BS Zoology

BS Zoology (4-Years/8 Semesters)
Semester I
ZOL-301 Zoology – I (Principles of Animal Life-I) 4(3-1)
BOT-301 Diversity of Plants 4(3-1)
CHM-321 Introductory Chemistry 4(3-1)
ENG-321 Functional English 3(3-0)
ISL-321 Islamic Studies/Ethics 2(2-0)
Total 17
Semester II
ZOL-302 Zoology-II (Principles of Animal Life-II) 4(3-1)
MTH-321 Mathematics-I 3(3-0)
CHM-322 Inorganic Chemistry – I 4(3-1)
ENG-322 English Comprehension and Composition 3(3-0)
PST-322 Pakistan Studies 2(2-0)
Total 16
Semester III
ZOL-401 Zoology-III (Animal Diversity-I: Invertebrates) 4(3-1)
ZOL-403 Zoology-IV (Animal Diversity-II: Chordates) 4(3-1)
BOT-302 Systematics, Anatomy and Development 4(3-1)
CHM-421 Physical Chemistry –I 4(3-1)
ENG-421 Communication Skills 3(3-0)
Total 19
Semester IV
ZOL-402 Zoology-V (Animal Form & Function-I) 4(3-1)
ZOL-404 Zoology-VI (Animal Form & Function-II) 4(3-1)
BOT-401 Cell Biology, Genetics and Evolution 4(3-1)
PSY-422 Introduction to Psychology 3(3-0)
CSI-422 Introduction to Computer Application 3(3-0)
Total 19
Semester V
ZOL-501 Cell and Molecular Biology 4(3-1)
ZOL-503 Biochemistry– I (Structure and Functions of Macromolecules) 3(2-1)
ZOL-505 Animal Physiology 4(3-1)
ZOL-507 Animal Behaviour 2(2-0)
ZOL-509 General and Molecular Genetics 4(3-1)
Total 17
Semester VI
ZOL-502 Biostatistics 3(3-0)
ZOL-504 Developmental Biology 4(3-1)
ZOL-506 Ecology 3(3-0)
ZOL-508 Principles of Zoogeography 3(2-1)
ZOL-510 Biochemistry – II (Metabolism) 3(2-1)
ZOL-512 Physiology of Coordination and Animal Behavior 4(3-1)
Total 20
Semester VII
ZOL-601 Evolution and Principals of Systematics 4(3-1)
ZOL-605 Fisheries 3(2-1)
ZOL-607 Research Methodology 1(1-0)
ZOL-609 Principles of Paleontology 3(3-0)
ZOL-656 Aquatic Toxicology 3(2-1)
*Special paper 1 in lieu of thesis 3(2-1)
Total 17
Semester VIII
BNB-402 Basic Bioinformatics 3(2-1)
ZOL-606 Wildlife of Pakistan 3(2-1)
ZOL-608 Bioremediation and Bio-processing 3(2-1)
ZOL-692 Biodiversity 3(2-1)
*Special paper 2 in lieu of thesis 3(2-1)
Total 15
Grand Total 140
*Two special papers will be offered in lieu of thesis (ZOL-630: Thesis 6(0-6)) in 7th and 8th semester
*Two special papers will be offered in lieu of thesis (ZOL-680: Thesis 6(0-6)) in 3rd and 4th semester
*Two courses Special Subject/ Optional will be opted in lieu of research for BS
ZOL-660 Fundamentals of Entomology 3(2-1)
ZOL-662 Endocrinology – A 3(2-1)
ZOL-664 Ornithology 3(2-1)
ZOL-665 Mammology 3(2-1)
ZOL-666 Aqua Culture Health Management 3(2-1)
ZOL-667 Insect Pest of Agriculture and their Management 3(2-1)
ZOL-668 Biology of Birds and Mammals in Pakistan 3(2-1)
ZOL-669 Proto-Zoology 3(2-1)
ZOL-670 Fundamentals of Limnology 3(2-1)
ZOL-671 Applied Limnology 3(2-1)
ZOL-672 Applied Entomology 3(2-1)
ZOL-673 Endocrinology – B 3(2-1)
ZOL-674 Applied Microbiology 3(2-1)
ZOL-675 Fish Physiology and Breeding 3(2-1)
ZOL-676 Aquatic Biology 3(2-1)
ZOL-677 Integrated Aqua Culture 3(2-1)
ZOL-678 Sea Food Technology 3(2-1)
ZOL-679 Seminar 3(2-1)
ZOL-680 Thesis 3(2-1)
ZOL-681 Project 3(2-1)
ZOL-682 Internship 3(2-1)
ZOL-683 Principles of Fish Biology 3(2-1)
ZOL-684 Immunology and Hematology 3(2-1)
ZOL-685 Vector Biology 3(2-1)
ZOL-686 Aquatic Environmental Management 3(2-1)
ZOL-687 Molecular Biology 3(2-1)
ZOL-688 Fish Ecology 3(2-1)
ZOL-689 Ichthyology 3(2-1)
ZOL-690 Bio-Physical Methods in Life Sciences 3(2-1)
ZOL-691 Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates 3(2-1)
* Due to various research groups in department; many courses cannot be accommodated in the limit of 652-698 codes.
Therefore, the department will follow its own course codes for opted courses.
BS Courses: (Semester-wise)
Course Title PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL LIFE – I

Course Code ZOL-301
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up BS
Aims and Objectives The course aims to impart knowledge and understanding of:
a. The concept and status of Zoology in life sciences.
b. The common processes of life through its chemistry, biochemical and
molecular processes.
c. The structure and function of cell organellae and how common animal cell
diversified in various tissues, organs and organ systems.
d. Biochemical mechanisms eventually generating energy for animal work.
e. Animals and their relationship with their environment.
Learning Outcomes
Syllabus in Brief Course Contents
1. Place of Zoology in Science
A one-world view: genetic unity, the fundamental unit of life, evolutionary
oneness and the diversity of life, environment and world resources; what is
Zoology? The classification of animals; the scientific method.
2. The Chemical Basis of Animal Life
Atoms and elements: building blocks of all matter; compounds and molecules:
aggregates of atoms; acids, bases, and buffers; the molecules of animals: fractional
account of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids based on their
structural aspects.
3. Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ System of Animals Structure and functions
of cell membranes; various movements across membranes; cytoplasm,
organelles, and cellular components: functional account of ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton,
cilia and flagella, centrioles and microtubules, and vacuoles based on their
structural aspects. The nucleus: nuclear envelope, chromosomes and nucleolus.
Tissues: diversity in epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and
nervous tissue to perform various functions. Structural integrations for functions
in organs and organ systems.
4. Energy and Enzymes: Life’s Driving and Controlling Forces Energy and the
laws of energy transformation; activation energy; enzymes: structure, function
and factors affecting their activity; cofactors and coenzymes; ATP: how cells
convert energy? An overview.
5. How Animals Harvest Energy Stored in Nutrients: Glycolysis: the first phase
of nutrient metabolism; fermentation: “life without oxygen”; aerobic respiration:
the major source of ATP; metabolism of fats and proteins; control of
metabolism; the metabolic pool.
6. Ecology I: Individuals and Populations Animals and their abiotic
environment; populations; interspecific interactions.
7. Ecology II: Communities and Ecosystems Community structure and diversity;
ecosystems; ecosystems of the earth; ecological problems; human population
growth, pollution, resource depletion and biodiversity.
Practicals
1. Tests for different carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
Note: Emphasis on the concept that tests materials have been ultimately obtained
from living organisms and constituted their body.
2. Study of the prepared slides of epithelial tissue (squamous, cuboidal,
columnar), connective tissue (adipose, cartilage, bone, blood), nervous tissue and
muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth and cardiac).
Note: Prepared microscopic and/or projection slides and/or CD ROM computer
projections must be used.
3. Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in blood.
4. Protein digestion by pepsin.
5. Ecological notes on animals of a few model habitats.
6. Field observation and report writing on animals in their ecosystem (a
terrestrial and an aquatic ecosystem study).
Books Recommended
1. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES
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OF ZOOLOGY, 12 Edition (International), 2004. Singapore: McGraw
Hill.
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2. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 6 Edition (International), 2005.
Singapore: McGraw Hill.
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3. Pechenik, J.A. BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, 5 Edition (International),
2000. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
4. Kent, G.C. and Miller, S. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF
VERTEBRATES, 2001. New York: McGraw Hill.
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5. Campbell, N.A. BIOLOGY, 6 Edition. 2002. Menlo Park, California:
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
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6. Miller, S.A. GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL. 5 Edition
(International), 2002. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
7. Hickman, C.P. and Kats, H.L., LABORATORY STUDIES IN
INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY. 2000. Singapore: McGraw
Hill.
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8. Molles, M.C. ECOLOGY: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS. 6 Edition.
2005. McGraw Hill, New York, USA.
rd
9. Odum, E. P. FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY. 3 Edition. 1994. W.B.
Saunders.Philadelphia.
10. Slingby, D. and Cook, C., PRACTICAL ECOLOGY. 1986. McMillan
Education Ltd. UK.
Course Title PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL LIFE – II

Course Code ZOL-302
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up BS
Aims and Objectives The course imparts knowledge and understanding of:
a. cell division and its significance in cell cycle.
b. concepts and mechanisms of inheritance pattern, chromosome and gene
linkage and molecular basics of genetics.
c. animal behaviour and communication.
d. theories of evolution, gene flow and mechanism of evolution with reference to
animals and diversity.
Learning Outcomes
1. Cell Division
Mitosis, cytokinesis, and the cell cycle: an overview; control of the cell cycle;
meiosis: the basis of sexual reproduction; gamete formation.
2. Inheritance Patterns
The birth of modern genetics; Mendelian inheritance patterns; other inheritance
patterns; environmental effects and gene expression.
3. Chromosomes and Gene Linkage
Eukaryotic chromosomes; linkage relationships; changes in chromosome
number and structure.
4. Molecular Genetics: Ultimate Cellular Control
DNA: the genetic material; DNA replication in eukaryotes; genes in action;
control of gene expression in eukaryotes; mutations; applications of genetic
technologies; recombinant DNA.
5. Animal Behaviour
Four approaches to animal behaviour; proximate and ultimate causes;
anthropomorphism; development of behavior; learning; control of behavior;
communication; behavioral ecology; social behavior.
6. Evolution: A Historical Perspective
Pre-Darwinian theories of change; Lamarck: an early proponent of evolution;
early development of Darwin’s ideas of evolution and evidences; the theory of
evolution by natural selection; evolutionary thought after Darwin; biogeography.
7. Evolution and Gene Frequencies
The modern synthesis: a closer look; the Hardy-Weinberg theorem; evolutionary
mechanisms: population size, genetic drift, natural selection, gene flow,
mutation, and balanced polymorphism; species and speciation; rates of
evolution; molecular evolution; mosaic evolution.
Books Recommended
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Hill.
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VERTEBRATES. 2000. New York: McGraw Hill.
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5. Campbell, N.A. BIOLOGY, 6 Edition. Menlo Park, California: 2002.
Practicals 1. Study of mitosis in onion root tip.
2. Study of meiosis in grasshopper testis (students should prepare the slide).
Note for 1-2: Prepared microscopic and/or projection slides and/or CD ROM
computer projections must be used).
3. Problem based study of Mendelian ratio in animals.
4. Multiple alleles study in blood groups.
5. Survey study of a genetic factor in population and its frequency.
6. Study of karyotypes of Drosophila, mosquito.
7. Study of cytochemical detection of DNA in protozoa and avian blood cell.
8. Study to demonstrate nervous or endocrine basis of behaviour (conditioned
reflex or aggression or parental behavior).
9. Study to demonstrate social behaviour (documentary film be shown, honey
bee, monkey group in a zoo).
Books Recommended
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2. Hickman, C.P. and Kats, H.L. LABORATORY STUDIES IN INTEGRATED
PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY. 2000. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
Course Title Animal Diversity -1 (Invertebrates Diversity)

Course Code ZOL – 401
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Animal Diversity -1 (Vertebrates)
Category BS (Hons)
Aims and Objectives The students will be able to make comparison from simple unicellular to
complex multicellular organization along with phylogenetic relationship
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to achieve the aims and objectives of the course
Syllabus in Brief Theory
1. Introduction
fication of organisms; evolutionary relationships and tree diagrams; patterns of
organization.
2. Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa
ionary perspective; life within a single plasma membrane; symbiotic life-styles.
Protozoan taxonomy: (up to phyla, subphyla and super classes, wherever
applicable). Pseudopodia and amoeboid locomotion; cilia and other pellicular
structures; nutrition; genetic control and reproduction; symbiotic ciliates; further
phylogenetic considerations.
3. Multicellular and Tissue Levels of Organization
ionary perspective: origins of multicellularity; animal origins. Phylum porifera:
cell types, body wall, and skeletons; water currents and body forms;
maintenance functions; reproduction. Phylum cnidaria (coelenterata) the body
wall and nematocysts; alternation of generations; maintenance functions;
reproduction and classification up to class. Phylum ctenophora; further
4. Triploblastics and Acoelomate Body Plan
ionary perspective; phylum platyhelminthes: classification up to class; the free-
living flatworms and the tapeworms; phylum nemertea; phylum gastrotricha;
further phylogenetic considerations.
5. Pseudocoelomate Body Plan: Aschelminths
ionary perspective; general characteristics; classification up to phyla with
external features; feeding and the digestive system; other organ systems;
reproduction and development of phylum rotifera and phylum nematoda;
phylum kinorhyncha. Some important nematode parasites of humans; further
6. Molluscan Success
ionary perspective: relationships to other animals; origin of the coelom;
molluscan characteristics; classification up to class. The characteristics of shell
and associated structures, feeding, digestion, gas exchange, locomotion,
reproduction and development, other maintenance functions and diversity in
gastropods, bivalves and cephalopods; further phylogenetic considerations.
7. Annelida: The Metameric Body Form
ionary perspective: relationship to other animals, metamerism and tagmatization;
classification up to class. External structure and locomotion, feeding and the
digestive system, gas exchange and circulation, nervous and sensory functions,
excretion, regeneration, reproduction and development, in polychaeta,
oligochaeta and hirudinea; further phylogenetic considerations.
8. Arthropods: Blueprint for Success
ionary perspective: classification and relationships to other animals; metamerism
and tagmatization; the exoskeleton; metamorphosis; classification up to class;
9. Hexapods and Myriapods: Terrestrial Triumphs
ionary perspective; classification up to class. External structure and locomotion,
nutrition and the digestive system, gas exchange, circulation and temperature
regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion, chemical regulation,
reproduction and development in hexapoda; insect behavior; insects and
humans; further phylogenetic considerations.
Practicals
1. Study of Euglena, Amoeba, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma,
Paramecium as representative of animal like protists. (Prepared slides and
from fresh water).
2. Study of sponges and their various body forms (prepared slides).
3. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Cnidaria.
4. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Platyhelminthes.
5. Study of representative of phylum Rotifera, phylum Nematoda.
6. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Mollusca.
7. Study of principal representative classes of phylum Annelida.
8. Study of principal representative classes of groups of phylum Arthropoda.
9. Brief notes on medical/economic importance of the following:
Plasmodium, Entamoebahistolitica, Leishmania, Liverfluke, Tapeworm,
Earthworm, Silkworm, Citrus butterfly.
10. Preparation of permanent stained slides of the following: Obelia, Daphnia,
Cestode, Parapodia of Nereis.
Reference Books
1. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF
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ZOOLOGY, 11 Edition (International), 2004. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
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5. Miller, S.A., GENERAL ZOOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL. 5 Edition
Course Title ANIMAL DIVERSITY-II
(CLASSIFICATION, PHYLOGENY AND ORGANIZATION)
Course Code ZOL-403
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up BS
Category
Aims and Objectives The course provides knowledge and understanding about the different animal
groups, emphasizing their phylogenetic relationships.
Learning Outcomes
1. Echinoderms
Evolutionary perspective: relationships to other animals; echinoderm
characteristics; classification up to class. Maintenance functions, regeneration,
reproduction, and development in asteroidea, ophiuroidea, echinoidea,
holothuroidea and crinoidea; further phylogenetic considerations; some lesser-
known invertebrates: the lophophorates, entoprocts, cycliophores, and
chaetognaths.
2. Hemichordates and Invertebrate Chordates
Evolutionary Perspective: Phylogenetic Relationships; Classification up to
subphylum or class where applicable; Further Phylogenetic Considerations.
3. Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water
Evolutionary perspective: phylogenetic relationships; survey of super class
agnatha and gnathostomata; evolutionary pressures: adaptations in locomotion,
nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, nervous and
sensory functions, excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and development;
4. Amphibians: The First Terrestrial Vertebrates
Evolutionary perspective: phylogenetic relationships; survey of order caudata,
gymnophiona, and anura. Evolutionary pressures: adaptations in external
structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas
exchange, temperature regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion and
osmoregulation, reproduction, development, and metamorphosis; further
5. Reptiles: The First Amniotes
Evolutionary perspective: cladistic interpretation of the amniotic lineage; survey
of order testudines or chelonia, rhynchocephalia, squamata, and crocodilia;
evolutionary pressures: adaptations in external structure and locomotion,
nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature
regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion and osmoregulation,
reproduction and development; further phylogenetic considerations.
6. Birds: Feathers, Flight, and Endothermy
Evolutionary perspective: phylogenetic relationships; ancient birds and the
evolution of flight; diversity of modern birds; evolutionary pressures: adaptation
in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system,
circulation, gas exchange, and regulation, nervous and sensory systems,
excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and development; migration and
navigation.
7. Mammals: Specialized Teeth, Endothermy, Hair, and Viviparity
Evolutionary perspective: diversity of mammals; evolutionary pressures:
adaptations in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive
system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature regulation, nervous and
sensory functions, excretion and osmoregulation, behavior, reproduction and
development.
Books Recommended
1. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. INTEGRATED
th
PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, 11 Edition (International), 2004.
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2. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. ZOOLOGY, 5 Edition (International) 2002.
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3. Pechenik, J.A. BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, 4 Edition
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Practicals
1. Study of a representative of Hemichordate and Invertebrate Chordate.
2. Study of representative groups of class Fishes.
3. Study of representative groups of class Amphibia.
4. Study of representative groups of class Reptilia.
5. Study of representative groups of class Aves.
6. Study of representative groups of class Mammalia.
7. Field trips to study animal diversity in an ecosystem.
Note: Preserved specimen and/or colored projection slide and/or CD ROM
projection of computer must be used.
Books Recommended
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Course Title ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION-I
(A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE)
Course Code ZOL-402
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up BS
Category
Aims and Objectives The course deals with the:
a. Basis of structure and functions of animal nutrition, digestion, homeostasis
and temperature regulation.
b. It introduces the basic concepts in reproduction and development in animal
kingdom.
c. Provides knowledge about the development of chordate body plan and fate
of germinal layers.
Learning Outcomes
1. Nutrition and Digestion
Evolution of nutrition; the metabolic fates of nutrients in heterotrophs; digestion;
animal strategies for getting and using food, diversity in digestive structures of
invertebrates and vertebrates; the mammalian digestive system: gastrointestinal
motility and its control, oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus, stomach, small
intestine: main site of digestion; large intestine; role of the pancreas in digestion;
and role of the liver and gallbladder in digestion.
2. Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation
Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation; The Impact of Temperature on
Animal Life; Heat Gains and Losses; Some Solutions to Temperature
Fluctuations; Temperature Regulation in Invertebrates, Fishes, Amphibians,
Reptiles, Birds and Mammals; Heat Production in Birds and Mammals; Control
of Water and Solutes (Osmoregulation and Excretion); Invertebrate and
Vertebrate Excretory Systems; How Vertebrates Achieve Osmoregulation;
Vertebrate Kidney Variations; Mechanism in Metanephric Kidney Functions.
3. Reproduction and Development
Asexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and disadvantages of asexual
reproduction; sexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and disadvantages
of sexual reproduction; sexual reproduction in vertebrates; reproductive
strategies; examples of reproduction among various vertebrate classes; the
human male reproductive system: spermatogenesis, transport and hormonal
control, reproductive function; the human female reproductive system:
folliculogenesis, transport and hormonal control, reproductive function;
hormonal regulation in gestation; prenatal development and birth: the placenta;
milk production and lactation.
4. Descriptive Embryology
Fertilization; embryonic development: cleavage, and egg types; the primary
germ layers and their derivatives; echinoderm embryology; vertebrate
embryology: the chordate body plan, amphibian embryology, development in
terrestrial environments, avian embryology, the fate of mesoderm.
Books Recommended
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Hill.
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Practicals
1. Study of excretory system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative
(Model).
2. Study of nutritive canal in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative
(Dissection).
3. Study of male reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate
representative (Dissection).
4. Study of female reproductive system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate
representative (Dissection).
5. Study of hormonal influence of a reproductive function (Model).
6. Study of preserved advanced stages of avian and mammalian development for
amniotic membranes and placenta (Model).
7. Study of stages in the development of an Echinoderm.
8. Study of early stages in the development of a frog, chick and a mammal.
Note for 9-10: Prepared slides and preserved specimen and/or projection slides
and/or CD ROM computer projections may be used.
Books Recommended
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Course Title ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION-II

(A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE)
Course Code ZOL-404
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up BS
Category
Aims and Objectives The course aims to teach the students about:
a. Animals diversity adapted in different ways for their functions through
modifications in body parts.
b. The diversity in integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and sensory,
endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, nutritive, excretory, osmoregulatory and
reproductive systems according to strategies to survive in their specific
conditions.
c. Organ systems, their specialization and coordination with each other and
constantly changing internal and external environment, inside and outside the
animal’s body.
d. The basic structure of each system that determines its particular function.
Learning Outcomes
1. Protection, Support, and Movement
Protection: the integumentary system of invertebrates and vertebrates; movement
and support: the skeletal system of invertebrates and vertebrates; movement:
non-muscular movement; an introduction to animal muscles; the muscular
system of invertebrates and vertebrates.
2. Communication I: Nerves
Neurons: structure and function; neuron communication: introductory accounts
of resting membrane potential, action potential (nerve impulse) and transmission
of the action potential between cells; invertebrate and vertebrate nervous
systems: the spinal cord, spinal nerves, the brain, cranial nerves and the
autonomic nervous system.
3. Communication II: Senses
Sensory reception: baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, georeceptors, hygroreceptors,
phonoreceptors, photoreceptors, proprioceptors, tactile receptors, and
thermoreceptors of invertebrates; lateral-line system and electrical sensing,
lateral-line system and mechanoreception, hearing and equilibrium in air,
hearing and equilibrium in water, skin sensors of damaging stimuli, skin sensors
of heat and cold, skin sensors of mechanical stimuli, sonar, smell, taste and
vision in vertebrates.
4. Communication III: The Endocrine System and Chemical Messengers
Chemical messengers: hormones chemistry; and their feedback systems;
mechanisms of hormone action; some hormones of porifera, cnidarians,
platyhelminthes, nemerteans, nematodes, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and
echinoderms invertebrates; an overview of the vertebrate endocrine system;
endocrine systems of vertebrates, endocrine systems of birds and mammals.
5. Circulation, Immunity, and Gas Exchange
Internal transport and circulatory systems in invertebrates: characteristics of
invertebrate coelomic fluid, hemolymph, and blood cells; transport systems in
vertebrates; characteristics of vertebrate blood, blood cells and vessels; the hearts
and circulatory systems of bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals;
the human heart: blood pressure and the lymphatic system; immunity:
nonspecific defenses, the immune response; gas exchange: respiratory surfaces;
invertebrate and vertebrate respiratory systems: cutaneous exchange, gills, lungs,
and lung ventilation; human respiratory system: gas transport.
Books recommended
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Hill.
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Practicals
1. Study of insect chitin, fish scale, amphibian skin, reptilian scales, feathers and
mammalian skin.
2. Study and notes of skeleton of Labeo, Rana tigrina, Varanus, fowl and rabbit.
Note: Exercises of notes on the adaptations of skeletons to their function must be
done.
3. Earthworm or leech; cockroach, freshwater mussel, Channa or Catla catla or
Labeo or any other local fish, frog, pigeon and rat or mouse and rabbits are
representative animals for study in dissections.
4. Study of models or preserved brains of representative animals and notes on
adaptations.
5. Study of nervous system of earthworm and a fish.
6. Study of endocrine system in an insect and a rabbit.
7. Study of different types of blood cells in blood smear of rabbit.
8. Study of heart, principal arteries and veins in a representative vertebrate
(dissection of representative fish/mammals).
9. Study of respiratory system in cockroach or locust and a vertebrate
representative (Model).
Books Recommended
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Course Title Cell and Molecular Biology

Course Code ZOL-501
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Not Applicable
Category BS Zoology, 04-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives This course is designed to impart knowledge about the animal cell and its
complex organization of architecture and the unified role it plays for the ultimate
sustainability of the organisms. In this course, the students will be able to learn
about the ultra-structural, molecular and functional aspects of the cell.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to achieve the aims and objectives of this course.
Overview of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Structure, chemical composition and
functions of Plasma Membrane (including Permeability, Active Transport,
Endocytosis), Mitochondria (including its role in respiration and its status as semi-
autonomous organelle), Golgi Apparatus (including glycosylation), Endoplasmic
Reticulum (including role in protein synthesis and drug metabolism), Lysosomes,
Ribosomes, Peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Nucleus:
Chromatin, heterochromatin, euchromatin, chromosome structure with reference
to coiling and nucleosome during different phases of cell cycle.
Significance of genetic material. Structure of DNA –A, B and Z forms. DNA
replication mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA polymerases and
other enzymes and DNA binding proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA
repair mechanisms. Cell Cycle and its regulation. Central dogma: Transcription,
RNA polymerases, transcriptional control in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Post-
transcriptional processing of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Genetic Code (point
mutations), genetic code in mitochondrial DNA, Translation: Protein synthesis,
post-translational processing of proteins. Regulation of Gene Expression: Lac
Operon, Trp Operon. Recombinant DNA technology: Cloning vectors, restriction
endonucleases, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, western blotting, DNA
sequencing, Site directed mutagenesis.
Practicals
1. Culturing and staining of bacteria and yeast.
2. Counting of bacterial cells and preparation of growth curves.
3. Counting of blood cell types by haemocytometer.
4. Detection (in protozoan culture and blood cells) and quantitative determination
of chromosomal DNA and RNA.
5. Isolation and plasmid DNA from bacterium and demonstration on agarose gel.
6. Isolation and fractionation of proteins from blood sera by polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis.
Books Recommended
1. Darnell Jr., J., Lodisch, H. and Baltimore D., 1990. Molecular Cell Biology.
Scientific American, New York.
2. Alberts B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K and Walter, P., 2002.
Molecular Biology of Cell. Garland Science, New York.
3. DeRobertis, E.D.P. and DeRobertis Jr. E.N.F., 1987. Cell and Molecular
Biology. Lea and Febiger, New York.
4. Karp, G., 2002. Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts & Experiments. John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. Stryer, L., 1995. Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman, New York.
Course Title Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functions of Macromolecules)

Course Code ZOL-503
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Biochemistry-II (Metabolism)
Category
Aims and Objectives To provide knowledge regarding structural / storage components of basic unit of
life at molecular level also. It will also enable the students to understand
Biochemistry of major food stuffs.
Learning Outcomes This course will enable the students to study the working of life processes at
molecular level.
Syllabus in Brief Amino acids: Peptides and Proteins: Standard Amino acids their structure,
Classification, Acid/Base properties and Titration curves. Amino acid
sequencing of proteins and its significance. Macromolecular separation
techniques in Biochemistry: Ion exchange chromatography; Polyacrylamide gel
Electrophoresis (PAGE); Isoelectric Focusing.
Enzymes: How enzymes work. Enzyme rate of reaction and substrate
concentration. How pH and temperature effect enzyme activity. Kinetics of
Bisubstrate and Multisubstrate reactions. Enzyme inhibition, Irreversible and
Reversible Regulatory Enzymes.
Carbohydrates: Classification of Carbohydrates. History of Developments in
Structure of Glucose. Monosaccharides. Disaccharides their types structure and
properties. Polysaccharides: Storage and Structural types; Structure and major
functions of Glycogen, Chitin, Peptidoglycans of bacterial cell wall.
Lipids: Fatty acids, their types. Storage Lipids: Acylglycerols; Structural
Lipids of membranes: Glycerophospholipids; Sphingolipids their role and
degradation. Sterols, Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estiadiole. Major functions of
Lipids. Lipoproteins, their types and major functions. Lipid analysis: GLC as an
example.
Vitamins as Cofactors: Occurrence, Structure and Biochemical function of
Riboflavin.
Nucleic acids: Types and structure.
Books Recommended
1. David I., Nelson, and Michael M, Cox. 2000, Lehninger Principles of
Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Macmillan Worth Pubslihers, New York.
Additional Reading
1. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayer, P.A., and Rodwells, V.W., 2000.
Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York.
2. Voet. D., Voet. J.G., and Pratt. C.W., 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry,
John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
3. Zubay. G., 1995. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers Inc.
Oxford, England.
4. Lubert Stryer, 1995. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman & Company,
New York.
Practicals
1. Tests for detection of carbohydrates in acidic medium.
2. Tests for detection of carbohydrates in alkaline medium.
3. Detection of Non-Reducing sugars in the presence of Reducing sugars.
4. Tests to demonstrate relative instability of glycosidic linkage in
carbohydrates.
5. Tests for detection of Disaccharides.
6. Preparation of standard curve of glucose by ortho-Toluidine method.
7. Estimation of glucose from blood serum or any other fluid using ortho-
Toluidine technique.
8. Biochemical tests for detection of different amino acid groups.
9. Preparation of standard curve of proteins by Biuret method.
10. Estimation of Blood serum proteins using Biuret technique.
11. Demonstration of differential solubility of lipids in various solvents.
12. Various Qualitative Tests for detection of Lipids.
13. Determination of Acid value of Fats.
Books Recommended
1. Plummer, David T., 1990. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 4th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, London.
2. Wilson, K & Walker, J., 1994. Practical Biochemistry: Principles of Techniques, 4th
Edition, Cambridge University Press.
Course Title Animal Physiology

Course Code ZOL-505
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up None
Category Physiology of Coordination and Animal Behaviour
Aims and Objectives One is able to understand mechanisms and adaptations of physiological systems in
animals.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand the working of various systems of
organisms.
Syllabus in Brief Central themes in Physiology: Structure-Function Relationship. Adaptations,
Homeostasis. Conformity and Regulation.
Exchange of Gases: Transport of O2 and CO2 between respiratory surface (the
lungs) and body cells. Regulation of lungs respiration: Gas transfer in water (gills)
and its regulation. Respiratory responses in extreme conditions as hypoxia:
Hypercapula in air breathing divers.
Excretion and Osmoregulation: Osmoregulation in aquatic and terresterial
environment. Vertebrate nephron as osmoregulatory organ: Physiological
anatomy. Glomerular filtration. Tubular absorption and secretion: Nitrogenous
waste products: Patterns of nitrogenous excretion and their phylogenetic
development.
Nutrition: Regulation of digestive secretions: Physiological anatomy of digestive
tract (mammalian model), Absorption of water, ions and nutrients.
Cardiovascular Mechanisms: Electrical activity of heart: Automaticity,
Rhythmicity, Electrocardiography, Kymography: Hemodynamics, Blood flow,
pressures and resistance and their interrelationships. Control of cardiac activity
(cardiac output) and peripheral circulation.
Books Recommended
1. Randall. D.. Burggren. W.. French. K. and Fernald. R.. 2002. Eckert Animal
Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. 5th ed. W.H. Freeman and
Company. New York.
2. Bullock. J.. Boyle. And Wang. M.B.. 2001. Physiology. 4th edition.
Lippincott. Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia.
3. Bame. F.M. and Levy. M.N.. 2000. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 3rd
edition. St. Lions. Mosby.
4. Guyton and hall 2000 Text book of Medical Physiology 10th. Edition.
5. Withers1992 Comparative Animal Physiology.
6. Sdhmidt- Nelsen. K., 1997AnimalPhysiology.Adaptation and environment
5th. Edition Cambridge University Press Cambridge.
Practicals
Cardiovascular Activity: Normal cardiac activity, effect of temperature, effect of
drug, heart block, tetanization of heart, Measurement of blood pressure.
Respiration and Exercise: Oxygen consumption in fish and effect of temperature
(by dissolved oxygen meter) and terrestrial animal (mouse). Oxygen consumption
(by respirometer), heart rate, blood pressure glycemia altered by exercise.
Book Recommended
1. Tharp. G. and Woodman. D. 2002. Experiments in Physiology. 8th Edition.
Prentice Hall London.
Course Title Animal Behavior

Course Code ZOL-507
Credit Hours 3(3-0)
Theory 3
Practical 0
Aims and Objectives To understand the basic principles to study animal behavior and its application in
modern world.
Learning Outcomes To be able to design animal behavior explorative assignments, independently, and
interpret outcomes effectively.
Syllabus in Brief 1. Introduction to the animal behavior: definition of animal behavior and historical
background, Fundamental research approaches, mechanistic, vitalistic and ethological,
conventionally used in field of animal behavior,
2. Tinbergen’s four questions: Importance of Niko Tinbergen presented proximate/causal
and ultimate/ functional based questions to study the animal behavior,
3. Behavior as adaptation: Influence of types of selections (directional, stabilize and
disruptive) on animal behavior, animal welfare and conservation aspects in animal
behavior, Case studies of animal welfare to elaborate the problems in repertoire of
animal behavior and importance of its study,
4. Basic components of animals behavior: nature and nurture, Mechanism of behavior;
5. Neuronal control of behavior: types of sensory receptors, sensory coordination and
somesthetic systems, vertebrate and invertebrate nervous system, general anatomy and
function in repertoire of behavior,
6. Endocrine control of behavior in vertebrates: explanation of milk-ejaculation reflex
(MER) in goats,
7. Sensory judgments: including sensation and perception difference, difference in
uncertainty interval and difference threshold, Weber fraction, Fechner’s Law, signal-
detection theory and yes-no criterion, explanation through payoff matrix, hypothetical
effects of different decision criteria in signal detection theory,
8. Stimulus filtering and sign stimulus: innate releasing mechanism (IRM),
discrimination learning of animal, experimentation on complex stimuli, examples of
herring gull and eggs shape, size and color, law of heterogeneous summation,
9. Visual recognition of prey and predators: Classical conditioning, stimulus substitution
theory and stimulus-response theory, types of responses and importance of
reinforcement,
10. Fundamental aspects of habituation and extinctions: including phenomenon of external
inhibition and disinhibition of conditional responses, Instrumental learning and law of
effect,
11. Fundamental difference between classical conditioning and instrumental learning:
types of reinforcement and its fundamental aspects.
Text Books:
1. Graham Scott (2010) Essential Animal Behavior. Blackwell Publishing.
2. David McFarland (1985) Animal Behaviour: Psychobiology, Ethology and
Evolution. Longman House, Burnt Mill, England.
3. Roland J. Siiter (1999) Introduction to Animal Behavior. Cole Publishing
Company, CA, USA.
th
4. John Alcock (2001) Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach. 7 Ed.
Sinauer Associates, Inc., Massachusetts, USA.
5. David Randall, WarreBurggren and Kathleen French (2002) Eckert Animal
Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. W.H. Freeman and Company, New
York, USA.
Course Title General and Molecular Genetics

Course Code ZOL-509
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Biotechnology
Category BS. Zoology, 04-Years Programme/ MSc ,02-years
Aims and Objectives This course covers general genetic principles, DNA tools for genetic analysis, the
molecular basis of genetic diseases, animal models, Molecular methods of
analysis are emphasized. Prerequisites: All four core courses
Learning Outcomes In this course students learn to use the tools of modern genomics to elucidate
phenotypic variation within populations.
Introduction: classical genetics, molecular genetics, Reverse and forward
genetics, The basic principles of Inheritance (Mendelism): Monohybrid and
Dihybrid crosses. Multiple Alleles: ABO Blood system. Genetics of Rh factor and
Erythroblastosis Foetalis. Gene Interaction: Epistasis, Lethality and Pleiotropism.
Sex Linked gene in human beings. Sex Chromosome and Sex determination in
human beings, Drosophila and other animals. Variation in chromosome number
and structure: Polyploidy, Aneupolidy and rearrangement of chromosome
structure. Genetics of Bacteria: Transformation, conjugation and Transduction.
Techniques of molecular genetics: Basic techniques used to clone genes,
construction and screening of DNA libraries, manipulation of cloned DNA
sequences, molecular analysis of DNA, RNA and protein. Analysis of human
pedigrees. Gene therapy. DNA Fingerprints: Paternity tests and Forensic
applications. Inborn errors of Metabolism: Amino acid metabolism
(Phenylketonuria, Alkaptonuria and Oculocutaneous albinism); Carbohydrate
metabolism (Galactosaemia); Lipid Metabolism , Tay-Sachs; Purine/pyrimidine
metabolism (Lech – Nyhan disease).
Practicals
1. Study of Mitosis and Meiosis.
2. Preparation of Drosophila culture.
3. Study of morphology and karyotype.
4. Study of Monohybrid and dihybrid ratio, sex-linked inheritance.
5. Pedigree Analysis
6. Detection of Blood Groups in humans.
7. Problem relating to theory.
Books Recommended
1. Hartl, D. L. and E. W. Jones. 2009 Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes.
Seventh (7th) Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. USA.
2. Snustard, D.P. and Simmon, M.J., 2003. Principles of Genetics. 3rd Edition.
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
3. Muller, R.F. and Young, I.D., 2002. Emery’s Elements of Medical Genetics.
11th Edition. Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier Science, Limited, UK.
4. Tammarin, R.M. 1999. Principles of Genetics. 6th Edition, WCB, McGraw
Hill, New York.
5. Klug, Cummings et al., 2012, Concepts of Genetics 10th) edition, Pearson
Publisher. Macmillan College Publishing Company, New York.
6. Strickberger, M.W. 1999. Genetics. 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall of India Private
Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Herskowiez, I.H., 1985. Genetics. Little Brown, Boston, USA.
8. Lewin, B. 2003. Gene VII. Oxford, UK.
Course Title Biostatistics

Course Code ZOL-502
Credit Hours 3(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 0
Follow up BS
Aims and Objectives The course will provide knowledge about the importance and use of statistics in
life sciences. It will help the students to understand the methods to analyze data
pertaining to their research work and to assess the significance of their
experimental designs.
Learning Outcomes After this course students will be able to apply basic statistical procedures for analysis
of data for practical and research.
Introduction and scope, use of statistics in biology. Population and sample. Stages of
research, types of data and methods of data collection. Data arrangement and
presentation, formation of tables and charts. Measures of central tendency computation
of mean, median and mode from grouped and ungrouped data. Measures of dispersion,
computation of variance, standard deviation, standard error and their coefficients.
Probability rules. Binomial, poissons and normal distributions. Hypothesis testing,
Student ‘t’ test, Chi square test, Analysis of variance and LSD. Correlation and
regression. Experimental designing, planning of an experiment, replication and
randomization.
Books Recommended
1. Geoffery, R. Norman, David L. Streiner BIOSTATISTICS: THE BARE
ESSENTIALS. 2000. B.C. Decke Inc.
2. Gerry, P. Quinn, Michael J. Keough, EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND
DATA ANALYSIS FOR BIOLOGISTS. 2002. Cambridge University
Press.
3. Campbell, R. C. STATISTICS FOR BIOLOGISTS. 1989. Cambridge
University Press.
Course Title Developmental Biology

Course Code ZOL-504
Credit Hours 4(3-1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up
Category B.S. Zoology, 04-Years Program/ M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Program
Aims and Objectives The students will be able to understand and compare basic principles of
embryology through understanding the developmental patterns with help of
morphology and anatomy of embryos of different vertebrates.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to apply the basic principles of development to further
research.
Syllabus in Brief Syllabus:Theory
Mitosis, Meiosis. Principle features of development; developmental patterns,
mechanism of teratogenesis Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Fertilization;
Recognition of sperm and egg, fusion of gametes. rearrangement of egg
cytoplasm, Cleavage; patterns of embryonic cleavage, mechanism of cleavage.
Gastrulation; Fate maps, gastrulation in birds, mammals. Early vertebrate
development, Neurulation; ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm formation.
Cellular basis of morphogenesis; Establishments of body axis. Organogenesis, a
brief account of origin and migration of germ cells in vertebrates, Factors
controlling growth, Oncogenesis. Regeneration in vertebrates.
Practical:
Study of mitosis and meiosis with the slides.
Study of structure of gametes of fowl. Study of cleavage and subsequent
development with the help of prepared slides and Whole mounts of chick embryo.
Preparation and study of serial sections of different tissues.
Preparation and staining of histological slides.
Text Books:
Suggested Reading:
Books Recommended
1. An introduction to embryology 2013 by Balinsky .B.I. and Saunders
2. Developmental biology, 2000. by Gilbert, S. F.
3. Human Embryology and Developmental biology, By Carlson, B. M.
4. Introduction to Embryonic Developments by Oppenheimar, SS and Allen and
Bacon
5. Developmental Biology by Saunders W.B.
6. Modern Embryology 1968 by Bodemer C.W
7. Mechanism of development 1980. by Ham.R.G., and Veomett, M. J.
8. The developing human 1982 by Moore K.L.
9. Medical Embryology 1981 by Largman, J. Clinical Embryology 1983 by
Snell, R.S.,
Course Title Ecology

Course Code ZOL-506
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Applied Ecology+Molecular Ecology
Category BS. Zoology 4 year Programme
M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives This course will provide awareness regarding the environmental changes.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to study the Applied ecology and Molecular ecology.
Syllabus in Brief Theory:
Nature of Ecology, The earth’s life support system, Ecosystem concepts and components,
Energy flow in Ecosystem, Primary productivity of ecosystems, Matter cycling in
ecosystem (Biogeochemical cycles). Ecological Niche, Major ecosystem of world:
Marine, Estuarine, Freshwater, Tundra, Forest, Grassland and Desert. Population
Ecology: Population structure, Factors affecting population growth, Factors controlling
population growth. Community Ecology: Size and structure of community. Ecological
succession: Communities in transition, Role and interaction of species in the ecosystem,
Food chains and food webs, Impact of human intervention on the global ecosystem and its
effects on man. Molecular aspects of the ecosystem, food chains and community
interactions.
Practicals:
Food chain, food web & ecological notes
Methods and analysis of population dynamics
Quadrate method
Determining frequency of different species
Determining density of species in habitat
Measurement of pollutants levels
In atmosphere (NO2, SO2, O3 and comparison with rural air)
In soil (toxic chemical, fertilizer, insecticides, herbicides)
Analysis of polluted and freshwater for
Various pollutant; heavy metals,-CO3, -HCO3,NO3, BOD, COD, pH, EC, total soluble
solids.
Books Recommended:
Books Recommended (Latest Edition)
1. E.P. Odum ,G. W. Barrett. Fundamentals of Ecology.(2004), 5th Edition
2. Miller, G.T. 2002. Living in the environment: Principles, Connections and
Solutions. 12th Edition. Thomson Learning, Australia.
3. M.L. McKinney Enviromental Sciense: System and Solution (1999) Jones & Bartlett
Publication, Boston.
4. M.C. Molles Ecology: Concepts and application (1999) WCB/McGraw Hill, New
York.
5. Smith Ecology and Field Biology (1988) National Book Foundation
Course Title Principles of Zoogeography

Course Code ZOL-508
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category BS 04 Years/M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programmee
Aims and Objectives This course provides information on the distribution of animals and their association in
different zoological regions of world
Learning Outcomes After studying this course, the student will be able to recognize extant fauna of world
distributed in different climatic regions.
Introduction and history of Zoogeography, Branches of Zoogeography. Barriers to
distribution and means of dispersal in Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial environment.
Division of world into various zoogeographical regions. Geographical limits, Physical,
climatic features and faunas of Holarctic (Palaearctic and Nearctic), Oriental, Ethiopian,
Australian, and Neotropical regions. Insular fauna [continental islands {Recent (British
Isles, Borneo, Java, Japan, Formosa and Philippines, and Sri Lanka islands)}, {Ancient
(New Zealand and Madagascar Island)}]. [Oceanic Islands, (Azores, Bermuda,
Galapagos, St. Helena and Karakatau Island)], Wallace’s line, Weber’s line and Wallacea.
Continental drift theory and discontinuous distribution of animals.
Practicals:
Identification and classification of various invertebrates and vertebrates of
Zoogeographical importance.
TextBook:
1. Darlington, Zoogeography, John Wiely, 1963.
2. S.S. Ali, 1999. Palaeontology, Zoogeography and Wildlife Management.
RecommendedBooks:
1. Hesse, Ecological Animal Geography, John Wiely, 1963.
2. DeBeaufort, Zoogeography of the Land Inland Waters, Sidgwick and Jackson. 1951.
3. Ekman, Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick and Jackson. 1953.
4. Lillies, Introduction to Zoogeography, London, 1974.
5. Muller, Aspects of Zoogeography, Hague, 1974.
6. Jafri, Land Zoogeography of World, 1977.
Course Title Biochemistry-II (Metabolism)

Course Code ZOL-510
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functioning of Macromolecules)
Category Not Applicable
Aims and Objectives M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Learning Outcomes To provide knowledge regarding molecular interpretation of problems and processes of
life.
Syllabus in Brief This course will enable the students to comprehend all the current related courses in
Zoology.
Bioenergetics: Concept of Free Energy and Standard Free Energy change. Energy rich
compounds: Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP; Acyl phosphates; Enol phosphates and
Thioesters.
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Regulation and Anabolic role of Glycolysis. Fate of Pyruvate
under Aerobic and Anaerobic conditions. Gluconeogenesis, its regulation. Feeder
Pathways in Glycolysis i.e. Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Glucose 1-phosphate,
Glyceraldehyde and Glycerol. Phosphorolysis of Glycogen. Biosyntehsis of Glycogen.
Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism. Pentose phosphate pathway of Glucose oxidation
and its major role in the animal tissues.
Anabolic role of citric acid cycle intermediates; Regulation of Citric acid cycle.
Lipid metabolism: Digestion, mobilization and transport of Fats. Biosynthesis and
Utilization of Triacylglycerol. Activation of Fatty acids and their transportation to
mitochondria. Beta-Oxidation and its Bioenergetics. Oxidation of unsaturated Fatty acid.
Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty acid: As an example palmitic acid synthesis; Fatty acid
synthetase (FAS) Models of FAS system in Bacteria, vertebrate tissue. Biosynthesis of
unsaturated Fatty acids, Aerobic and Anaerobic pathways. Ketone bodies their
Biosynthesis, utilization and role in the tissue. Cholesterol regulation.
Nitrogen Metabolism: Metabolic fate of standard amino acids. Catabolism of Amino
acids: Decarboxylation; Deamination and Transamination. Amino acid degradation
showing entery points in citric acid cycle. Nitrogen Excretion and Urea cycle with
Regulation. Incorporation of Ammonia in Glutamate and Glutamine. Sources of various
atoms in Purine and Pyrimidine synthesis.
Books Recommended
Additional Reading
1. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayer, P.A., and Rodwells, V.W., 2000. Harper’s
Biochemistry, 25th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
2. Voet. D., Voet. J.G., and Pratt. C.W., 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, John
Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Oxford, England.
4. Lubert Stryer, 2001. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman & Company, New
York.
Practicals
1. Demonstration of Acid Hydrolysis of Polysaccharide.
2. Determination of pKa values of an amino acid by preparation of titration curves.
3. Estimation of Free Amino Acids in Biological samples colorimetrically.
4. Separation and identification of various amino acids by Paper chromatography /
PAGE.
5. Separation of various protein fractions by precipitation method.
6. Preparation of standard curve of proteins using Lowry’s technique.
7. Estimation of tissue (liver) proteins using Lowry’s technique.
8. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of proteins by ultraviolet (UV)
spectrophotometry.
9. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of DNA by colorimetric analysis
using Diphenylamine method.
10. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of total RNA by colorimetric
analysis using Bial’s Orcinol method.
11. Quantitative analysis of Diastase activity on starch.
12. Study on the effect of temperature on the enzymatic rate of reaction.
Books Recommended
2. Wilson, K & Walker, J., 1994. Practical Biochemistry: Principles of Techniques,
4th Edition, Cambridge University Press.
Course Title Physiology of coordination and animal behaviour

Course Code ZOL-512
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Animal Physiology
Category BS (H) 04-Years/ M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To understand the physiology of coordination and animal behaviour
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand different phenomena responsible for coordinated
animal behaviour
Syllabus in Brief Physiological basis of Neuronal Function: Mechanisms in Resting Membrane
Potentials: Electrogenic ion pump. Donnan equilbrium. Ionic mechanisms in action
potentials: Roles of ion channels. Properties of action potential. Propagation of Action
Potential: Synaptic transmission: Structure and function of electrical synapse &chemical
synapse: Neurotransmitters: Synaptic receptors: Excitatory postsynaptic potentials:
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials: Presynaptic inhibitions: Integration at synapses:
Facilitation. Posttetanic Potentiation.
Photoreception: Ultrastructure of photoreceptors. Photochemistry, Phototransduction
and physiological basis of color vision: Physiological mechanisms in electroreception.
Chemical Messenger and Regulators/Endocrine Physiology: An overview of
invertebrate endocrine structures, their hormones and physiological roles. An overview of
hormones, their chemistry and physiological roles of Hypothalamus. Pituitary, Thyroid,
Parathyroid and associated structures, Endocrine pancreas, Gastropancreatic system,
Adrenal medulla (Chromaffin Tissue), Adrenal cortex, Ovary, Testis and Placenta.
Endocrine functions of kidneys & heart and pineal gland. A generalized model account
of hormone synthesis, storage and secretion (a peptide hormone model and steroid
hormones). General account of hormonal regulations, hormonal turnover, recognition:
Mechanisms of hormonal interactions involving metabolic, developmental, membrane
receptors and nuclear modulated gene expression:
The study of Animal Behaviour: Introduction. History of animal Behaviour.
Approaches and Methods. Mechanisms of Behavior: The Nervous System and Behaviour.
Hormones and Behaviour and Learning Behaviour. Finding Food and Shelter:
Migration. Orientation and Navigation.
Practicals
Muscle and Neuromuscular Activity: Nerve muscle preparation. Muscle twitch,
Comparision of muscle and nerve irritability, effect of stimulus strength, effect of
stimulus frequency (tetany), effect of load or stretch, effect of prolonged activity
(fatigue), stimulation of motor points in human.
Excitability, Sensation and Behaviour: Recording of action potential by oscilloscope
and demonstration of its various features. Experiments to demonstrate characteristic of
reflex arc, Experiment in human (students themselves) to demonstrate some aspect of
sensory physiology.
Endocrine and Reproductive Mechanisms: Effect of insulin on glycemia, study of
stages in estrous cycle, mechanisms in regulations of contraction.Study of hibernation and
biological rhythms.
Books Recommended
1. Randall. D.Burggren. W.. French. K. and Fernald. R.. 2002. Eckert Animal
Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. 5th ed. W.H. Freeman and Company. New
York.
2. Seeley. Rod. R., Stephens, D. Trent and Tate Philip. 2008. Anatomy &
Physiology, 8th Edition. The McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
3. Bullock. J.. Boyle. And Wang. M.B.. 2001. Physiology. 4th edition. Lippincott.
Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia.
4. Bame. F.M. and Levy. M.N.. 2000. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 3rd edition.
St. Lions. Mosby.
7. Drickamer, L.C., Vessey, S.H., and Jacob, E., 2002. Animal Behviour:
Mechanism, Ecology, Evolution. 5th Edition.
8. Manning, A. and Daekins, M.S., 1997. An introduction to animal
behviour, 4th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Course Title Evolution and Principles of Systematics

Course Code ZOL-601
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up
Category BS Zoology, 04-Years Programme/ M.Sc Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives This course will provide informations about origin, classification and evolution of
fauna
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand classification, philosophy of
nomenclature, species concepts, phylogenetic inference and evolutionary
perspectives of biodiversity.
Syllabus in Brief Theory:Contribution of systematic to Biology; History of Taxonomy (Downward
classification, upward classification, impact of origin of species and their delimitation,
population systematics, current trends); Micrortaxonomy, phenon, Taxon; Taxonomic
categories; species category, infraspecies category, higher categories; species concepts
(Typological concept; nominalistic concept, Biological concept, evolutionary concept).
Species mate recognition concept; non-dimensional species concept; Multidimensional
species concept; Cohesion species concept; Difficulties in the application of biological
species; ploytypic species, subspecies, superspecies, sibling species; study of major type
of variation within a single population, Macrotaxonomy; different kinds of Synonym,
Homonym, Keys; Evolution of the theory of Nomenclature; interpretation and application
of the code (stability, priority, first revisor principle) range of authority of code; concept
of availability, type method formation of specific names, cladistics,Taxonomic characters
and their kinds and weightage, Importance and application of biosystematics in biological
studies.The nature and origin to life, Evidences of evolution. Theories to explain the
diversity to life – Lamarckism, Darwinism and Special Creation. The present status of
these theories, Modern synthetic theory.
Factors initiating elementary evolutionary changes (micro-evolution) by changing gene
frequencies, mutation pressure, selection pressure and immigration, genetic drift. Role of
isolation in evolution. Factors of large evolutionary changes, (macro-evolution)
Heterochrony, allometry, orthogenesis, adaptive radiation.
Modern concept of Natural Selection; Level of selection, selection patterns, laboratory
and field examples regarding action of Natural Selection. Action of Natural Selection
leading to convergence, radiation, regressin and extinction, Batesian mimicry, Mullerian
mimicry, Sexual selection; Darwin’s concept, Fisher’s view, Zahavi’s handicap theory.
Trend and rates in evolution.
Practicals:
1. Study of preserved invertebrate species and their classification up to class level.
2. Collection, Preservation and identification of common species with the help of keys.
3. Methods of statistical analysis of samples from populations.
4. Preparation of keys for the identification of specimens.
Text Books:
1. Ridley, M. 1993. Evolution, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2. Mayer, E. 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw Hill York.
3. Simpson, G.G., 1961. Principles of Animal Taxonomy, Columbia University Press,
N.Y.
Recommended Books:
1. Mayer, E. and Asblock, P.D., 1991. . Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw Hill
York.
2. Mayr, E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press.
3. Huxley, E., 1940. New Systematics, Oxford University Press.
4. Scheuk and McMaster, 1959. Procedure in Taxonomy, Stanford University Press.
5. Mayer, E. and Asblock, P.D., 1991. . Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw Hill
York.
6. Ross, H.H., 1974. Biological Systematics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Reading,
Massachusetts.
7. Heywood, V.H., 1975. Taxonomy and Ecology, Aeademic Press, London.
8. Whili, M.J.D., 1978. Modes of Speciation, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
9. Howard, R. and Moore, A., 1984. A complete Check-list of the Birds of the World,
Macmillan, London.
10. Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F.J., Stebbins, G.L., and Valentine, J.W., 1973. Evolution,
W.H. Freeman and Company.
11. Dobzhansky, T., 1970. Genetics of the Evolution process, Columbia University Press,
New York.
12. Sheppard, P.M., 1985. Natural Selection and Heredity, Hutchson University Library,
London.
13. Dobzhansky, T., Genetics and the Origin of Species, Columbia University Press, New
York.
14. Mayr, E. Pouplations. Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press.
15. Moody, P.A., 1989, Introduction to Evolution, Harper and Row Polishers, New York.
16. Cain, A.J., Animal species and their Evolution, Hutchson University Library,
London.
17. Westoll, T.S., The Evolution of Living Things.
18. Ross, H.H., Understanding Evolution.
19. Simpson, G.G., Meaning of Evolution, Yale University Press.
20. Dodson, E.O., 1960. Evolution: Process and product, Chapman and Hall Ltd.
21. Wilson, E.O., 1999: The diversity of life, 17th edition W.W. Northern & Co.
22. Samiullah, K., 2014. An approach to evolution.
Course Title Fisheries

Course Code ZOL-605
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives Culturing of fishes to meet the needs of protein of the country.
Learning Outcomes Introduction to fish fauna, its culture and field application.
Aims and evolution of Fish Culture, Requisite conditions for fish suitable for
Fish Culture; Construction and layout of ponds; natural food and growth of
cultivated fishes; Techniques and methods of fish cultivation, Breeding and
cultivation of cyprinids, biological means of increasing production; Maintenance
and improvement of ponds; Artificial feeding of fish; Enemies and diseases of
fish; Harvesting the fish.
Practicals:
1. Study of various aquatic culture systems (fish farm, hatcheries and nurseries).
2. Weight length and condition factor in relation to different environment in fish
spp.
3. Induced spawning.
4. Fish diseases, symptoms and treatment.
Books Recommended:
1. Huet, M., 1986. Textbook of Fish Culture: Breeding and cultivation of fish.
2nd Edition. Fishing News Book Ltd. England.
2. Pillay, T.V.R. and Dill, W.M.A., 1976. Advances in Aquaculture. Published
by Fishing News Books, Ltd., England.
3. Jhingran, V.G., 1983. Fish and Fisheries of India. 2nd Edition. Hindustan
Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
Pillay, T.V.R. 1999. Aquaculture: Principles and practices. Fishing News
Books, London.
Course Title Research Methodology

Course Code ZOl-607
Credit Hours 1(1-0)
Theory 1
Practical 0
Follow up
Category BS (Hons) Zoology, 04-Years Programme/ MSc 02 years
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Introduction to Course, Important definitions, The aims, objectives, motivation
and types of research, The research topic, Research design, characteristics of good
research design, research problem and research issues, Sampling design,
Population and sampling types, Data analysis, interpretation of results, role of
computer and statistics in research, report writing, Synopsis and Thesis (Title,
Abstract, Introduction, Materials & Methods, Literature Review, Results and
Discussion, Summary, Literature cited and References), Ethical consideration on
research
Text Books/Suggested Books:
Kothari, C.R., 2004. Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research design : qualitative and quantitative approaches. -
Thousand Oaks, Calif.; London : Sage Publications, ISBN 0803952546
Dawson, C. 2009.Introduction to research methods: A practical guide for anyone
undertaking a research project. 4th Ed. Spring Hill House, Spring Hill Road,
Begbroke, Oxford OX5 1RX. United Kingdom.
Course Title Principles of Paleontology

Course Code ZOl-609
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives This course will help to learn about the evolutionary history of major groups of animals,
origin and diversification and extinction. This course also provides understanding of the
history of fossil life on earth, major crises about individuals of remote past.
Learning Outcomes After studying this course, the student will be able to understand evolutionary history of
fossil record, processes of evolution, stratigraphic and environmental of contexts.
The history of life; Earth, Shells of earth (Atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and
lithosphere); Development of life on earth; Rock, types of rocks (lgneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks); Introduction to Paleontology; Fossil, types and Significance of
fossils, Nature of fossils, Fossilization and Processes of fossilization (Study of process of
dying and what processes occur to animals after their death, Geological concepts of
fossilization); Geological time scale; Pre-Cambrian life, Post-Cambrian life (Paleozoic
life, Mesozoic life, Cenozoic life); A brief history of the Siwaliks; Dating the rocks,
Radio-activity methods (Uranium/Lead dating, radiocarbon dating, Fission track dating
and palaeomagnetism); Evolutionary histories of camel, horse, elephant and man.
Practicals:
1. General survey of Paleontological lab.
2. Study of various kinds of Rocks (Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks).
3. Study of various kinds of fossils (Petrified, pseudomorphs, mold, casts, Imprints, foot
prints and Coprolites etc.).
4. Identification and classification invertebrate fossils like foraminifers, coelenterates,
Brachiopodes, arthropods (Trilobites), Molluscs and Echinoderms.
5. Study of vertebrate fossils of evolutionary importance e.g. Horses, Elephants,
Primates and Camels etc.
TextBooks:
1. Brouwer, A., 1977. General Palaeontology. Oliver and Boyed, London.
2. Samiullah, K 2014. A hand book of Paleontology
RecommendedBooks:
2. Young J.Z., 1950. (3rd edition & 7th edition). Life of vertebrates. London, Oxford
Univ. Press.
3. Dunbar C.o., 1969. Historical Geology, John willey and sons Inc. New York.
4. Gilbert, Colbert, E.H., 1980. Evolution of vertebrates. John Willey and Sons Inc.
New York.
5. Moore, R.C. Lalicker, G.C., Fisher, A.G., 1952. Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill,
New York.
6. Steven M. Stanley, 2008. Earth system History3rd addition.
7. Abu Bakr, 1981. Palaeontology.
Course Title Aquatic Toxicology
Course Code ZOL-656
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc/MPhil Zoology, 02 Years Programme
Aims and Objectives The major objectives of this course are to introduce students to the diverse array of toxic
chemicals that are currently found in aquatic environment effecting aquatic life.
Learning Outcomes This course will provide hands-on experience with the techniques used in
toxicological studies
Syllabus in Brief Syllabus in Brief:
Introduction to aquatic toxicology, Short History of Aquatic Toxicology, Major
classes of aquatic pollutants, Routs by which pollutants enter the aquatic
ecosystems, The Aquatic Environment, The Factors that Affect the
Environmental Concentration of Chemicals,Basic Toxicological Concepts and
Principles, Factors that influence Toxicity,Toxic Agents and their effects,
Examination of Concentration-Response Relationships, Toxicity Testing,
Interpreting Toxicity Test Data, Biomonitoring, Toxicity data and Environmental
Regulations, Bioindicators and Biomarkers, Genotoxicity, Oxidative Stress,
Effects on reproduction, Neurotoxicity, Apoptosis and Necrosis,
Immunotoxicology, Effects on Development, Behavioral Effects.
Practical:
Effects of toxicants on hematology of fish,Effects of toxicants on liver and
kidney, Effects of toxicants on food intake in fishes
Text Books
Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Effects, Environmental Fate, and Risk
Assessment, Edited by Gary M. Rand, PhD, Second Edition, 1995.CRC Press
Suggested Reading:
1. Taylor and Francis: Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Effects,
Environmental Fate and Risk Assessment. 2nd Edition, Philadelphia, London
2. An introduction to Aquatic Toxicology, by MikkoNikinmma (2014).
Elsevier
3. Karen E. Stine and Thomas M. Brown (2015). Principles of Toxicology, CRC
Press
4. Hyes A W. 1994. Principles and Method of Toxicology. 3rd Ed. Raven Press
New York
Course Title Wildlife of Pakistan

Course Code ZOl-606
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To know what type of wildlife exist in Pakistan and what are the threats it is facing,
moreover, how wildlife is being secured in Pakistan
Learning Outcomes Students will become able to participate in conservation of Wildlife.
Syllabus in Brief Syllabus: Wildlife, Wild life of Pakistan ( Province wise), identification, distribution,
status, conservation and management of reptiles, birds and mammals of major importance
in Pakistan. Philosophy and significance of wildlife conservation. Biodiversity and
sustainability of wildlife. Endangered species of wildlife in Pakistan. Wildlife rules and
regulations in Pakistan. National and International organizations involved in conservation
and management of wildlife. Sanctuaries, Game Reserve and National Parks in Pakistan.
Wetlands, endangered species of Pakistan.
Practical:
Study of distribution description, biology, food, predators and status of wild animals of a
zoo or Zoological park of Pakistan. Adaptive features of animals in relation to food and
environment, Food chain of local birds in various seasons. Construction of food chain and
food webs of wild animals.
Text Books:
Suggested Reading:
1. Wildlife of Pakistan, 2002. Published by Punjab Wildlife Department, Lahore.
2. Miller, G.T. 2002. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections and Solution.
12th Edition. Thomson Learning Inc., Australia.
3 Roberts, T.J., 1998. The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. II, Oxford.
4. Roberts, T.J., 1992. The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. II, Oxford.
5. Roberts, T.J., 1998. Mammals of Pakistan, Ernest Benon Ltd. London.
6. Robinson, W.L. and Bolen, E.G., 1984. Wildlife Ecology and Management,
McMillan, Cambridge.
7. http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com
Course Title Bio-remediation and Bioprocessing

Course Code ZOL-608
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Category BS Zoology, 04-years Program /M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Program
Aims and Objectives Bioremediation is to control of environmental pollution and to address other problems by
using living organisms. This keeps the environment free of natural and manmade
pollutants by using living or dead organisms, their metabolites, biochemicals and
processes.
Learning Outcomes This course will develop techniques to tackle with the environmental pollution by
biological means.
Concept of bioremediation; Ex situ and In-situ Bioremediation.
Degradation of natural substances; Biodegradation of xenobiotics; Industrial effluents,
Dyes, Hazardous chemicals, TNT wastes, Introduction to different Bacterial and Fungal
spec used in Bioremediation.
Biosorption: Use of Bacteria, Algae and Fungi for it.
Phytoremediation.
Biotechnology for Air Pollution:
Bioscrubbers, Trickling Filters etc.
Use of enzymes.
Muncipal and Industrial Waste Water Treatment: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and
Sewage Treatment including disinfection. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal.
Biohydrometallargy: for extraction of Precious metals from their ores (Iron, Gold,
Copper, Silver)
Biofuel generation; Use of Algae, Alcohol etc for production of Biofuels.
Practicals
Isolation and studies of heavy metals tolerant/resistant microorganisms; Studies on
bacterial capable of degrading xenobiotics; production of alchohol from decaying fruits.
Books Recommended
Practical Environmental Bioremediation the field guide, 1997. R. Barry King,
Gilbert M. Long, John K. Sheldon, Lewis publishers.
Books:
General Microbiology, 1995. Schlegel, H.G., Cambridge University Press.
Biotechnology, 1996. Smith, J.F., Cambridge University Press.
Environmental Biotechnology Principals and applications, 2000. Pruce, R. Hmana,
Parry McCarty, McGraw Hill.
Biodegradation and Bioremediation, 1999. Martin Alexender academic press Inc.
Course Title Biodiversity

Course Code ZOL-692
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up B.Sc. Zoology
Aims and Objectives Study regarding the richness and evenness in animal kingdom.
Syllabus in Brief Definition; Types; Levels; Status of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity.
Natural Resources and Biodiversity
 Ecological aspects of Biodiversity
 Impacts on Biodiversity
 Loss of Biodiversity
 Protection / Conservation of Biodiversity.
Practicals
1. Critical account (phylogenetic controversies) of some important museums
speciments with the help of literature.
2. Procedures for studying species richness, Simpson Index, Shannon and
Weiner Function.
3. Population of some local subterranean animals.
Books Recommended
1. Biodiversity, Principles and Conservation by Kumar & Asija, 2000.
2. The Diversity of Life by C. Mary Jenking and Ann Boyce, 1987.
M.Sc. Courses:
Course Title Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functions of Macromolecules)

Course Code ZOL-551
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives To provide knowledge regarding structural / storage components of basic unit of
life at molecular level also. It will also enable the students to understand
Biochemistry of major food stuffs.
Learning Outcomes This course will enable the students to study the working of life processes at
molecular level.
Syllabus in Brief Amino acids: Peptides and Proteins: Standard Amino acids their structure,
Classification, Acid/Base properties and Titration curves. Amino acid sequencing
of proteins and its significance. Macromolecular separation techniques in
Biochemistry: Ion exchange chromatography; Polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis
(PAGE); Isoelectric Focusing.
Enzymes: How enzymes work. Enzyme rate of reaction and substrate
concentration. How pH and temperature effect enzyme activity. Kinetics of
Bisubstrate and Multisubstrate reactions. Enzyme inhibition, Irreversible and
Reversible Regulatory Enzymes.
Carbohydrates: Classification of Carbohydrates. History of Developments in
Structure of Glucose. Monosaccharides. Disaccharides their types structure and
properties. Polysaccharides: Storage and Structural types; Structure and major
functions of Glycogen, Chitin, Peptidoglycans of bacterial cell wall.
Lipids: Fatty acids, their types. Storage Lipids: Acylglycerols; Structural
Lipids of membranes: Glycerophospholipids; Sphingolipids their role and
degradation. Sterols, Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estiadiole. Major functions of
Lipids. Lipoproteins, their types and major functions. Lipid analysis: GLC as an
example.
Vitamins as Cofactors: Occurrence, Structure and Biochemical function of
Riboflavin.
Nucleic acids: Types and structure.
Books Recommended
Additional Reading
1. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayer, P.A., and Rodwells, V.W., 2000.
Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York.
2. Voet. D., Voet. J.G., and Pratt. C.W., 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry,
John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Oxford, England.
4. Lubert Stryer, 1995. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman & Company,
New York.
Practicals
1. Tests for detection of carbohydrates in acidic medium.
2. Tests for detection of carbohydrates in alkaline medium.
3. Detection of Non-Reducing sugars in the presence of Reducing sugars.
4. Tests to demonstrate relative instability of glycosidic linkage in
carbohydrates.
5. Tests for detection of Disaccharides.
6. Preparation of standard curve of glucose by ortho-Toluidine method.
7. Estimation of glucose from blood serum or any other fluid using ortho-
Toluidine technique.
8. Biochemical tests for detection of different amino acid groups.
9. Preparation of standard curve of proteins by Biuret method.
10. Estimation of Blood serum proteins using Biuret technique.
11. Demonstration of differential solubility of lipids in various solvents.
12. Various Qualitative Tests for detection of Lipids.
13. Determination of Acid value of Fats.
Books Recommended
1. Plummer, David T., 1990. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 4th
Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, London.
2. Wilson, K & Walker, J., 1994. Practical Biochemistry: Principles of
Techniques, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press.
Course Title Developmental Biology

Course Code ZOL-553
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives The students will be able to understand basic principles through the understanding
morphology and anatomy of embryos.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to apply the basic principles of development to further
research.
Principle features of development, developmental patterns. Spermatogenesis,
oogenesis, fertilization, Recognition of sperm and egg, Fusion of gemetes.
Rearrangement of egg cytoplasm, cleavage, patterns of embryonic cleavage,
mechanism of cleavage, gastrulation, Fate maps, Gastrulation in birds, mammals.
Early vertebrate development, Neurulation, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Cellular basis of morphogenesis, Establishments of body axis and mechanism of
teratogenesis; organogenesis, a brief account of origin and migration of germ cells
in vertebrates, factors controlling growth and oncogenesis. Regeneration in
vertebrates.
Practicals
Study of structure of gametes of fowl. Study of cleavage and subsequent
development with the help of prepared slides or whole mounts of chick embryo.
Preparation and study of serial sections of different tissues. Preparation and
staining of histological slides.
Books Recommended
6. Developmental biology, 2000. by Gilbert, S. F.
7. Human Embryology and Developmental biology, By Carlson, B. M.
8. Introduction to Embryonic Developments by Oppenheimar, SS and Allen and
Bacon
9. An introduction to embryology 1985 by Balinsky .B.I. and Saunders
10. Developmental Biology by Saunders W.B.
11. Modern Embryology 1968 by Bodemer C.W
12. Mechanism of development 1980. by Ham.R.G., and Veomett, M. J.
13. Development 1978 by Barril N.J and Karp G.
14. The developing human 1982 by Moore K.L.
15. Medical Embryology 1981 by Largman, J.
Clinical Embryology 1983 by Snell, R.S.,
Course Title Advanced Environmental Biology

Course Code ZOL-555
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up B.Sc. Zoology + Botany
Aims and Objectives This course will provide awareness regarding the environmental changes.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to study the applied ecology.
Nature of Ecology, The earth’s life support system, Ecosystem concepts and
components, Food chains and food webs, Energy flow in Ecosystem, Primary
productivity of ecosystems, Matter cycling in ecosystem (Biogeochemical cycles).
Ecological Niche, Major ecosystem of world: Marine, Estuarine, Freshwater,
Tundra, Forest, Grassland and Desert. Population Ecology: Population structure,
Factors affecting population growth, Factors controlling population growth.
Community Ecology: Size and structure of community. Ecological succession:
Communities in transition, Role and interaction of species in the ecosystem, Man
and Environment, Impact of human population growth: Air pollution:
Atmosphere, Outdoor air pollution, Photochemical and industrial smog, Acid
deposition, Global warming, Ozone depletion in the stratosphere, Types and
sources of water pollution, Noise pollution.
Practicals
Food chain, food web & ecological notes
Methods and analysis of population dynamics
Quadrate method
Determining frequency of different species
Determining density of species in habitat
Measurement of pollutants levels
In atmosphere (NO2, SO2, O3 and comparison with rural air)
In soil (toxic chemical, fertilizer, insecticides, herbicides)
Analysis of polluted and freshwater for
Various pollutant; heavy metals,-CO3, -HCO3,NO3, BOD, COD, pH, EC,
total soluble solids.
Books Recommended (Latest Edition)
1. Miller, G.T. 2002. Living in the environment: Principles, Connections and Solutions.
12th Edition. Thomson Learning, Australia.
2. M.L. McKinney Enviromental Sciense: System and Solution (1999) Jones &
Bartlett Publication, Boston.
3. M.C. Molles Ecology: Concepts and application (1999) WCB/McGraw Hill,
New York.
5. Smith Ecology and Field Biology (1988) National Book Foundation
6. E.P. Odum Fundamentals of Ecology. Latest Edition.
Course Title Animal Physiology

Course Code ZOL-557
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up
Category BS(H) 4 years/ M. Sc 2 years
Aims and Objectives One is able to understand mechanisms and adaptations of physiological systems in
animals.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand the working of various systems of
organisms.
Syllabus in Brief Central themes in Physiology: Structure-Function Relationship. Adaptations,
Homeostasis. Conformity and Regulation.
Cardiovascular Mechanisms: Electrical activity of heart: Automaticity,
Rhythmicity, Electrocardiography, Mechnical activity of heart: Cardiac output,
stroke volume and heart rate, Hemodynamics: Blood flow, pressures and
resistance and their interrelationships and peripheral circulation.
Exchange of Gases: Transport of O2 and CO2 between respiratory surface (the
lungs) and body cells. Regulation of respiration: Gas transfer in lung, air and
water (gills) and its regulation. Respiratory responses in extreme conditions as
hypoxia, hypercapnia and diving by air breathing divers.
Excretion and Osmoregulation: Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial
environment. Vertebrate nephron as osmoregulatory organ: Physiological
anatomy. Glomerular filtration. Tubular absorption and secretion: Nitrogenous
waste products: Patterns of nitrogenous excretion and their phylogenetic
development.
Nutrition: Regulation of digestive secretions: Physiological anatomy of digestive
tract (mammalian model), Absorption of water, ions and nutrients.
Movements and Muscles: Structural basis of muscle contraction: molecular structures of
contractile components and their interaction, sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium and
membrane.
Temperature Relations:
Temperature based classifications of animals, Temperature relations of
ectotherms: Ectotherms in different environments, cost & benefits of ectothermy,
temperature relations of heterotherms and endotherms: Dormancy: Sleep, Torpor,
Hibernation, Estivation.
Practicals:
Cardiovascular Activity:Normal cardiac activity, effect of temperature, effect of
drug, heart block, tetanization of heart by Kymography, Measurement of blood
pressure.
Respiration and Exercise:Oxygen consumption in fish and effect of temperature
(by dissolved oxygen meter) and terrestrial animal (mouse). Heart rate, blood
pressure and glycemic alterations by exercise.
Books Recommended:
1. Randall. D. Burggren. W. French. K. and Fernald. R. 2002. Eckert Animal
Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. 5th ed. W.H. Freeman and
Company. New York.
2. Seeley. Rod. R., Stephens.D. Trent and Tate Philip. 2008. Anatomy &
3. Bullock. J. Boyle. And Wang. M.B. 2001. Physiology. 4th edition. Lippincott.
4. Bame. F.M. and Levy. M.N. 2000. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 3rd
Edition. St. Lions. Mosby.
5. Guyton, Arthur C. and John E. Hall. 2000 Text book of Medical Physiology
10th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company.
6. Withers. 1992. Comparative Animal Physiology.
7. Sdhmidt- Nelsen. K., 1997. Animal Physiology.Adaptation and environment
5th Edition Cambridge University Press Cambridge.
8. Tharp. G. and Woodman. D. 2002.
Experiments in Physiology. 8th
Edition.Prentice Hall London
Course Title Advanced Cell Biology

Course Code ZOL-559
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives In this course, the students will be able to learn about the ultra-structural,
molecular and functional aspects of the cell.
Syllabus in Brief Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Significance of genetic material.
Structure of DNA –A, B and Z forms. DNA replication: mechanisms in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA polymerases and other enzymes and DNA
binding proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA repair mechanisms. Cell
Cycle and its regulation. Transcription: RNA polymerases, transcriptional control
in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Post-transcriptional processing of RNA, Structure
and function of ribosomes. Genetic Code, point mutations, genetic code, DNA
sequencing. Translation, Regulation of Gene Expression: Lac Operon,
Recombinant DNA technology: Cloning vectors, restriction endonucleases, Brief
introduction on Southern blotting, Northern blotting, western blotting.
Structure, chemical composition and functions of Plasma Membrane
(Permeability, Active Transport, Endocytosis), Mitochondria (its role in
respiration and its status as semi-autonomous organelle), Golgi Apparatus,
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Lysosomes, Ribosomes, Peroxisomes, glyoxysomes,
Cytoskeleton.
Practical:
1. Culturing and staining of bacteria and yeast.
2. Counting of bacterial cells and preparation of growth curves.
3. Counting of blood cell types by haemocytometer.
4. DNA extraction and demonstration on agarose gel.
5. Detection (in protozoan culture and blood cells) and quantitative
determination of chromosomal DNA and RNA.
6. Isolation and fractionation of proteins from blood sera by polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis.
Text Books:
1. Alberts B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K and Walter, P., 2002.
Molecular Biology of Cell. Garland Science, New York.Lodish, H., Berk, A.,
Kaiser, C.A., Krieger, M., Scott, M.P., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H and Matsudaira, P.
Molecular Cell Biology, 6th edition. Freeman & Comp. New York.
2. Alberts B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K and Walter, P. 2002.
Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science, New York.
3. Alberts B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K and Walter, P. 2008.
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th edition. Garland Science, New York.
4. Karp, G. 2002. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts & Experiments. John Wiley
& Sons, New York.
Course Title Research Methodology

Course Code ZOl-561
Credit Hours 1(1-0)
Theory 1
Practical 0
Follow up
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Introduction to Course, Important definitions, The aims, objectives, motivation
and types of research, The research topic, Research design, characteristics of good
research design, research problem and research issues, Sampling design,
Population and sampling types, Data analysis, interpretation of results, role of
computer and statistics in research, report writing, Synopsis and Thesis (Title,
Abstract, Introduction, Materials & Methods, Literature Review, Results and
Discussion, Summary, Literature cited and References), Ethical consideration on
research
Text Books/Suggested Books:
Kothari, C.R., 2004. Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research design : qualitative and quantitative approaches. -
Thousand Oaks, Calif.; London : Sage Publications, ISBN 0803952546
Dawson, C. 2009.Introduction to research methods: A practical guide for anyone
undertaking a research project. 4th Ed. Spring Hill House, Spring Hill Road,
Begbroke, Oxford OX5 1RX. United Kingdom.
Course Title Biochemistry-II

Course Code ZOL-552
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functioning of Macromolecules)
Aims and Objectives To provide knowledge regarding molecular interpretation of problems and processes of
life.
Learning Outcomes This course will enable the students to comprehend all the current related courses in
Zoology.
Syllabus in Brief Bioenergetics: Concept of Free Energy and Standard Free Energy change. Energy rich
compounds: Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP; Acyl phosphates; Enol phosphates and
Thioesters.
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Regulation and Anabolic role of Glycolysis. Fate of Pyruvate
under Aerobic and Anaerobic conditions. Gluconeogenesis, its regulation. Feeder
Pathways in Glycolysis i.e. Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Glucose 1-phosphate,
Glyceraldehyde and Glycerol. Phosphorolysis of Glycogen. Biosyntehsis of Glycogen.
Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism. Pentose phosphate pathway of Glucose oxidation
and its major role in the animal tissues.
Anabolic role of citric acid cycle intermediates; Regulation of Citric acid cycle.
Lipid metabolism: Digestion, mobilization and transport of Fats. Biosynthesis and
Utilization of Triacylglycerol. Activation of Fatty acids and their transportation to
mitochondria. Beta-Oxidation and its Bioenergetics. Oxidation of unsaturated Fatty acid.
Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty acid: As an example palmitic acid synthesis; Fatty acid
synthetase (FAS) Models of FAS system in Bacteria, vertebrate tissue. Biosynthesis of
unsaturated Fatty acids, Aerobic and Anaerobic pathways. Ketone bodies their
Biosynthesis, utilization and role in the tissue. Cholesterol regulation.
Nitrogen Metabolism: Metabolic fate of standard amino acids. Catabolism of Amino
acids: Decarboxylation; Deamination and Transamination. Amino acid degradation
showing entery points in citric acid cycle. Nitrogen Excretion and Urea cycle with
Regulation. Incorporation of Ammonia in Glutamate and Glutamine. Sources of various
atoms in Purine and Pyrimidine synthesis.
Books Recommended
1. David I., Nelson, and Michael M, Cox. 2000, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry,
3rd Edition, Macmillan Worth Pubslihers, New York.
2. Additional Reading
3. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayer, P.A., and Rodwells, V.W., 2000. Harper’s
Biochemistry, 25th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
4. Voet. D., Voet. J.G., and Pratt. C.W., 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, John
Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
5. Zubay. G., 2000. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers Inc. Oxford,
England.
6. Lubert Stryer, 2001. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W.H. Freeman & Company, New
York.
Practicals
1. Demonstration of Acid Hydrolysis of Polysaccharide.
2. Determination of pKa values of an amino acid by preparation of titration curves.
3. Estimation of Free Amino Acids in Biological samples colorimetrically.
4. Separation and identification of various amino acids by Paper chromatography /
PAGE.
5. Separation of various protein fractions by precipitation method.
6. Preparation of standard curve of proteins using Lowry’s technique.
7. Estimation of tissue (liver) proteins using Lowry’s technique.
8. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of proteins by ultraviolet (UV)
spectrophotometry.
9. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of DNA by colorimetric analysis using
Diphenylamine method.
10. Preparation of standard curve and Estimation of total RNA by colorimetric analysis
using Bial’s Orcinol method.
11. Quantitative analysis of Diastase activity on starch.
12. Study on the effect of temperature on the enzymatic rate of reaction.
Books Recommended
2. Wilson, K & Walker, J., 1994. Practical Biochemistry: Principles of Techniques,
4th Edition, Cambridge University Press.
Course Title Physiology of coordination and animal behaviour

Course Code ZOL-554
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Animal Physiology
Category BS (H) 04-Years/ M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To understand the physiology of coordination and animal behaviour
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand different phenomena responsible for coordinated
animal behaviour
Syllabus in Brief Physiological basis of Neuronal Function: Mechanisms in Resting Membrane
Potentials: Electrogenic ion pump. Donnan equilbrium. Ionic mechanisms in action
potentials: Roles of ion channels. Properties of action potential. Propagation of Action
Potential: Synaptic transmission: Structure and function of electrical synapse &chemical
synapse: Neurotransmitters: Synaptic receptors: Excitatory postsynaptic potentials:
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials: Presynaptic inhibitions: Integration at synapses:
Facilitation. Posttetanic Potentiation.
Photoreception: Ultrastructure of photoreceptors. Photochemistry, Phototransduction
and physiological basis of color vision: Physiological mechanisms in electroreception.
Chemical Messenger and Regulators/Endocrine Physiology: An overview of
invertebrate endocrine structures, their hormones and physiological roles. An overview of
hormones, their chemistry and physiological roles of Hypothalamus. Pituitary, Thyroid,
Parathyroid and associated structures, Endocrine pancreas, Gastropancreatic system,
Adrenal medulla (Chromaffin Tissue), Adrenal cortex, Ovary, Testis and Placenta.
Endocrine functions of kidneys & heart and pineal gland. A generalized model account
of hormone synthesis, storage and secretion (a peptide hormone model and steroid
hormones). General account of hormonal regulations, hormonal turnover, recognition:
Mechanisms of hormonal interactions involving metabolic, developmental, membrane
receptors and nuclear modulated gene expression:
The study of Animal Behaviour: Introduction. History of animal Behaviour.
Approaches and Methods. Mechanisms of Behavior: The Nervous System and Behaviour.
Hormones and Behaviour and Learning Behaviour. Finding Food and Shelter:
Migration. Orientation and Navigation.
Practicals
Muscle and Neuromuscular Activity: Nerve muscle preparation. Muscle twitch,
Comparision of muscle and nerve irritability, effect of stimulus strength, effect of
stimulus frequency (tetany), effect of load or stretch, effect of prolonged activity
(fatigue), stimulation of motor points in human.
Excitability, Sensation and Behaviour: Recording of action potential by oscilloscope
and demonstration of its various features. Experiments to demonstrate characteristic of
reflex arc, Experiment in human (students themselves) to demonstrate some aspect of
sensory physiology.
Endocrine and Reproductive Mechanisms: Effect of insulin on glycemia, study of
stages in estrous cycle, mechanisms in regulations of contraction.Study of hibernation and
biological rhythms.
Books Recommended
1. Randall. D.Burggren. W.. French. K. and Fernald. R.. 2002. Eckert Animal
Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. 5th ed. W.H. Freeman and Company. New
York.
2. Seeley. Rod. R., Stephens, D. Trent and Tate Philip. 2008. Anatomy &
3. Bullock. J.. Boyle. And Wang. M.B.. 2001. Physiology. 4th edition. Lippincott.
4. Bame. F.M. and Levy. M.N.. 2000. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 3rd edition.
St. Lions. Mosby.
7. Drickamer, L.C., Vessey, S.H., and Jacob, E., 2002. Animal Behviour:
Mechanism, Ecology, Evolution. 5th Edition.
8. Manning, A. and Daekins, M.S., 1997. An introduction to animal
behviour, 4th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Course Title Evolution and Principles of Systematics

Course Code ZOL-556
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up B.Sc. Zoology + Botany
Aims and Objectives To classify fauna of the Universe and their origin.
Learning Outcomes Application of knowledge to elaborate the different research techniques and apply it to
explain the results.
Contribution of systematic to Biology; History of Taxonomy (Downward classification,
upward classification, impact of origin of species, population systematics, current trends);
Micrortaxonomy, phenon, Taxon; Taxonomic categories; species category, infraspecies
category, higher categories; species concepts (Typological concept; nominalistic concept,
Biological concept, evolutionary concept). Species mate recognition concept; non-
dimensional species concept; Multidimensional species concept; Cohesion species
concept; Difficulties in the application of biological species; ploytypic species,
subspecies, superspecies, sibling species; study of major type of variation within a single
population, Macrotaxonomy; different kinds of Synonym, Homonym, Keys; Evolution of
the theory of Nomenclature; interpretation and application of the code (stability, priority,
first revisor principle) range of authority of code; concept of availability, type method
formation of specific names.
The nature and origin to life, Evidences of evolution. Theories to explain the diversity to
life – Lamarckism, Darwinism and Special Creation. The present status of these theories,
Modern synthetic theory.
Factors initiating elementary evolutionary changes (micro-evolution) by changing gene
frequencies, mutation pressure, selection pressure, immigration and croobreeding, genetic
drift. Role of isolation in evolution. Factors of large evolutionary changes (macro-
evolution) – allometry, orthogenesis, adaptive radiation.
Modern concept of Natural Selection; Level of selection, selection patterns, laboratory
and field examples regarding action of Natural Selection. Action of Natural Selection
leading to convergence, radiation, regressin and extinction, Batesian mimicry, Mullerian
mimicry, Sexual selection; Darwin’s concept, Fisher’s view, Zahavi’s handicap theory.
Trend and rates in evolution.
Practicals
Study of preserved invertebrate species and their classification up to class level.
Collection. Preservation and identification of common species with the help of keys.
Methods of statistical analysis of samples from populations. Preparation of keys for the
identification of specimens.
Books Recommended
Mayer, E. 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw Hill York.
Mayer, E. and Asblock, P.D., 1991. . Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw Hill
York.
Huxley, E., 1940. New Systematics, Oxford University Press.
Mayr, E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press.
Scheuk and McMaster, 1959. Procedure in Taxonomy, Stanford University Press.
Simpson, G.G., 1961. Principles of Animal Taxonomy, Columbia University Press, N.Y.
Mayer, E. and Asblock, P.D., 1991. . Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGraw Hill
York.
Ross, H.H., 1974. Biological Systematics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Reading,
Massachusetts.
Heywood, V.H., 1975. Taxonomy and Ecology, Aeademic Press, London.
Whili, M.J.D., 1978. Modes of Speciation, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
Howard, R. and Moore, A., 1984. A complete Check-list of the Birds of the World,
Macmillan, London.
12. Ridley, M. 1993. Evolution, Blackwell Scientific Publications
Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F.J., Stebbins, G.L., and Valentine, J.W., 1973. Evolution, W.H.
Freeman and Company.
Dobzhansky, T., 1970. Genetics of the Evolution process, Columbia University Press,
New York.
Sheppard, P.M., 1985. Natural Selection and Heredity, Hutchson University Library,
London.
Dobzhansky, T., Genetics and the Origin of Species, Columbia University Press, New
York.
Mayr, E. Pouplations. Species and Evolution, Harvard University Press.
Moody, P.A., 1989, Introduction to Evolution, Harper and Row Polishers, New York.
Cain, A.J., Animal species and their Evolution, Hutchson University Library, London.
Westoll, T.S., The Evolution of Living Things.
Ross, H.H., Understanding Evolution.
Simpson, G.G., Meaning of Evolution, Yale University Press.
Dodson, E.O., 1960. Evolution: Process and product, Chapman and Hall Ltd.
Course Title General and Molecular Genetics

Course Code ZOL-558
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Biotechnology
Aims and Objectives This course covers general genetic principles, DNA tools for genetic analysis, the
molecular basis of genetic diseases, animal models, Molecular methods of
analysis are emphasized. Prerequisites: All four core courses
Learning Outcomes In this course students learn to use the tools of modern genomics to elucidate
phenotypic variation within populations.
Syllabus in Brief Introduction: classical genetics, molecular genetics, Reverse and forward genetics, basic
principles of Inheritance (Mendelism): Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses. Model
organism used for genetic studies, Multiple Alleles: ABO Blood system. Genetics of Rh
factor and Erythroblastosis Foetalis. Gene Interaction: Epistasis, Lethality and
Pleiotropism. Sex Linked gene in human beings. Sex Chromosome and Sex determination
in human beings, Drosophila and other animals. recombination and chromosome mapping
in eukaryotes, Variation in chromosome number and structure: Polyploidy, Aneupolidy
and rearrangement of chromosome structure. Genetics of Bacteria: Transformation,
Conjugation and Transduction. Techniques of molecular genetics: Basic techniques used
to Gene cloning, construction and screening of DNA libraries, cDNA Library, molecular
analysis of DNA, RNA and protein through blotting techniques. Analysis of human
pedigrees. Gene therapy. DNA Fingerprints: Paternity tests and Forensic applications.
Inborn errors of Metabolism: Amino acid metabolism (Phenylketonuria, Alkaptonuria and
Oculocutaneous albinism); Carbohydrate metabolism (Galactosaemia); Lipid Metabolism
(Familial hypercholesterolaemia, Tay-Sachs disease); Purine/pyrimidine metabolism
(Lech – Nyhan disease).
Practical:
8. Study of Mitosis and Meiosis.
9. Preparation of Drosophila culture.
10. Study of morphology and karyotype.
11. Study of Monohybrid and dihybrid ratio, sex-linked inheritance.
12. Pedigree Analysis
13. Detection of Blood Groups in humans.
14. Problem relating to theory.
Books:
9. Hartl, D. L. and E. W. Jones. 2009 Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes.
Seventh (7th) Edition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. USA.
10. Snustad, D.P. and Simmon, M.J., 2003. Principles of Genetics. 3rd Edition.
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
11. Muller, R.F. and Young, I.D., 2002. Emery’s Elements of Medical Genetics.
11th Edition. Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier Science, Limited, UK.
12. Tammarin, R.M. 1999. Principles of Genetics. 6th Edition, WCB, McGraw
Hill, New York.
13. Klug, Cummings et al., 2012, Concepts of Genetics 10th edition, Pearson
Publisher. Macmillan College Publishing Company, New York.
14. Strickberger, M.W. 1999. Genetics. 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall of India Private
Ltd., New Delhi.
15. Lewin, B. 2003. Gene VII. Oxford, UK.
Course Title Principles of Zoogeography

Course Code ZOL-560
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Category M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programmee
Aims and Objectives This course provides information on the distribution of animals and their association in
different zoological regions of world.
Learning Outcomes After studying this course, the student will be able to recognize extant fauna of world
distributed in different climatic regions.
Introduction and history of Zoogeography, Branches of Zoogeography. Barriers to
distribution and means of dispersal in Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial environment.
Division of world into various zoogeographical regions. Geographical limits, Physical,
climatic features and faunas of Holarctic (Palaearctic and Nearctic), Oriental, Ethiopian,
Australian, and Neotropical regions. Insular fauna [continental islands {Recent (British
Isles, Borneo, Java, Japan, Formosa and Philippines, and Sri Lanka islands)}, {Ancient
(New Zealand and Madagascar Island)}]. [Oceanic Islands, (Azores, Bermuda,
Galapagos, St. Helena and Karakatau Island)], Wallace’s line, Weber’s line and Wallacea.
Continental drift theory and discontinuous distribution of animals.
Practicals:
Identification and classification of various invertebrates and vertebrates of
Zoogeographical importance.
TextBook:
3. Darlington, Zoogeography, John Wiely, 1963.
RecommendedBooks:
7. Hesse, Ecological Animal Geography, John Wiely, 1963.
8. DeBeaufort, Zoogeography of the Land Inland Waters, Sidgwick and Jackson. 1951.
9. Ekman, Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick and Jackson. 1953.
10. Lillies, Introduction to Zoogeography, London, 1974.
11. Muller, Aspects of Zoogeography, Hague, 1974.
12. Jafri, Land Zoogeography of World, 1977.
Course Title Fundamentals of Microbiology

Course Code ZOL – 562
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Applied Microbiology
Aims and Objectives In this course, the students will be able to learn the basic microbial knowledge about
structure, function; culturing techniques, and its applications in various industries making
the foundations for the further future research.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to apply basic information in order to achieve the aims and
objectives of the course.
The history and scope of Microbiology. Microbial structure. Taxonomy and
characterization of Microorganisms. Nutritional requirements and microbiological Media.
Growth kinetics of microorganisms. Control of microorganisms by physical and chemical
agents. Microbial metabolism; microbes and genetic engineering, microbiology of soil,
water and atmosphere. Viruses, Morphology, Characteristics and Replications. Major
groups and Taxonomy, Microorganisms as components of Ecosystems. Industrial
applications of Microbiology.
Practicals:
Simple staining, Negative staining, Smear preparation, Capsular staining, Gram staining,
Culture Media preparation, Study of bacteria in Stale Milk, Study of Protozoa, Algae and
Cyanobacteria (from fresh water as well).
Reference Books
1. Pommerville, J. C. 2014. Fundamentals of Micrbiology. 9th edition, Published by
Jones & Bartlett, USA
2. Batzing, B.L. 2001. Microbiology: An Introduction. Books / Cole Thomson
Learning, USA.
3. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L., 2001. Microbiology: An
Introduction. 7th edition. Benjamin Cummins, New York.
4. Nester, E.W., Anderson, D.G., Roberts, C.E., Pearsall, N.N. and Nester, M.T.,
2004. Microbiology: A human perspective. McGraw Hill, Higher Education,
New York.
5. Benson, H.J., 1998. Microbiological Applications: Laboratory Manual in
General Microbiology. 7th edition. WCB McGraw Hill.
6. Stanier, Y. Roger, John L. Ingrahm, Mark L. Wheelis and Page R. Painter.
2003.General Microbiology. V Ed. MacMillan Press Ltd. New Jersey.
Course Title Principles of Palaeontology

Course Code ZOl-651
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives This course will help to learn about the evolutionary history of major groups of animals,
origin and diversification and extinction. This course also provides understanding of the
history of fossil life on earth, major crises about individuals of remote past.
Learning Outcomes After studying this course, the student will be able to understand evolutionary history of
fossil record, processes of evolution, stratigraphic and environmental of contexts.
The history of life; Earth, Shells of earth (Atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and
lithosphere); Development of life on earth; Rock, types of rocks (lgneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks); Introduction to Paleontology; Fossil, types and Significance of
fossils, Nature of fossils, Fossilization and Processes of fossilization (Study of process of
dying and what processes occur to animals after their death, Geological concepts of
fossilization); Geological time scale; Pre-Cambrian life, Post-Cambrian life (Paleozoic
life, Mesozoic life, Cenozoic life); A brief history of the Siwaliks; Dating the rocks,
Radio-activity methods (Uranium/Lead dating, radiocarbon dating, Fission track dating
and palaeomagnetism); Evolutionary histories of camel, horse, elephant and man.
Practicals:
1. General survey of Paleontological lab.
2. Study of various kinds of Rocks (Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks).
3. Study of various kinds of fossils (Petrified, pseudomorphs, mold, casts, Imprints, foot
prints and Coprolites etc.).
4. Identification and classification invertebrate fossils like foraminifers, coelenterates,
Brachiopodes, arthropods (Trilobites), Molluscs and Echinoderms.
5. Study of vertebrate fossils of evolutionary importance e.g. Horses, Elephants,
Primates and Camels etc.
TextBooks:
1. Brouwer, A., 1977. General Palaeontology. Oliver and Boyed, London.
2. Samiullah, K 2014. A hand book of Paleontology
RecommendedBooks:
2. Young J.Z., 1950. (3rd edition & 7th edition). Life of vertebrates. London, Oxford
Univ. Press.
3. Dunbar C.o., 1969. Historical Geology, John willey and sons Inc. New York.
4. Gilbert, Colbert, E.H., 1980. Evolution of vertebrates. John Willey and Sons Inc.
New York.
5. Moore, R.C. Lalicker, G.C., Fisher, A.G., 1952. Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill,
New York.
6. Steven M. Stanley, 2008. Earth system History3rd addition.
7. Abu Bakr, 1981. Palaeontology.
Course Title Biostatistics

Course Code ZOL-655
Credit Hours 1
Theory 0
Practical 1
Follow up None
Aims and Objectives To aware the students about the application of statistics in the field of life sciences.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to apply statistical formulae to analyze the research data.
Syllabus in Brief Introduction and scope, use of statistics in biology. Population and sample, Stages of
research, types of data and methods of data collection. Data arrangement and
presentation, formation of tables and charts. Measures of central tendency computation of
mean, median and mode from grouped and ungrouped data. Measures of dispersion,
computation of variance, standard deviation, standard error and their coefficients.
Probability rules and distribution. Binomial, poisson and normal distributions. Hypothesis
testing, student’s ‘t’ test. Chi-square test. Analysis of variance and LSD. Correlation and
regression. Experimental designing, planning of an experiment replication and
randomization.
Books Recommended
1. Simpson, G.G., Roe, A. and Lewontin R.C. 1960. Quantitative Zoology,
Harcourt, Brace & World Inc. New York.
2. Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie,J.H.,1980. Principels and procedures of statistics.
McGraw Hill International Editions.
3. Fowler, J., Cohen, L. and Jarris, P., 1998. Practical statistics for field biology.
John Wiley and Sons.
4. Zar, 1998. Biostatistics Analysis.
5. Campbell, R.C. Statistics for Biologists. Cambridge University Press.
6. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J., 1973. An Intriduction to Biostatistics, Troppan.
7. Bailey,N.T.J., 1981. Statistics Methods in Biology, English University Press.
8. Mead, R., Currow, R.N. and Hastod, A.M., 1993. Statistics methods in
agriculture and experimental biology, 2th edition. Chapman & Hall.
Course Title Fish Culture

Course Code ZOL-657
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives Culturing of fishes to meet the needs of protein of the country.
Learning Outcomes Introduction to fish fauna, its culture and field application.
Aims and evolution of Fish Culture, Requisite conditions for fish suitable for Fish
Culture; Construction and layout of ponds; natural food and growth of cultivated fishes;
Techniques and methods of fish cultivation, Breeding and cultivation of cyprinids,
biological means of increasing production; Maintenance and improvement of ponds;
Artificial feeding of fish; Enemies and diseases of fish; Harvesting the fish.
Practicals:
1. Study of various aquatic culture systems (fish farm, hatcheries and nurseries).
2. Weight length and condition factor in relation to different environment in fish
spp.
3. Induced spawning.
Books Recommended:
1. Huet, M., 1986. Textbook of Fish Culture: Breeding and cultivation of fish.
2nd Edition. Fishing News Book Ltd. England.
2. Pillay, T.V.R. and Dill, W.M.A., 1976. Advances in Aquaculture. Published
by Fishing News Books, Ltd., England.
3. Jhingran, V.G., 1983. Fish and Fisheries of India. 2nd Edition. Hindustan
Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
4. Pillay, T.V.R. 1999. Aquaculture: Principles and practices. Fishing News
Books, London.
Course Title Introduction to Biotechnology

Course Code ZOL-661
Credit Hours 4
Theory 3
Practical 1
Category M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Program
BS Zoology, 04-years Program
Aims and Objectives Biotechnology aims at integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering
sciences in order to achieve technological application of the capabilities of
microorganisms, cultured tissue, cells and plants thereof. Its main objective is the
application of biochemistry, microbiology and chemical engineering to industrial process
and products for the benefit of mankind in the fields of environment, Health, Agricultures
and Industry.
Learning Outcomes This course will develop the understanding of Biotechnology. And learners will develop
technical know how to deal with environmental problems, Health care, Agriculture and
Industrial applications. After learning students can have basic knowledge of
Biotechnology so that they can opt as special subject in the future.
Introduction to Biotechnology, Different products of Biotechnology in the Health,
Agriculture, Industrial and Environmental Sector, Emergence of Biotechnology, Up
Stream Down Stream Processes. Biological systems E coli, Saccharomyces etc.
Recombinant DNA Technology: Cloning Vectors, Transformation Techniques, Selection
and Expression.
Large Scale Production of Biotechnological Products: Batch, Fed Batch, Continuous
Fermentation System, Maximizing efficiency, Bioreactors, Product Harvesting,
Purification and Ultra Purification.
Molecular-Biotechnology for Health care: Insulin hormone, human growth hormone
(somatotropin), somatostatin and human interferon, Vaccines, Antibodies.
Fermentation Biotechnology: Cultures of microorganisms, production of organic
compounds by microbial fermentation (ethanol, acetone, butanol, amino acids, cheese,
wine, beer, cider, and vinegar) and their improvement using Molecular Biotechnology.
Single Cell Protein (SCP): Microorganisms, nutritional value of SCP, production of algal
biomass and production of yeast biomass.
Transgenic plants: Insect resistant transgenic plants, virus resistance.
Biotechnology of Nitrogen Fixation: Understanding Nitrogen Fixation, Genetic
Engineering in Nitrogenase gene.
Enzyme Biotechnology: Methods of enzyme production, immobilization of enzymes and
uses of enzymes.
Practicals
Screening of enzymes of industrial significance.
Enzyme immobilization
Screening and selection of microorganisms of Industrial significance from local
environment.
Development and preservation of pure cultures of the microorganisms of industrial
significance.
Development of typical microbial growth curve using different substrate systems.
Books Recommended
Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J. 2003. Molecular Biotechnology. Third Edition. ASM
Press, Washington D.C., USA.
Philopose, P.M. 2004. A Textbook of Biotechnology. First Edition. Dominant
Publishers and Distributors. New Delhi, India.
Chirikjian, J.G. 1999. Biotechnology-Theory and Techniques. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, Inc., USA.
Course Title Biological and Chemical Control of Insects

Course Code ZOL-663
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives To provide knowledge about various biological and chemical methods to control insect
pest for better production of food.
Learning Outcomes The course will provide the execution of biological and chemical methods to handle
insect pest.
Historical development of biological control, Steps in establishing biological
control programme, Concept and significance of natural control. Attributes of an
effective natural enemy. Superparasitism and multiple parasitism. Importance of
systematics of biological control. Methods of colonization, recovery and
evaluation of natural enemies.
Importance of chemical control: Classification of insecticides, stomach poison,
control poison, fumigants. Biology, life histories and control measures of insects
attacking paddy, sugar cane, cotton, apple and some forest, trees. Integrated pest
management.
Practicals
Collection and identification of insect pests of agricultural crops and forest trees.
Demonstration of effects of some insecticides on the survival of insect pests in the
Laboratory.
Books Recommended (Latest Editions)
De bach, P., (1964). Biological control of insect pests and Weeds. Chapman and Hall,
London.
Pedigo, L.P., 1991. Entomology and Pest Management. MaxMillan.
Metcalf, C.L. and Flint. Destructive and Useful Insects, McGraw hill Co., N Y.
Martin, H. Insecticide and Fungicide, Handbook for Corp Protectin, Blackwell, Oxford.
Course Title Wildlife of Pakistan

Course Code ZOl-652
Credit Hours 2
Theory 1
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives To know what type of wildlife exist in Pakistan and what are the threats it is facing,
moreover, how wildlife is being secured in Pakistan
Learning Outcomes Students will become able to participate in conservation of Wildlife.

Syllabus in Brief Syllabus: Wildlife, Wild life of Pakistan ( Province wise), identification, distribution,
status, conservation and management of reptiles, birds and mammals of major importance
in Pakistan. Philosophy and significance of wildlife conservation. Biodiversity and
sustainability of wildlife. Endangered species of wildlife in Pakistan. Wildlife rules and
regulations in Pakistan. National and International organizations involved in conservation
and management of wildlife. Sanctuaries, Game Reserve and National Parks in Pakistan.
Wetlands, endangered species of Pakistan.
Practical:
Study of distribution description, biology, food, predators and status of wild animals of a
zoo or Zoological park of Pakistan. Adaptive features of animals in relation to food and
environment, Food chain of local birds in various seasons. Construction of food chain and
food webs of wild animals.
Text Books:
Suggested Reading:
1.Wildlife of Pakistan, 2002. Published by Punjab Wildlife Department, Lahore.
2.Miller, G.T. 2002. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections and Solution.
12th Edition. Thomson Learning Inc., Australia.
3 Roberts, T.J., 1998. The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. II, Oxford.
4. Roberts, T.J., 1992. The Birds of Pakistan, Vol. II, Oxford.
5. Roberts, T.J., 1998. Mammals of Pakistan, Ernest Benon Ltd. London.
6. Robinson, W.L. and Bolen, E.G., 1984. Wildlife Ecology and Management,
McMillan, Cambridge.
7. http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com
Course Title Bioremediation and Bioprocessing

Course Code ZOL-654
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Category BS Zoology, 04-years Program /M.Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Program
Aims and Objectives Bioremediation is to control of environmental pollution and to address other problems by
using living organisms. This keeps the environment free of natural and manmade
pollutants by using living or dead organisms, their metabolites, biochemicals and
processes.
Learning Outcomes This course will develop techniques to tackle with the environmental pollution by
biological means.
Concept +++9+96+855of bioremediation; Ex situ and In-situ Bioremediation.
Degradation of natural substances; Biodegradation of xenobiotics; Industrial effluents,
Dyes, Hazardous chemicals, TNT wastes, Introduction to different Bacterial and Fungal
spec used in Bioremediation.
Biosorption: Use of Bacteria, Algae and Fungi for it.
Phytoremediation.
Biotechnology for Air Pollution:
Bioscrubbers, Trickling Filters etc.
Use of enzymes.
Muncipal and Industrial Waste Water Treatment: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and
Sewage Treatment including disinfection. Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal.
Biohydrometallargy: for extraction of Precious metals from their ores (Iron, Gold,
Copper, Silver)
Biofuel generation; Use of Algae, Alcohol etc for production of Biofuels.
Practicals
Isolation and studies of heavy metals tolerant/resistant microorganisms; Studies on
bacterial capable of degrading xenobiotics; production of alchohol from decaying fruits.
Books Recommended
Practical Environmental Bioremediation the field guide, 1997. R. Barry King,
Gilbert M. Long, John K. Sheldon, Lewis publishers.
Books:
General Microbiology, 1995. Schlegel, H.G., Cambridge University Press.
Biotechnology, 1996. Smith, J.F., Cambridge University Press.
Environmental Biotechnology Principals and applications, 2000. Pruce, R. Hmana,
Parry McCarty, McGraw Hill.
Biodegradation and Bioremediation, 1999. Martin Alexender academic press Inc.
Course Title Aquatic Toxicology

Course Code ZOL-656
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc/MPhil Zoology, 02 Years Programme
Aims and Objectives The major objectives of this course are to introduce students to the diverse array
of toxic chemicals that are currently found in aquatic environment effecting
aquatic life.
Learning Outcomes This course will provide hands-on experience with the techniques used in
toxicological studies
Syllabus in Brief Introduction to aquatic toxicology, Major classes of aquatic pollutants, Routs by
which pollutants enter the aquatic ecosystem, Determination of toxicity; toxicity
testing, trial and tribulation, Toxicity assessment; end points in toxicity (acute vs
chronic, lethal vs physiological), Behavioral responses to toxicants, Physiological
responses to toxicants, Biochemical responses to toxicants, Cellular and
Molecular responses to toxicants, Molecular mechanism of interaction of
Inorganics (Metallothioneins), Molecular mechanism of interaction of Organics
(Cytochrome P-450), Endocrine disrupters, Genotoxicity, Immunotoxicity,
Ecotoxicity.
Practical:
Effects of toxicants on erythrocytes and leukocytes counts and ratio in fish,
Effects of toxicants on hemoglobin and glucose in the blood of fish, Effects of
toxicants on liver and kidney functions, Effects of toxicants on food intake in
fishes, Effects of toxicants on growth (length & weight) in fish, Effects of
toxicants on gonadal development in fish, Effects of toxicants on endocrine
disruption in fish
Text Books
Aquatic Toxicology: Molecular, Biochemical and Cellular Perspective Donald, C.
Malins and Gary, K. 1993, Lewis Publishers USA, 520 pp ISBN 0-87371-545-4
Suggested Reading:
1. Taylor and Francis: Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Effects,
Environmental Fate and Risk Assessment. 2nd Edition, Philadelphia, London
2. Landis W G and Yu M H. 1999. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology;
Impact of chemicals upon ecological system. 2nd Ed. Lewis Publisher Boston,
London
3. Hyes A W. 1994. Principles and Method of Toxicology. 3rd Ed. Raven Press
New York
4. Crosby D G. 1980. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Oxford
University Press, New York
Course Title Biodiversity

Course Code ZOL-692
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives Study regarding the richness and evenness in animal kingdom.
Syllabus in Brief Definition; Types; Levels; Status of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity.
Natural Resources and Biodiversity
 Ecological aspects of Biodiversity
 Impacts on Biodiversity
 Loss of Biodiversity
 Protection / Conservation of Biodiversity.
Practicals
4. Critical account (phylogenetic controversies) of some important museums
speciments with the help of literature.
5. Procedures for studying species richness, Simpson Index, Shannon and
Weiner Function.
6. Population of some local subterranean animals.
Books Recommended
3. Biodiversity, Principles and Conservation by Kumar & Asija, 2000.
4. The Diversity of Life by C. Mary Jenking and Ann Boyce, 1987.
Optional Courses for M.Sc
Course Title Fundamentals of Entomology
Course Code ZOL-660
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives To let students learn basic structure functions and adjustment of insects with the
environment.
To understand and apply the fundamental principles of entomology.
Syllabus in Brief General characteristics of insects, Relationship with other Arthropod’s, Reasons for
success of the insects in diverse environment, General segmentation, Tagmatosis and
organization; Detailed structure of cuticle and its biochemistry, Epidermal layer, its
structure and function, basement membrane; cuticular outgrowths and appendages;
sclerotization, Head sclerites, Antennae, Different modes of ingestion, Different parts and
types of mouth parts; Sclerites of neck, Thorax sclerites, legs, its modifications and
functions; Wings: origin, different regions, development, basal attachments, main veins
and their branches, wing coupling; Secondary appendages and external genitalia,
Structure and function of Muscular, Digestive, excretory, respiratory; Incubatory and
nervous system, Reproductive organs, different types of reproduction in insects; Egg
fertilization and maturation. Embryology up to dorsal closure; Different types of
metamorphosis, insect communication.
Practical: Preparation of permanent slides, all the hard parts (terminal segments,
wings, and antennae. Legs, mouth parts and genitalia). Different systems,
especially digestive, reproductive of the following insects. American cockroach,
Ak grasshopper, Housefly, Butterfly, Mosquito, Red cotton bug, Wasp and honey
bee. Mouth-parts of Red cotton bug and Honey bee.
Books Recommended
Text Books: Entomology and Pest management by Pidego,I, 1991.
Suggested Reading
1. The Insects, an outline of Entomology by Penny J. Gullan and Peter S. Cranston,
2010.
2. The Principles of Insect Physiology, 1977, by Wigglesworth
Course Title Endocrinology-A

Course Code Zol-662
Credit Hours 4(3+1)
Theory 3
Practical 1
Follow up Endocrinology-B
Category MSc Course
Aims and Objectives To overview the general scheme of endocrinology
Learning Outcomes Awareness about importance of endocrine system in normal body functions
Syllabus in Brief Syllabus:
1. An overview of general concepts and principles of endocrinology: types of hormones;
endocrine and nervous system relationship; general principles in function, interaction,
synthesis, secretion and transport of hormones; general concept of feedback; genetic
control of peptide hormones; pathology and assessment of endocrine function;
evolution of endocrine system.
2. Neuroendocrinology: neural control of glandular secretion, Hypothalamic-pituitary
unit, hypophysiotropic neuronal system, hypophysiotropic hormones and
neuroendocrine axis. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotrophin-releasing
hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormones, somatostatin, prolactin-regulating
factor, GnRH.
3. Pituitary hormones: adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis hormones and their
chemistry, synthesis and release.
4. Thyroid gland: Anatomy and histology of gland, formulation and secretion of thyroid
hormones, thyroid hormone in peripheral tissues, regulation and factors affecting
thyroid hormones.
5. Calcitotrophic and mineral metabolism hormones: chemistry, physiological actions
and metabolism of parathyroid hormones, calcitonin and calciferols, homeostasis of
calcium, phosphate and magnesium.
6. Adrenal medulla and cortex: Chromaffin cell and organization, structure of adrenal
medulla and cortex, biosynthesis, storage, release and metabolism, adrenergic
receptors. regulation and metabolism of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and
adrenal sex steroids.
7. Reproductive endocrinology: Testicular and ovarian structure and function,
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and control of germ cells production.
8. Endocrinology of pregnancy: Hormones in conception and implantation, growth
factors in implantation, hormonal action and adaptation in pregnancy and parturition.
9. Endocrinology of lactation: hormones in lactation
10. Overview of endocrine mechanisms in invertebrates
Practical:
Demonstration of endocrine glands and associated structures in mouse/ rat
dissection.
Histological and immunohistochemical procedures to study the endocrine glands,
experiments to demonstrates physiological role of hormones from different
endocrine glands
Study the regulation of hormones,
Experiments to demonstrate the functional diversity of hormones in different
vertebrates, experiments on endocrine mechanism in vertebrates, Hormone
assessment techniques including RIA and ELISA with standard curve preparation.
Text Books:
Larsen PR, Konenberg HM, Melmed S and Polonsky KS. 2012. Williams
Textbook of Endocrinology. Saunders, Pennsylvania.
Jameson JL and De Groot LJ 2010 Endocrinology, 2-VolumeSet, 6thEdition
Nussey S and Whitehead S. 2001 Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. BIOS
Scientific Publishers; Oxford.
Norris & Carr 2013 Vertebrate Endocrinology, 5th Edition. Academic Press.
US
Course Title Ornithology

Course Code ZOL-664
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives To impart knowledge about the diversity, origin, evolution, threats and possible
conservation strategies of the birds.
Syllabus in Brief Origin and evolution of birds: The evolutionary origins and evolution of flight,
Taxonomy and systematic (species and evolution).
Adaptations for flight: Anatomy and morphology, Feathers (kinds, molt, color),
Skeletons, musculature and flight, advantages of flight.
Adaptations for various environments: Foraging, Physiology, Senses,
Migration, Navigation and musculature.
Ethology: Behaviour, innate vs. learning, Communication, Territory, Flocking,
Songs, Courtship, Mating systems, Nest building, Incubation and egg laying.
Ecology of birds: Predation, Seed dispersal, Pollination, Relations to habitat.
Biodiversity and Conservation: Threats to biodiversity, Causes and patterns of
extinction, Human efforts to conserve biodiversity.
Practical:
Gross anatomy, bird watching tour in Pakistan, field techniques and specimen
preparation, and systematic study of avian groups using the collections of the Museum
specimens.
Books:
Sandy Podulka, Ronald W. Rohrbaugh, Rick Bonney. 2004.
Hand book of Bird Biology. 2nd Edition Cornell Lab of Ornithology, ISBN-
093802762X, 9780938027621.
Gill, F.B. 2007.
Ornithology; New York: W.H. Freeman & CompanyB. Peterson, R.T. 1998.
Field Guide to the Birds of Eastern and Central North America:
Peterson’s Field Guide Series;
Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Course Title Mammalogy

Course Code ZOL-665
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc. (2 year programme)
Aims and Objectives This course provides basic information about the Biodiversity of mammals.
Learning Outcomes It will create awareness about the mammals, origin, classification and information
about different orders of class Mammalia.
Introduction, Origins, evolution, biogeography of Mammals; Mammalian
Characteristics;Prototheria, Matatheria and Eutheria; Trophic Ecology of mammals;
Mammal Conservation, Population regulation, different types of mammals, Insectivores,
Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, Primates, Ungulates, Rodentia Cetaceans, Lagomorpha and
Chiroptera.
Practicals:
1. General survey and classification up to species of Mammals of Pakistan
2. Skeleton and skull of Cat and Rabbit.
3. The vertebral column and appendicular skeleton.
TextBooks:
1. Davis, D., 1963. Principles in Mammalogy. Reinhold Publishers Corporation,
New York.
2. Gelder, 1969. Biology of mammals. Reinhold Publishers Corporation, New
York.
Recommended Books:
1. Miller and Harly, 2005. Zoology (6th Edition). McGraw Hill, New York.
2. Hickman, Roberts, and Larsen, 2005 & 2008. Integrated principles of Zoology
(13th&14th Editions). McGraw Hill, New York.
3. George C. Kent and Robert K. Carr, 2001. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates.
(9th Edition.) Boston: McGraw Hill, New York.
4. Vauchan, T.A., Ryan, J.M., Czaplenski, N.J., 2011. Mammalogy. 5th Edition, Johns
and Bartlett publisher USA.
Course Title Aquaculture Health Management

Course Code ZOL –666
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up Not applicable
Category MSc 02 years Programme)
Aims and Objectives To teach students the fish culturing practices in Pakistan and problems associated
with it
Learning Outcomes The students will have the practical approached regarding fish farming on
commercial scale in Pakistan and their common diseases
Discusses the relevance of bacteria to disease outbreaks and as a cause of disease.
Classification and causes of disease. Introduction to immunology. Methodology of
fish diagnosis. Host responses to disease. Stress and predisposing factors of disease.
Common disease conditions in fish. Anthropogenic activities and their impact of
fishery, protection against hazards, improvement of habitat, age and growth. The
use of antibiotics and probiotics.
Practicals:
1. Visit to Government and Private fish Farms.
2. Fish diseases, their identification and control measures.
Books Recommended:
nd
1. Templeton, R.G. 1995. Freshwater Fisheries Management (2 Ed.) Fishing News
Books, Blackwell Science, USA.
2. Jacques, A. 1999. Management of freshwater Fisheries. Technique et
Documentation, Lavoisier, Paris.
3. Rounsefell, G.A. and Everhart, W.H. 1963. Fishery Science its methods and
application. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York.
4. Arrignon, J. 1999. Management of Freshwater Fisheries. Oxford & IBH Pu
Course Title Insect Pest of Agriculture and their Management

Course Code ZOL-667
Credit Hours 3(2-1)
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives An introduction to management of insect pests; to impart knowledge on concepts
of integrated pest management using a combination of cultural, physical,
mechanical, genetic, biological, and chemical control methods
Learning Outcomes To let students to assess new approaches and to apply IPM techniques for better
Integrated Pest Management in Pakistan.
Syllabus in Brief Syllabus: Introduction to insect pest management:Pest Management Theories;
Surveillance and sampling; general and new concepts of insect pest management;
The utilization and integration of insect pest control methods (cultural methods,
biological control, chemical, host resistance) for management of insects,
Integrated Pest; Chemical control and its safe use with other techniques;
Management of major insect pests of crops, fruits, and vegetables; Economic
Thresholds- Concepts, Development and Application; Insecticide Resistance
Management as a Component of IPM; Integration of GM Crops in IPM Programs;
Practical:
Collection, Mounting, Identification of different insect pests; Insect collection-
box; data record of the life history of major insect pests of main crops, sampling,
scouting and methods to detect their threshold levels; Lab and filed visits.
Text Books:
1. Pedigo, L.P. & M.E. Rice. 2009. Entomology and Pest Management, 6th Edition.
Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
2. Ciancio A, Mukerji KG (2010) Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect
Borne Diseases (1st edition). Springer., London, UK.
3. Radcliffe EB, Hutchison WD, Cancelado RE (2009) Integrated Pest Management:
Concepts, Tactics, Strategies and Case Studies (1st edition); Cambridge University
Press., New York, USA.
4. Louis M, Schoonhoven, van Loon JJA, Marcel D (2006) Insect-Plant Biology (2nd
edition). Oxford University Press, USA.
5. Dhaliwal, G.S. and R. Arora. 2003. Principles of insect pest management. Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
6. Norris, R.F., E.P. Caswell-Chen and M. Kogan. 2002. Concepts in integrated pest
management. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited New Delhi, India.
7. M. R. Binns, J.P. Nyoop and W. Van der Werf, 2000. Sampling and monitoring in
crop protection CABI Publisher
Suggested Reading:
1. Pedigo, L.P. & M.E. Rice. 2009. Entomology and Pest Management, 6th
Edition. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Course Title Biology of Birds and Mammals in Pakistan

Course Code ZOL-668
Credit Hours 3(2-1)
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives To impart knowledge about the biology of the birds and mammals of Pakistan.
Syllabus in Brief Fossil record and theories for avian origins, taxonomy of birds, Anatomy and
physiology, Adaptations and the physics of flight, Nesting and courtship behavior,
Vocalizations, Mating systems and sexual selection, Cooperative breeding, Demography
and conservation of birds of Pakistan.
Classification, distribution, life history, evolution, distribution, ecology, behavior,
anatomy, and classification of mammals, with emphasis on mammalian species of
Pakistan.
Practical:
Gross anatomy, bird and mammals watching tour in Pakistan, field techniques and
specimen preparation, and systematic study of avian and mammalian groups using the
collections of the Museum specimens.
Books
Sandy Podulka, Ronald W. Rohrbaugh, Rick Bonney. 2004. Hand book of Bird
Biology. 2nd Edition Cornell Lab of Ornithology, ISBN-093802762X,
9780938027621.
Vaughan, T. A., J. M. Ryan, and N. J. Czaplewski. 2014. Mammalogy. 6h edition
Jones and Bartlett; ISBN-13: 9781284032093.
Course Title Fundamentals of Limnology

Course Code ZOL-670
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Aims and Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Syllabus in Brief Definition, importance, inland waters, Sources of bottom Materials, Physical
features of water, Temperature, light, Currents, density and water turbidity,
Chemical features of water, Dissolved Oxygen, Dissolved solids, pH,
Electrolytes, Alkalinity, Hardness , Salinity, Brief description of nitrogen cycles,
Brief description of nitrogen cycles, Brief description of Phosphorous cycles,
Brief description of Phosphorous cycles, Micronutrients, Paper Discussion
Text Books:
1. Boyd, C.E. and G.S. Tucker. 2009. Pond Aquaculture Water Quality
Management. Rashtriya Printers, Delhi. 700p. (ISBN: 978-81-8489-186-7)
2. Huet, M., 1986. Text book of fish culture: Breeding and cultivation of fish.
2nd Edition. Fishing News Book ltd. England
3. Jhingran, V.G., 1983. Fish and fisheries in India. 2nd Edition. Hinduston
Publishing Corporation, New Dehli.
Welch, P.S. 1952. Limnology 2nd Ed. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New
York, 538p.
Course Title Applied Entomology 3(2-1)

Course Code ZOL-672
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Aims and Objectives The students will be able to identify different insects. They will understand and
apply the basic principles of Taxonomy along with the applied side of
Entomology.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to understand the basic principles of Taxonomy and
applications of Entomology in the field.
Syllabus in Brief General account on classification, Insect classification; Classification and
characteristics of insect orders: Collembola, Orthroptera, Dictyoptera, Isoptera,
Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleopter. Only diagnostic
features of the remaining insect orders. Insects of economic importance;
Biological control of Insects; Chemical control of Insects; Concept of IPM;
Methods of IPM; Sampling techniques in insect pests
Practical: Collection, preservations and identification of insects up-to families
with the help of literature/keys; Identifications of important insect pests up to
species level. Survey and Field visits. Pest monitoring of important insect pests in
the field
Text Books:
Entomology and Pest management, 1991 by Pidego,I.
Suggested Reading
1. The Insects, an outline of Entomology, 2010 by Penny J. Gullan and Peter S.
Cranston
2. The Principles of Insect Physiology, 1977, by Wigglesworth
Course Title Endocrinology-B

Course Code Zol-673
Credit Hours 4(3+1)
Theory 3 hrs/ week
Practical 2 hrs/ week
Follow up Endocrinology-A
Category MSc Course
Aims and Objectives To overview the therapeutic approach of general scheme of endocrinology
Learning Outcomes Awareness about importance of endocrine system in normal and abnormal body
functions
1. General Mechanism in Molecular endocrinology: general mechanism of cellular
secretion, genetic control of peptide hormone formation, recombinant DNA
technology and molecular genetics in diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases.
2. Mechanism of action of hormones: Hormones acting on the nuclear receptors, Nuclear
receptor signaling mechanism, Nuclear localization, Hormone binding, Target gene
recognition, receptor dimerization and receptor regulation of gene transcription,
Hormones acting on cell surface, Receptor tyrosine kinases, receptors that signal
through associated tyrosine kinases and protein-coupled receptors
3. Functional pathology in endocrine glands: thyrotoxicosis, hyperthyroidism, non toxic
goiter, adrenal cortex and hypertension, sexual dysfunction in men and women,
Puberty disorders, disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
4. Poly endocrine disorders
5. Endocrine responsive cancer
Practical:
Studies on recognition and response of receptors,
Studies of disorders of pituitary by observing anatomical and histological features,
Studies of thyroid status in deficient and excess hormone functions,
Studies of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, epidemiology of the types in
population,
Studies of management of the type 2 diabetes,
Model studies of disorder of ovarian and testicular disorders,
Model studies of obesity and aneroxia,
Studies of hormonal status in puberty and aging.
Text Books:
Larsen PR, Konenberg HM, Melmed S and Polonsky KS. 2012. Williams
Textbook of Endocrinology. Saunders, Pennsylvania.
Jameson JL and De Groot LJ 2010 Endocrinology, 2-VolumeSet, 6thEdition
Nussey S and Whitehead S. 2001 Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. BIOS
Scientific Publishers; Oxford.
Norris & Carr 2013 Vertebrate Endocrinology, 5th Edition. Academic Press.
US
Course Title Applied Microbiology

Course Code ZOL -674
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Category M. Sc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To learn about the harmful and beneficial microbes for living beings and their applications
in different fields of life
Learning Outcomes The students will be able how to prevent and control pathogenic diseases and their
applications in different industries
Microorganisms and diseases. Control of Microorganisms, antibiotics and other
chemotherapeutic agents, Host-microbial interactions, Resistance and Immunity, food and
water-borne human infections. Human contact diseases. Infectious diseases of animals,
sick building syndrome, Control of Diseases. Microarrays technology, Microbiology of
domestic water and sewage. Microbiology of food, milk and milk products.
Industrial Microbiology: Scope of industrial microbiology in food production, Metals in
yeast fermentation processes, control of insects, human therapy, petroleum, mining and
bioremediation, Biotechnology and its role in modern human comforts, Biotechnology and
leather industry.
Practicles
Bacteriological examination of fresh ponds, canal, domestic water
Isolation and identification of coliform bacteria
Isolation of pathogens
Normal throat microflora and its reaction with blood agar
Enumeration and identification wounds microorganisms
Enumeration and identification of common carp skin microbes
Eradication of microbes through physical agents
Eradication of microbes through chemical agents
Inhibitory zone formation(Bacterial sensitivity tests)
Survey of industries based on microbial activities
Reference Books
1. Durieux, A and J-P. Simon. 2001. Applied Microbiology. Boston : Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Database: WorldCat
2. Nester, E.W., Anderson, D.G., Roberts, C.E., Pearsall, N.N. and Nester, M.T.,
2004. Microbiology: A human perspective. McGraw Hill, Higher Education,
New York.
3. Kale, V. V. 2007. Applied Microbiology. Publisher: Mumbai : Himalaya Pub. House,
Database: WorldCat
4. Hans G. Schlegel. 2002. General Microbiology. VII Ed. Cambridge University Press.
UK.
5. James. G. Cappucino. And Natabe Sherman, (2004). Microbiology – A Laboratory
Manual, VI Ed., (I Indian Reprint). Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd., India.
Course Title Aquatic Biology

Course Code ZOL-676
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To study aquatic life under the influence of various abiotic and biotic factors of
environment.
Learning Outcomes This course will provide knowledge / techniques for improvements of aquatic
habitat for life.
Syllabus in Brief Diversity of life. Five kingdoms. Approaches used to study aquatic organisms.
Introduction to aquatic ecosystems, Aquatic environments. Sedimentation
processes. Ocean environments, waves, weather influences, currents and
upwelling. Populations, communities and ecosystems. Structural organizations of
aquatic animals. External and internal anatomy of commercially important aquatic
invertebrates and fishes. Marine organisms and their distributions, biotic features of
the oceans, organism-habitat and relationships and general ecological concepts
influencing marine populations and communities.
Practical:
Study of temperature, DO, conductivity of pond water. Collect and identify
specimen from pond water. Survey the structure, adaptations, and life styles of
organisms found over the range of habitats in the pond, lakes and rivers.
Text Books:
1: McShaffrey, D. 1992. Comparative functional morphology of larval
Stenacron interpunctatum and Rhithrogena pellucida (Ephemeroptera:
Heptageniidae) and Ephemerella needhami (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae)
with applications in mayfly taxonomy and ecology. Proceedings of the VII
International Conference on Ephemeroptera.
Suggested Reading:
1: McShaffrey, D. and W.P. McCafferty. 1987. The behavior and form of
Psephenus herricki (DeKay) (Coleoptera: Psephenidae) in relation to water flow.
Freshwater Biology. 18:319-324.
2: Kemp, JL, DM Harper, GA Crosa. 1999. Use of 'functional habitats' to link
ecology with morphology and hydrology in river rehabilitation. Aquatic
Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 9:159-178.
Course Title Sea Food Technology

Course Code ZOL-678
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MPhil. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives This course deals with techniques involved to handle harvesting fish and shellfish
and their processing and preservation of food products. It will teach quality
effecting parameters.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to provide techniques to process and preserve the sea
food for human consumption.
Syllabus in Brief Introduction to post harvest handling of fish and shellfish. Processes of spoilage
of seafood products and methods of arresting them. The sensory properties of
seafood and their importance in determining food methods of arresting them.
Methods of quality evaluation. Preservation methods. Public health aspects of fish
products. Biochemical techniques in fish analysis. Technology of fish freezing
and fish storage. Thermal processing fish products.
Practical:
1: Evaluation of fish / fishery products for organoleptic, chemical and microbial
quality.
2: Methods for analysis for bacterial quality parameters, chemical parameters and
filth.
3: Evaluation of sanitary conditions in fish processing units.
4:Analysis of typical hazards. Study of correction and corrective action.
Text Books:
1: Advances in Fish processing Technology, Sen D. P., Pub. Allied Publishers
Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi (2005).
Suggested Reading:
1: Assessment and Management of Seafood Safety and Quality. (2003) Free
aminoacids Technical Paper No. 444.
2: Fish Processing Technology (1992) G. M. Hull. (Ed), Blackie Academic and
Professional, London.
3: Food borne Disease Handbook. IInd Edn. (2001) Vol.4:Seafood and
Environmental Toxins, Marcel Dekker Inc New York.
Course Title Ichthyology

Course Code ZOL-689
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives This course will expose the major disciplines that make up the diverse science of
Ichthyology including the evolution and adaptation, anatomy, taxonomy, behavior
and ecology of fishes.
Learning Outcomes Course will improve students understanding of the basic physiological and
behavioral adaptations that fishes use to carry out their life cycle.
Morphology, skeletal, integumentary, digestive, respiratory, circulatory,
urinogenital reproductive, nervous system and sense organs of Bony fish.
Osmoregulation in fishes. Swimming and locomotion Breeding habits and
parental care in fishes, types of eggs, Fish migration, Behaviour and
communication. Feeding, digestion and nutrition.
Practical:
1: Study of external features of a bony fish
2: Dissection of fish to study various systems.
3:Study of scales.
4:Study of prepared slides.
5: Study of museum.
Text Books:
1: Lagler, KF. Ichthyology 1984.
Suggested Reading:
1 Norman J.R. & Greenwood P.H. A history of fishes 1975.
2: Ashely and Chiassion. Laboratory
Anatomy of Shark and Perch.
3: Nikol’skii, Special Ichthyology,1991.
4: B. Collette, Douglas E. Facey, and Brian W. Bowen 2008. 2nd Edition
ISBN-10: 1405124946
Course Title Bio-Physical Methods in Life Sciences

Course Code ZOL-690
Credit Hours 3
Theory 2
Practical 1
Follow up
Category MSc. Zoology, 02-Years Programme
Aims and Objectives To know about biomacromolecules and transport activities of cell membranes.
Learning Outcomes The students will be able to know about the functional status of cell membrane.
Biological macromolecules, excitable cell membranes and ion channel activities,
molecular structure, cell structure. Macromolecular complex formation, protein
folding, stability, interactions and enzymatic mechanisms. Spectroscopy.
Microscopy and Single Molecules
Practical:
1: Biomolecular interaction analysis
2:Chromatography techniques
3: Use of spectroscopy technique in lab.
Text Books:
1: Mary.L.2013.Membrane Structural Biology. Cambridge University Press
Suggested Reading:
1: Tapan K. Das. 2014.Biophysical Methods for Biotherapeutics: Discovery and
Development Applications.1st Edt. Wiley-Blackwell.

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BS Zoology (4-Years/8 Semesters)

Course Title PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL LIFE – I

Course Title PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL LIFE – II

Course Title Animal Diversity -1 (Invertebrates Diversity)

Course Title ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION-II

Course Title Cell and Molecular Biology

Course Title Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functions of Macromolecules)

Course Title Animal Physiology

Course Title Animal Behavior

Course Title General and Molecular Genetics

Course Title Biostatistics

Course Title Developmental Biology

Course Title Ecology

Course Title Principles of Zoogeography

Course Title Biochemistry-II (Metabolism)

Course Title Physiology of coordination and animal behaviour

Course Title Evolution and Principles of Systematics

Course Title Fisheries

Course Title Research Methodology

Course Title Principles of Paleontology

Course Title Wildlife of Pakistan

Course Title Bio-remediation and Bioprocessing

Course Title Biodiversity

Course Title Biochemistry-I (Structure and Functions of Macromolecules)

Course Title Developmental Biology

Course Title Advanced Environmental Biology

Course Title Animal Physiology

Course Title Advanced Cell Biology

Course Title Research Methodology

Course Title Biochemistry-II

Course Title Physiology of coordination and animal behaviour

Course Title Evolution and Principles of Systematics

Course Title General and Molecular Genetics

Course Title Principles of Zoogeography

Course Title Fundamentals of Microbiology

Course Title Principles of Palaeontology

Course Title Biostatistics

Course Title Fish Culture

Course Title Introduction to Biotechnology

Course Title Biological and Chemical Control of Insects

Course Title Wildlife of Pakistan

Learning Outcomes Students will become able to participate in conservation of Wildlife.

Course Title Bioremediation and Bioprocessing

Course Title Aquatic Toxicology

Course Title Biodiversity

Course Title Endocrinology-A

Course Title Ornithology

Course Title Mammalogy

Course Title Aquaculture Health Management

Course Title Insect Pest of Agriculture and their Management

Course Title Biology of Birds and Mammals in Pakistan

Course Title Fundamentals of Limnology

Course Title Applied Entomology 3(2-1)

Course Title Endocrinology-B

Course Title Applied Microbiology

Course Title Aquatic Biology

Course Title Sea Food Technology

Course Title Ichthyology

Course Title Bio-Physical Methods in Life Sciences

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