f f a i r s i s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h optimism-pessimism about i n t e r n a t i o n a l e v e n t s .
251 Aggressiveness i n t h e i n t e r p e r s o n a l and domestic domains was
a s s o c i a t e d with aggressiveness i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l domain.
252 A sense of p e r s o n a l s e c u r i t y or s a t i s f a c t i o n was a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h optimism about i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s and f a v o r a b l e a t t i -
t u d e s toward o t h e r n a t i o n s .
253 Information l e v e l about f o r e i g n a f f a i r s , information l e v e l i n
general, and information seeking a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h optimism
about t h e chances f o r world peace.
254 Advocacy o f b e l l i g e r e n t n a t i o n a l p o l i c i e s i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
confidence i n o n e ' s s u p e r i o r s t r e n g t h and a n expectancy t h a t
o n e ' s own s i d e would win any c o n f l i c t .
255 There i s a g e n e r a l tendency t o s e e t h e e n t i r e f o r e i g n world
as e i t h e r t h r e a t e n i n g o r benign.
256 There i.s a g e n e r a l tendency t o l i k e or d i s l i k e a l l o t h e r
nations -
25'7 A d e s i r e f o r f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s w i t h o t h e r n a t i o n s w a s nega-
t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d with j i n g o i s t i c a t t i t u d e s b u t p o s i t i v e l y
c o r r e l a t e d w i t h advocacy of p r i m a r i l y d e f e n s i v e measures.
 45

Scott (1965) continued

258 Approval of peaceful policies toward other nations is associ-
ated with benign images of those countries o r of the inter-
national situation in general.
259 There is a general tendency to either approve o r disapprove
all cooperative international activities.
 46

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