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C Programming Fundamentals Booklet

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8 views

C Programming Fundamentals Booklet

Uploaded by

sundarseenuvasan412
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

1.

Data Types

C has several data types that can be categorized into four main groups:

1. Basic Data Types: int, float, double, char

- int: Integer data type (e.g., int age = 25;)

- float: Single-precision floating-point (e.g., float height = 5.7;)

- double: Double-precision floating-point (e.g., double pi = 3.14159;)

- char: Character data type (e.g., char initial = 'A';)

2. Derived Data Types: arrays, pointers, structures, unions

- Arrays: Collection of elements of the same type (e.g., int nums[10];)

- Pointers: Variables that store memory addresses

- Structures: Custom data types grouping variables of different types

3. Enumeration Data Types

- User-defined types with named integer constants (e.g., enum Day {Mon, Tue, Wed};)

4. Void Type

- Represents absence of data, used in functions returning no value


2. Variables

Variables in C are used to store data, and each variable must be declared with a specific data type.

- Declaration: Specifies the data type and variable name (e.g., int num;)

- Initialization: Assigns a value at the time of declaration (e.g., int num = 10;)

Rules for naming variables:

- Must start with a letter or underscore (_)

- Can contain letters, digits, and underscores

- Case-sensitive (num and Num are different)

Types of variables:

- Local Variables: Declared inside a function, accessible only within that function

- Global Variables: Declared outside all functions, accessible throughout the program

- Static Variables: Retain their value between function calls

- Extern Variables: Declared with the 'extern' keyword, used to refer to a global variable
3. Operations, Expressions, and Statements

Operators in C perform various operations on variables and values.

1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %

2. Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

3. Logical Operators: &&, ||, !

4. Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>

5. Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=

6. Miscellaneous Operators: sizeof, &, *, ?:

Expressions are combinations of variables, constants, and operators.

Statements can be classified as:

- Expression Statements (e.g., a = b + c;)

- Compound Statements (block of statements enclosed in braces)

- Selection Statements (if, if-else, switch)

- Iteration Statements (while, for, do-while)


4. Conditional Statements

Conditional statements control the flow of execution based on conditions.

1. if Statement

- Syntax: if (condition) { // code }

2. if-else Statement

- Syntax: if (condition) { // code } else { // code }

3. else-if Ladder

- Used for multiple conditions

4. switch Case

- Used for selecting among multiple options

- Syntax: switch (expression) { case constant1: // code; break; default: // code; }


5. Functions

Functions are blocks of code that perform specific tasks.

- Function Declaration: Specifies the function's name, return type, and parameters

- Function Definition: Contains the code for the function

- Function Call: Executes the function

Types of Functions:

- Predefined Functions (e.g., printf, scanf)

- User-Defined Functions

Example:

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

}
6. Recursive Functions

A recursive function is a function that calls itself.

- Useful for tasks like factorial calculation, Fibonacci series, etc.

Example:

int factorial(int n) {

if (n == 0)

return 1;

else

return n * factorial(n-1);

}
7. Arrays (Single-Dimensional and Multi-Dimensional)

Arrays are collections of data of the same type.

1. Single-Dimensional Arrays

- Declaration: data_type array_name[size];

- Example: int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

2. Multi-Dimensional Arrays

- Example: int matrix[3][3];

Accessing elements:

- Single-dimensional: array[index]

- Multi-dimensional: array[row][column]

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