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Uniting Ecology, Revolution, and Microbiology for a Sustainable Future

Course ID: 1103

Course Name: Fundamental Of Biological Science

Submitted by:

Student’s Name: Md. Asif Ekbal khan

Student’s No: 23532007032

Submitted To:

Fateeha Noor

Lecturer

Department Of Environmental Science

Faculty Of Science And Technology(FST)

Bangladesh University Of Professionals(BUP)

Mirpur

Dhaka- 1216

Date of Submission: 15October 2023


Introduction
Research in biological science is a dynamic and ever-evolving field that seeks to
unlock the secrets of life itself. It delves into the intricate workings of living
organisms, ranging from the tiniest microorganisms to complex ecosystems, and
explores the fundamental processes that underpin life on Earth. This research is
pivotal in advancing our understanding of genetics, evolution, ecology, physiology,
and so much more, with profound implications for fields like medicine, agriculture,
and environmental conservation.

Biological research often takes on various forms, including laboratory experiments,


fieldwork, data analysis, and modeling. Scientists investigate a vast array of topics,
from the molecular mechanisms that govern cellular function to the broader
ecological interactions between species and their environment. With each
discovery, biological research not only enriches our knowledge but also provides
the foundation for practical applications, from developing new medical treatments
to ensuring the sustainability of our planet.

As a cornerstone of scientific inquiry, research in biological science continually


reshapes our understanding of life and the natural world. It offers the promise of
breakthroughs that can improve human health, protect biodiversity, and address
some of the most pressing challenges of our time. This introduction merely
scratches the surface of the diverse and ever-expanding realm of biological
research, where curiosity, exploration, and innovation converge to uncover the
mysteries of life itself.

Biological science encompasses a wide range of research fields, each dedicated to


exploring specific aspects of living organisms and their interactions with the
environment. Some prominent fields within biological science include:

Genetics , Ecology , evolutionary Biology, Microbiology, Cell biology, Physiology,


Botany, Zoology, Neuroscience, Molecular biology, Environmental science

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University Of Bristol

Dr Andy Bailey B.Sc.


(Bristol), Ph.D.(Sheff.)
 Reader in Molecular Mycology

School of Biological Sciences

Reasearch Interest:
 Fungal Molecular Genetics
 Fungal Genomics
 Plant Pathology
 Fungicide Research
 Insect Pathology

Research projects:
 CONNECTED subaward - Characterisation of CBSV
o Andy Bailey
Principal Investigator
o Andy Bailey
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
04/10/2018 to 31/12/2021

o FINISHED
 CONNECTED subaward - Unifying CBSV Surveillance
o Andy Bailey
Principal Investigator
o Andy Bailey
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences


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Dates
04/10/2018 to 31/12/2021

o FINISHED
 Exploring Nature's Silent Pharmacy
o Andy Bailey
Principal Investigator
o Andy Bailey
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
01/09/2016 to 31/08/2020

o FINISHED
 Exploring Natures Silent Pharmacy
o Andy Bailey
Principal Investigator
o Andy Bailey
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
01/09/2016 to 31/12/2021

o FINISHED
 CONSORTIUM FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS OF MICROBIAL
EUKARYOTES (COGEME)
o Andy Bailey
Principal Investigator
o Andy Bailey
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
01/05/2000 to 01/03/2004

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Dr Gary Barker
B.Sc.(E.Anglia), Ph.D.(Bristol)
 Senior Lecturer

School of Biological Sciences

My research interests involve the application of bioinformatics to


environmental genomics and crop Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
datasets. My interest in environmental genomics dates back to my PhD
and postdoctoral work on gene flow in algae and cyanobacteria. In recent
years I worked in collaboration with Keith Edwards group at Bristol to
generate useful SNP markers for hexaploid bread wheat. I developed
pipelines to mine inter-varietal SNPs from exome-capture sequence data
and we went on to develop two commercial genotyping arrays from the ~1
million putative SNPs we found. These arrays are now used extensively by
UK wheat breeders to rapidly screen new breeding lines at an early stage
for markers linked to useful traits such as disease resistance and their
impact has been to drastically reduce the time taken to naturally breed new
wheat varieties. The advent of Next Generation Sequencing technology for
DNA has made population-scale analysis of microbial communities
tractable in recent years, which has enabled me to re-visit this area of my
research. I currently have an EU-funded project to investigate micro-
fouling of marine surfaces in which we are using high throughput
sequencing for the identification of both taxa and genes associated with
different anti-fouling compounds. I am also collaborating on projects using
the similar techniques to study the microbial colonisation of retreating
glacial fore-fields (in collaboration with Alex Anesio) and of humans who
have received a nasal flu vaccine (in collaboration with Adam Finn). I am
also working with Juliet Brodie at the Natural History Museum and Chris
Yesson at the Institute of Zoology to develop genotyping by sequencing
and novel sonar-based survey methods for UK kelps. I currently have a

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PhD vacancy funded by the EU to develop bioinformatics approaches to
mine novel genes from cold environments.

Research projects:

 Designing Sustainable Wheat


o Gary Barker
Principal Investigator
o Gary Barker
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
01/04/2023 to 31/03/2028

o RUNNING
 Low cost DNA identification of crop varieties
o Gary Barker
Principal Investigator
o Gary Barker
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
01/02/2021 to 31/01/2023

o FINISHED
 Deigning Future Wheat ISP - WP4
o Gary Barker
Principal Investigator
o Gary Barker
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
01/04/2017 to 31/03/2023

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o FINISHED
 Extension 22/23- Strategic Programme in Designing Future Wheat
o Gary Barker
Principal Investigator
o Gary Barker
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
01/04/2017 to 31/03/2022

o FINISHED
 ITN - MicroArctic: Microorganisms in Warming Arctic Environments -
Alex Anesio
o Gary Barker
Principal Investigator
o Gary Barker
Managing organisational unit

School of Geographical Sciences

Dates
01/04/2016 to 31/03/2020
Finished

Dr Sinead English
PhD, MSc, BA (Hons)
 Bristol Poverty Institute
 Senior Research Fellow, School of Biological Sciences
 Cabot Institute for the Environment

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Research interests:
Overview: Maternal and early-life effects in ecology, evolution and epidemiology

My research focuses on how variation in environmental and maternal


conditions shapes offspring development, behaviour and life history, and
the consequences of this individual plasticity for ecological and evolutionary
processes. A key theme of my work is to investigate how transgenerational
and developmental effects drive population responses to environmental
change. I use a variety of approaches, including mathematical models,
comparative analyses and empirical tests on an important disease vector –
the tsetse fly (Glossina spp.).

Research:

 Nutrition and immunity in pregnancy: maternal responses and


consequences for offspring
o Sinead English
Principal Investigator
o Sinead English
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
30/09/2022 to 29/09/2026

o RUNNING
 Royal Society Enhancement Award
o Sinead English
Principal Investigator
o Sinead English
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
01/11/2021 to 12/06/2023

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o FINISHED
 Public Engagement Fund
o Sinead English
Principal Investigator
o Sinead English
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
01/04/2020 to 31/03/2023

o FINISHED

Professor Richard Wall


B.Sc.(Dunelm.), M.B.A.(Open), Ph.D.(Liv.)

 Professor of Zoology

School of Biological Sciences

Reaserch Interest:

Veterinary entomology: experise in the ecology, behaviour and control of


arthropod parasites and disease vectors of veterinary importance. Also
interests in the environmental impacts of insecticides and parasiticides.

Current research fields:

 Ticks and tick borne disease


 Sustainable management of sheep scab (psoroptic mange)
 Essential oils for ectoparasite control
 Impacts of climate change on ectoparasites

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Research projects:
 Emergence and spread of Babesia canis a fatal piroplasm of dogs and
its tick vector, Dermacentor reticulatus in the UK
o Richard Wall
Principal Investigator
o Richard Wall
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
01/07/2019 to 31/12/2021

o FINISHED
 Sheep scab management: optimising integrated approaches in light
of emerging antiparasitic resistance
o Richard Wall
Principal Investigator
o Richard Wall
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
12/03/2019 to 31/03/2022

o FINISHED
 The ecological role of invertebrate dung decomposers in southern
African agricultural systems
o Richard Wall
Principal Investigator
o Richard Wall
Description

Degradation of the dung from livestock grazers is a key ecosystem service


and contributes to agricultural productivity and food security. By burying
dung, dung beetles and flies integrate nutrients into…

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Read more

of project description

Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
18/07/2016 to 29/07/2016

o FINISHED
 Sustainable management of livestock parasites with essential oils
o Richard Wall
Principal Investigator
o Richard Wall
Managing organisational unit

School of Biological Sciences

Dates
01/04/2015 to 01/05/2016

o FINISHED

University Of Liverpool

Professor Michael Begon B.Sc., Ph.D.


Professor of EcologyEvolution, Ecology & Behaviour
Faculty Of Health and Life Science

Research Interest:

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The ecology of infectious diseases in wildlife populations
The ecology of infectious diseases in wildlife populations, especially
diseases transmisible to humans, both within the UK and worldwide (e.g.
leptospirosis in Brazilian favelas and bubonic plague in Central Asia).

Research Grants:

Determinants and consequences of intra- and inter-specific defence strategy variation in


natural systems
ROYAL SOCIETY (CHARITABLE)

 Assessment of the nature of small terrestrial predators’ movements and


their importance as alternative plague carriers
BRITISH COUNCIL (UK)

 Optimal control strategies for rodent-borne zoonoses in Brazilian slum


settlements
MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

 Ecoepidemiology of Leptospirosis in the urban slums of Brazil


THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (USA)

 Predicting the effects of climate change on infectious diseases of animals


LEVERHULME TRUST (UK)

 Cross-species transmission of microparasites between introduced and


native woodland rodents in Ireland.
BRITISH ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY (UK)

 Genetic variation and the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions


(EDGE).
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL

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 Vertebrate-pathogen dynamics: population size and a comparison of
pathogens.
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL

 The detailed dynamics of plague in its reservoir host in Kazakhstan.


WELLCOME TRUST (UK)

Professor Paula Stockley


Professor of Evolutionary EcologyEvolution, Ecology &
Behaviour

Research Interests
My research aims to explain diversity in animal reproductive traits, with emphasis
on mechanisms and evolutionary consequences of sperm competition and
sexual selection, particularly in mammals. I also have broad interests in the fields
of behavioural and evolutionary ecology relating to reproductive strategies, life
history evolution and social behaviour. Current projects include experimental and
comparative studies of social competition and sexual selection. Multidisciplinary
collaborations apply molecular and proteomics techniques to address
evolutionary questions within these areas. I also collaborate with project partners
on applied conservation problems.

Research Grants

CASE Studentship: Quantifying ecological impacts and long-term sustainability of The


Cheshire Beaver Project
CHESHIRE WILDLIFE TRUST (UK)

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October 2021 - March 2025

Evaluating a new approach to monitor the behaviour and welfare of zoo animals
CHESTER ZOO (UK), INNOVATE UK (UK)

December 2022 - February 2023

How is behaviour constrained within typical sex roles?


NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL

July 2020 - January 2024

Alice Clark Case award


CHESTER ZOO (UK)

October 2019 - June 2023

Case award for Emma Cartledge


CHESHIRE WILDLIFE TRUST (UK)

October 2018 - March 2023

Female kin as allies and adversaries under social competition


NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL

March 2015 - December 2018

A proteomics approach to quantify adaptive variation in mammalian ejaculates


NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL

January 2012 - December 2014

BBSRC CASE award with GENUS PLC


GENUS PLC (UK)

October 2010 - September 2014

The decision to cooperate: kin recognition mechanisms in female house mice


NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL

March 2010 - March 2014

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Sperm competition and adaptive variation in mammalian ejaculates.
LEVERHULME TRUST (UK)

October 2006 - October 2009

MUPs, MHC and mate choice in house mice.


BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL

May 2004 - April 2008

Risk factors for EID of domestic animals


DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS (UK)

October 2006 - September 2008

Life history correlates of paternal care.


ROYAL SOCIETY (CHARITABLE)

July 2005 - August 2005

Evolution of paternal care in mammals: exploring plasticity of behaviour in relation to


predicted costs and benefits.
ROYAL SOCIETY (CHARITABLE)

June 2005 - May 2006

Automatic monitoring and control of small mammals in large and complex spaces.
BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL

April 2003 - April 2006

Exploiting Genomic Information: Strategies for Cross-Species Identification in Proteomics.


NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL

January 2002 - September 2005

Rapid imaging, capture and measurement of rodent urinary scent marks for behavioural
analysis.
BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL

January 2001 - December 2001

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Dr Jonathan Green PhD
Senior Lecturer in Marine BiologyEarth, Ocean and
Ecological Sciences
Research Interest
My research interests lie at the interface of the traditional disciplines of ecology,
physiology and behaviour. My work focuses on seabirds, as these animals must
adapt be adapted to two contrasting environments: the challenges of foraging in
a big, deep, cold, dark, distant water body are very different to those that they
face while breeding and moulting on land. Furthermore, both of these
environments and their associated challenges change naturally on a seasonal
and annual basis and are under anthropogenic threats from over-fishing, climate
change and renewable energy developments.
Research Grants

Assessment, protection and actions for important seabird populations in the Cayman
Islands
DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS (UK)

April 2016 - March 2018

Darwin Plus Grant-Regional-scale marine conservation through multi-territory tracking of


frigatebirds
DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS (UK)

April 2019 - March 2022

Preliminary assessment of seabird conservation priorities in the Cayman Islands


THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION (UK)

April 2016 - October 2016

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Dr Jack Thomson PhD
Lecturer in Marine EcologyEarth, Ocean and Ecological
Sciences

Research Interest:
My research interests focus on the behaviour and physiology of aquatic
animals and how they respond to environmental challenges. Specifically I’m
interested in coping styles, the interplay of stress physiology and personality,
and the exogenous and endogenous drivers of intraspecific variation in
behaviour. I've previously worked on fish but my current research focuses on
intertidal organisms since littoral habitats provide an interesting
environmental gradient and an often diverse community to explore..
Research Grants

Adaptation to Climate Change and Evironmental doctoral training Studentship


DEEP-SEA LEISURE PLC (UK)

October 2017 - September 2020

Dr Rachel Jeffreys PhD


Senior Lecturer in Marine BiologyEarth, Ocean and
Ecological Sciences
Research Interest :
I am a benthic ecologist/biogeochemist. I am particularly interested in deep-
sea habitats (>200 m water depth). My primary research focus is food web
ecology and organic matter biogeochemistry. My main research emphasis
is on how organic matter quality and quantity structures benthic
communities/food webs and in turn how these communities process and
alter organic matter.

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Primary research questions include:

What are the primary factors controlling the quality and quantity of organic
matter reaching the seafloor?

Can we detect climatic variation in the quantity/quality of organic matter


reaching the seafloor?

How does variation in the supply of organic matter to the seafloor and long-
term changes in benthic community structure at the seafloor impact benthic
trophodynamics?

Do benthic fauna feed/assimilate on organic matter selectively? What are


the impact of this for co-exisiting species and organic matter cycling?

How is organic matter utilized and transformed by benthic communities?

In order to address these research questions I use a variety of biochemical


tools such as: stable carbon and nitrogen analyses, lipid and pigment
biomarkers and compound-specific isotope analsyes.
Research Grants

Climate change in the deep sea: assessing the resilience of deep-sea communities
JOINT NATURE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE - JNCC (UK)

October 2022 - September 2026

Can we detect changes in Arctic ecosystems?


NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL

April 2017 - March 2022

Climate change, food webs, energy flow and ecosystem function in the deep sea
LEVERHULME TRUST (UK)

January 2013 - February 2017

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University Of PlyMought
Dr Robert Puschendorf
Associate Professor in Conservation Biology

School of Biological and Marine Sciences (Faculty of Science and Engineering)


Reasearch Interest:
My research interests surround the ecological and evolutionary
consequences of the emerging infectious diseases and climate change on
biodiversity loss.

Resaerch:

Research degrees awarded to supervised students


PhD (co-supervisor): Katrin Schmidt (2011-2016 ), ‘The ecological role of
tadpoles in rainforest streams’, James Cook University

PhD (co-supervisor): Sofia Rodriguez (2012-2018), ‘Effects of


Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on the behavior and development of
Túngara frogs’, The University of Texas at Austin.

PhD (principal supervisor): Felicity Wynne (2013-2019), ‘Disease


ecology of emerging pathogens of amphibians and reptiles in Costa Rica’,
University of Plymouth

PhD (principal supervisor): Luke Sutton (2017-2020), ‘Distribution


Ecology of the Harpy Eagle: Spatial patterns and processes to direct
conservation planning’, University of Plymouth

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Dr Antony Knights
Associate Professor in Marine Ecology
School of Biological and Marine Sciences (Faculty of Science and
Engineering)

Research Interest:
I have two primary areas of research: (1) the role of supply-side ecology in population
dynamics and the structure and functioning of ecosystems, and (2) ecosystem-based
management and risk assessment models.
Supply-side ecology, population dynamics and ecosystem structure and
functioning
I use a combination of field-based experimental approaches and theoretical models to
assess how populations become established and develop in an effort to understand
how key anthropogenic and environmental pressures may affect population persistence.
In particular, my work focuses on: quantifying the role of density-dependent processes
in population development and growth; assessing the role of abiotic and biotic factors
such as selective extraction, habitat availability, flow dynamics, competition and
predation in population growth models; and the development of larval-phase based
models to predict (changes in) species range distributions. I work closely with physical
oceanographers to develop spread predictions using hydrodynamic models. I am
especially interested in the influence of larval behavioural responses to physical
conditions on dispersal predictions.
I am currently supported by grants from Fondation Bertarelli and Garfield-Weston
Foundation to assess conservation strategies for biodiversity hotspots and safe havens
in a changing climate: Oceanographic drivers of ecosystem variability in the Chagos
Archipelago.
Ecosystem-based Management, Human Impacts and Risk Assessment
I am interested in developing frameworks for identifying threats to marine ecosystems
from human activities. Working closely with colleagues from across
Europe which includes previous work on the ODEMM project (www.odemm.com), I
develop linkages between sector activities and their impact on biological features in
order to determine how management programmes can be used to mitigate risk and
support decision-making when implementing environmental policy. I have been working
directly with policy-makers (e.g. United Nations; HELCOM; OSPAR; Dept. of Fisheries
Canada; Marine Institute Ireland) to support their efforts in assessing risk in their
respective regions using the outputs of this research. Engagement is via direct meetings
and my involvement in the eCOST project MARCONS (http://www.marcons-cost.eu).

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Research:
1. Charlotte (Charley) Clubley (started Oct. 2020) - Testing environment filters as
mechanisms of ecosystem resilience to non-native species invasion.
2. Bruno Salonen (started October 2022) - Disentangling the influence of
environmental filtering on range edge dynamics in a rapidly changing ocean.
3. Emma Jones (started October 2022) - Scaling-up Urban Nature-based Solutions:
Turning Climate Challenges into Opportunities for Humans and Nature.
4. Franz Bauer (started October 2022) - Retrospective optimisation of
multifunctionality on coastal urban infrastructure.
5. Laura Bachmaier (starting January 2023) - Reconfiguring seascapes in the
Anthropocene: Assessing how connectivity pathways maintain biodiversity.

University Of Liverpool

Professor David Atkinson Ph.D


. Professor of Integrative EcologyEvolution, Ecology &
Behaviour
Faculty Of Health and Science

Research interest:
My passion is to understand and predict adaptive responses of organisms,
and impacts on ecosystems, arising from widespread environmental
change (e.g. climate, eutrophication).
Our investigations focus particularly on adaptation to temperature, and the
fundamental impacts of body size, temperature, and resource flux on rates
of biological processes at levels of organization ranging from individuals to
ecosystems.
These biological processes include resource uptake, growth, development,
population growth, ecosystem respiration and photosynthesis.
Working at the interface of ecology, evolution and physiology, we advance
new theory, including novel metabolic scaling theory; perform experiments

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on whole ecosystems and populations; and carry out biological and
ecological syntheses (meta-analyses) to quantify global trends.

Research
Adaptation to Temperature

Temperature Effects on Body Size - The Temperature-Size Rule

99.9% of species rely on external sources for their body heat: these are
ectotherms.

Body size and temperature have major impacts on organisms in nature.

The “Temperature-Size Rule” (TSR) (Atkinson 1994) is an inverse relationship


between rearing temperature and final size in ectotherms. Understanding it
remains a major challenge.

We have performed empirical tests, meta-analyses and developed new theory.

We have shown that warming causes greater size reduction in aquatic than
terrestrial species, and that responses observed in controlled experiments are
mirrored in the field across latitudes and seasons.

Experimental organisms: fish, Daphnia, insects, Bryozoa and protists.

Collaborator: Dr A. Hirst, Queen Mary Univ of London;

Funding: NERC

See: Atkinson 1994, Atkinson et al. 2003, Atkinson et al. 2006, Forster et al. 2012,
Horne et al. 2015.

b) Limits to Adaptation

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We are investigating how rapidly species can evolve, what the limits are to
evolution, and how evolution of one species will affect the rest of the ecosystem
with which it interacts.

These questions are being answered using large-scale freshwater mesocosm


experiments that focus on the evolutionary response of the water flea Daphnia
magna to an increased frequency of heat waves.

The work aims to advance understanding of how genetic diversity, plasticity and
epigenetics contribute and combine to allow populations to adapt to environmental
change and how this affects biodiversity and functioning of shallow freshwater
ecosystems.

Collaborators: Dr Stew Plaistow, Prof Steve Paterson (Univ Liverpool); Prof Luc
De Meester (KU Leuven); Dr Heidrun Feuchtmayr (Centre for Ecology &
Hydrology, Lancaster)

Funding: NERC Highlight Grant, 2016-2020

See Geerts et al. 2015

New Metabolic Scaling Theory for Predicting Biologically-


driven Ecological Rates
During growth, shape-shifting can have major effects on metabolic rates

Our quantification of a new metabolic scaling theory (MST) improves predictions


of ecological influences on metabolically driven rates and scaling relationships.

Collaborators: Prof. D.S. Glazier, Juniata College USA; Dr A.G. Hirst, Queen
Mary University of London, Dr A.J. Kerkhoff, Kenyon College, USA; Dr J.G.
Okie, Arizona State University, USA

Funding: NCEAS (NSF, State of California, Univ. of California); Leverhulme


Trust.
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See: Killen et al. 2010, Hirst et al. 2014, Glazier et al. 2015.
Ecosystem and Conservation Impacts of Climate and Multiple
Stressors
Experimental ecosystems at Ness Botanic Gardens used to investigate rapid
evolution and stressor effects on shallow freshwaters

a) Climate and Eutrophication Impacts on Ecosystem Functioning

Our large-scale ecosystem manipulations showed 4 °C warming plus nutrient


loading had major impacts on Daphnia evolution and on ecosystem metabolic
balance and community composition.

See: Moran et al. 2010, Feuchtmayr et al. 2009, Geerts et al. 2015.

Funding: European Union

b) Climate Impacts on Disease Dynamics.

We predict that differences in thermal sensitivity of rate of contact between


pathogen and hosts will explain much variation in climate effects on epidemiology
of diseases of ectotherms.

Thermal sensitivities of rates affecting parasite transmission have now been


characterized for beetle: parasite system, for incorporation into our
epidemiological model.

Collaborators: Prof. G. Hurst, Dr J. Ryder (postdoc); Prof. M. Boots, Univ. of


California, Berkeley; Dr R. Knell, Queen Mary Univ of London.

Funding: NERC.

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Conclusion
In the quest for a sustainable future, the fusion of ecology, revolution, and
microbiology within the realm of marine biology offers immense promise.
Through this harmonious convergence, we have delved deep into the mysteries of
the oceans, uncovering the vital roles of microorganisms, the complexities of
marine ecosystems, and the need for transformative change.

Our conclusion is clear: we stand at the threshold of a new era in marine biology,
one where ecological insights, revolutionary technologies, and microbial wonders
come together to guide us towards sustainable practices. The synergy of these
disciplines not only enhances our understanding of the oceans but also equips us
with innovative tools to protect marine life, combat climate change, and ensure the
long-term health of our oceans.

As we navigate the challenges of a changing world, this united approach holds the
potential to shape policies, conserve marine biodiversity, and unlock the full
potential of our oceans. The promise of a sustainable future rests in the harmonious
alliance of ecology, revolution, and microbiology within the field of marine
biology, as we embark on a journey to safeguard the world's most precious
ecosystems for generations to come.

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