BS ZOOLOGY Biochemistry CHPT 1

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY BACHA KHAN UNIVERSITY CHARSADDA
REVISED CURRICULUM FOR FOUR YEARS BS IN ZOOLOGY

EFFECTIVE FOR FOUR YEARS BS BOTANY PROGRAM FOR THE STUDENT
ADMITTED IN SPRING 2020 SEMESTER AND ONWARDS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
ZOOLOGY BACHA KHAN UNIVERSITY CHARSADDA, AND AFFILIATED COLLEGES
WITH BACHA KHAN UNIVERSITY
Approved by The Board of Studies in its 1st meeting held on March 24, 2016 and revised
in its 2nd meeting held on November 6, 2020
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
BACHA KHAN UNIVERSITY
CHARSADDA, PAKISTAN
Phone: 091-6540064, Fax: 091-6540060
Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Incharge Curriculum Head Department of Botany and Zoology
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The revise study scheme for BS (4-year program) is affective for spring 2021 and onward.
The detail of revise scheme of study is as fallow
Scheme of Studies for Four years BS (Zoology)Programme
SEMESTER WISE BREAKUP
Courses:
Title of the Course Theory Lab Credithours
Code
FIRST YEAR:FIRST SEMESTER
ZOO- 311 Animals Diversity I (Non Chordates ) 2 1 3
BOT-311 Diversity of Plants-I 2 1 3
ELL-311 English-I: Functional English 3 0 3
CS-311 QR-1 (Introduction to Computer) 2 1 3
CHEM- 315 Chemistry- I: Inorganic Chemistry 2 1 3
PS-321 Pakistan Studies 3 0 3
Sub Total 14 4 18
FIRSTYEAR: SECOND SEMESTER
ZOO- 321 Animal Diversity-II (Chordates) 2 1 3
Arts And Humanities I(Languages) 3 0 3
BOT- 321 Plant Systematics, Anatomy and

2 1 3
Development/Embryology
SOC-313 Citizenship Education and
3 0 3
Community Engagement
ELL-321 English II: Composition Writing 3 0 3
IS- 312 Islamic studies 3 0 3

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Sub Total 16 2 18
SECOND YEAR: THIRD SEMESTER
ZOO- 411 Animal Form and function-I 2 1 3
ZOO- 412 Economic Zoology 3 0 3
BOT- 412 Diversity of plants-II 2 1 3
CHEM-416 Chemistry II: Organic Chemistry 2 1 3
PHIL-312 QR-II (logic and quantitative

3 0 3
reasoning)
ELL-411 English III: Academic Reading and
Writing 3 0 3
Sub Total 15 3 18
SECOND YEAR: FOURTH SEMESTER
ZOO- 421 Animal form and Function-II 2 1 3
ZOO- 422 Evolution 3 0 3
Arts And Humanities II 3 0 3
Social Science –II 3 0 3
ZOO- 423 Biostatistics 3 0 3
Sub Total 14 1 15
THIRD YEAR: FIFTH SEMESTER
ZOO-511 Animal Behaviour 3 0 3

ZOO-512 Biochemistry-I 2 1 3
ZOO-513 Cell Biology 2 1 3

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ZOO-514 Developmental Biology 2 1 3
ZOO-515 Molecular Biology 2 1 3
ZOO-516 Ecology 2 1 3
Sub Total 13 5 18
THIRD YEAR: SIXTH SEMESTER
ZOO-517 Animal Physiology-I 2 1 3
ZOO-518 Genetics 2 1 3
ZOO-519 Principles of Systematics Zoology 2 1 3
ZOO-520 Wild life 3 0 3
ZOO-521 Zoogeography and Paleontology 2 1 3
ZOO-522 Biochemistry-II 2 1 3
Sub Total 13 5 18
FOURTH YEAR: SEVENTH SEMESTER
ZOO-611 Animal Physiology II 2 1 3
ZOO-612 Fish Biology/ Insect Biology/ 2 1 3

Herpetology
ZOO-613 Research methodology 3 0 3
ZOO-614 Fundamental of Parasitology 2 1 3
ZOO-615 Research Thesis-I 2 1 3

Or
Optional paper-I
Sub Total 11 4 15
FOURTH YEAR: EIGHTH SEMESTER
ZOO-616 Research Thesis-II 2 1 3
Or
Optional paper-II

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ZOO-617 Biological techniques 2 1 3
ZOO-618 Bioinformatics 2 1 3
ZOO-619 Immunology 2 1 3
ZOO-620 Endocrinology 2 1 3
Sub total 10 5 15
GRAND TOTAL 106 29 135
Arts and Humanities

I. Pashto,Urdu, Arabic, Turkish, Chinese or any other language
II. Islamic History and Culture, Philosophy, History, Education, Home Economics or any other
approved course of BKUC
Social science II
Political Science, Sociology, Psychology, Economics, Law, or any other approved Basic course
of BKUC
Arts and Humanities

I. Arts and Humanities- I(Languages):Pashto, Urdu, Arabic, Turkish, Chinese or any other
language
Arts and Humanities- II: Islamic History and Culture, Philosophy, History, Education, Home
Economics or any other approved course of BKUC
Social science II
Political Science, Sociology, Psychology, Economics, Law, or any other approved Basic course
of BKUC

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Details of course content are below
FIRST YEAR
FIRST SEMESTER
Title of the Course: Animals Diversity (Non Chordates)
Course code: ZOO- 311 Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)
Objectives
Concepts of evolutionary relationship of animal kingdom. Knowledge about animal kingdom,
emphasizing their phylogenetic relationships and simple to complex mode of animal life.
Course Contents
Introduction:
Classification of organisms; five kingdom classification, evolutionary relationships/ evolutionary
perspective and tree diagrams; patterns of organization.
Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa
Classification (up to phyla, subphyla and super classes, wherever applicable). Pseudopodia and
amoeboid locomotion; cilia and other pellicular structures; nutrition; genetic control and
reproduction; symbiotic ciliates.
Multicellular and Tissue Levels of Organization
Phylum porifera: cell types, body wall, and skeletons; reproduction. Phylum cnidaria
(coelenterata) the body wall and nematocysts; alternation of generations; maintenance functions;
reproduction and classification up to class. Phylumctenophora; further phylogenetic
considerations.
Triploblastics and Acoelomate Body Plan
Phylum Platyhelminthes: classification up to class; the free-living flatworms and the tapeworms;
phylum Nemertea; phylum gastrotricha; further phylogenetic considerations.
Aschelminths
Classification up to phyla with external features; feeding and the digestive system; other organ
systems; reproduction and development of phylum rotifera and phylum nematoda; phylum
kinorhyncha. Some important nematode parasites of humans.
Annelida

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Metamerism and tagmatization; classification up to class. External structure and locomotion,
feeding and the digestive system, gas exchange and circulation, nervous and sensory functions,
excretion, regeneration, reproduction and development, in polychaeta, oligochaeta and hirudinea.
Arthropods
Classification, metamerism and tagmatization; the exoskeleton; metamorphosis; classification up
to class.
Molluscs. Important characteristics, classification upto class.
Echinoderms Evolutionary perspective: relationships to other animals; echinoderm
characteristics; classification up to class, Ambulacral system, tube feet, larvae
Lab out line
 Study of Euglena, Amoeba, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Paramecium as
representative of animal like protists. (Prepared slides).
 Study of sponges and their various body forms.
 Study of principal representative classes of phylum Coelenterata.
 Study of principal representative classes of phylum Platyhelminthes.
 Study of representative of phylum Rotifera, phylum Nematoda.
 Study of principal representative classes of phylum Mollusca.
 Study of principal representative classes of phylum Annelida.
 Study of principal representative classes of groups of phylum Arthropoda.
 Brief notes on medical/economic importance of the following: Plasmodium, Entamoeba
histolytica, Leishmania, Liverfluke, Tapeworm, Earthworm, Silkworm, Citrus butterfly.
 Collection and preservation techniques, collection of specimens by students.
Books Recommended
1. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. Integrated Principles of Zoology,
th
11 Edition (International), 2004. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
th
2. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. Zoology, 5 Edition (International), 2002. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.

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th
3. Pechenik, J.A. Biology of invertebrates, 4 Edition (International), 2000. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
4. Kent, G.C. and Miller, S. Comparative Anatomy of vertebrates. 2001. New York:
McGraw Hill
5. Hickman, C.P. and Kats, H.L. Laboratory Studies in integrated principles of Zoology.
2000. Singapore: McGraw Hill
Title of the Course: Diversity of Plants-I

Course Code: BOT-311 Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)
Specific Objectives of course: To introduce the students to the diversity of plants and
their structures and significance.
Course Outline
Comparative study of life form, structure, reproduction and economic significance of:
Viruses (RNA and DNA types) with special reference to TMV.
Bacteria and Cyanobacteria (Nostoc, Anabaena, Oscillatoria) with specific reference to
biofertilizers, pathogenicity and industrial importance.
Algae: (Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Chara, Vaucheria, Pinnularia, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia)
Fungi: (Mucor, Penicillium, Puccinia, Agaricus), their implication on crop production and
industrial applications.
Lichens: (Physcia)
Lab Outline
 Culturing, maintenance, preservation and staining of microorganisms.
 Study of morphology and reproductive structures of the types mentioned in theory.
 Identification of various types mentioned from prepared slides and fresh collections.
 Field trip to study local plant of different area of Pakistan.
Recommended Books
1. Agrios, G.N. 2004. Plant pathology. 8th ed. Academic press London.
2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory Mycology. 4 th ed.
John Wiley and Sons Publishers.

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3. Hussain, F. 2014. Phycology. A Text book of Algae. Pak Book Empire, Lahore.
4. Lee, R.E. 1999. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, UK
5. Mauseth, J.D. 2003. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology. 3rd ed., Jones and
Bartlett Pub. UK
6. Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, A.D. 2004. Microbiology, 3 rd ed. WM. C. Brown
Publishers.
7. Vashishta, B.R. 1991. Botany for Degree Students (all volumes). S. Chand and Company.
Ltd. New Delhi.
COURSE TITLE: ENGLISH –I: FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH
Course Code: ELL-311 Credit Hours: 3 (3+0)
Course Description
The subject aims to enhance the students' ability in the meaningful use of grammatical structures.
Students will be able to use the targeted grammatical structures meaningfully and appropriately
both in oral and written production.
Course Objectives
1. To enable students to identify main/topic sentences.
2. To teach them to use effective strategies while reading texts.
3. To acquaint them with cohesive devices and their function in the text.
Course Contents
Vocabulary (Frequently confused / misused words, Phrases, synonyms, antonyms, idioms &
General vocabulary),
Practical Use of Grammar (Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions,
Conjunctions, Articles, Interjections & Tenses),
Transitive and Intransitive verbs
Punctuations, 14 American English Punctuations.
Sentences (Types of sentences, Parts of sentences, Direct and Indirect Speech, Active & Passive
Voice & Conditional Sentences),

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Composition + Summarization (Describing, Narrating, Argumentation, Short / long
Composition)
Comprehension + Précis writing.
Phrase, Types of Phrase
Clause, Types of Clause
Recommended Books
• High School English Grammar & Composition by Wren and Martin.
• Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson & A.V. Martinet. Exercises 1 & 2. 3 rd
edition. Oxford University Press.
• Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand& Francoise Grellet.
Oxford Supplementary Skills. 4th Impression 1993.
• Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brian Tomilson & Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills.
3rd Impression 1992.
Title of the Course: Introduction to Computer

Course Code: CS- 311Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)
Course Contents
Introductions to Computers: Data and Information, Information Processing Cycle, The
Components of Computer, Advantages and Disadvantages of using Computers, Networks and
the Internet. Computer Software, Categories of Computers, Elements of an Information System,
Examples of Compute Usage, Computer Applications in Society.
The Internet and World Wide Web: Key Concept of the Internet, Evolution of Internet, The
World Wide Web, E -commerce, Other Internet Services, Netiquettes
Application Software, Business Software, graphics and Multimedia Soft Ware, Software for
Home, Personal and Educational Use, Web Applications, Application Software for
Communications
The system unit: Processor, Data Representation, Memory, Expansion Slots and Adapter cards,
Ports and Connectors, Busses, Bays, Power Supply

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Input devices: What is Input, what are Input Devices, The Key Board, Pointing Devices, Mouse,
Other Pointing Devices, Touch Screens, and Touch Sensitive Pads, Pen Input, Other Inputs for
Smart Phones, Game Controllers, Digital Cameras, Voice Input, Video Input, Scanners and
Reading Devices, Biometric Input, Terminals, Putting it all together, Input Devices for
Physically Challenged Users
Output Devices: What is Output, Display Devices, Printers, Speakers, Headphones, and Ear
Buds, Other Output Devices?
Storage: Hard Disk, Flash Memory Storage, Cloud Storage, Optical Discs, Other Types of
Storage,
System Software: Operating Systems, Operating System Functions, Types of Operating Systems,
Stand Alone Operating Systems, Server Operating Systems, Embedded Operating Systems,
Utility Programmes.
Communications: Use of Computer Communications, Networks, Network Communications
Standards Communications Software, Communications Over the Telephone Network,
Communications Devices, Home Networks, Communications Channels, Physical Transmission
Media, Wireless Transmission Media.
Databases: Data and Information, The Hierarchy of Data, Maintaining Data, File Processing
Verses Database, Database Management System, Relational, Object Oriented and
Multidimensional Databases, Web Databases and Database Administration.
Computer Security and Safety Ethics And Privacy: Computer Security Risks, Internet and
Network Attacks, Unauthorized Access and Use, Hardware Theft and Vandalism, Software
Theft, Information Theft, System Failure, Backing Up, Wireless Security, Health Concerns of
Computer Use, Ethics and Society
Lab:
Lab work should be carried out to develop students Computer Skills, Operating Systems, and
Utility Software Skills, E-Mail Skills, Word Processing Skills, Spreadsheet Skills, Electronic
Presentations Skills, Web Surfing Skills
Recommended books:

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1. Discovering Computers by Gary B Shelly & Emisty E Vermaat, Course Technology; 1st
Edition (January 25, 2011)
2. Computing Essentials 2012 by Timothy J,O, Leary and Linda I.O, Leary, McGraw Hill
Higher Education;22 Revised Edition(February,1 2011)
3. Computers Understanding Technology by Fuller, Floyed; Larson, Brain, Fourth
Edition.ISBN978-076383-927-7.
4. Concepts of Information Technology By Imran Saeed, Afsan Raza, Tariq Mahmood And
Zafar Hussain, 6th Edition, IT Seris Publications.
5. The Essential Guide to Computing; The Story of Information Technology by E.Garrison
Walters, Prentice Hall PTC (August11, 2000) ISBN-10; 013019469
Title of the Course: Inorganic Chemistry

Course Code: CHEM- 315 Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)
Course Objectives
After completing this course, students will have sufficient knowledge about; the development of
periodic law, properties of elements in a systematic way, principal of chemical bonding, concepts
of acid and bases and the chemistry of p-block elements.
Course Contents
Periodic Law and Periodicity
Development of Periodic Table; classification of elements based on s, p, d and f orbitals, group
trends, periodic properties i.e., atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinities,
electro negativities and redox potential in s, p, d and f block elements
Principles of Chemical Bonding
Types of chemical bonding; ionic bonding; the localized bond approach: valance bond (VBT)
theory, hybridization and resonance; MOT theory as applied to Homo-nuclear diatomic and
hetero-nuclear molecules, Metallic Bonding, Band Theory of conductors, insulators and
semiconductors; bonding in electron deficient compounds; Intermolecular Forces,. Multicentred
bonding in electron deficient molecules, three centre two electron bond (3c-2e) and three-
centred, four electron (3c-4e) bond models.

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Acids and Bases
Concepts of acids and bases including SHAB concept, relative strength of acids and bases,
significance of pH, pKa, pKb and buffer solutions, solubility, solubility product, common ion
effect and their industrial applications.
Chemistry of p-block Elements
Chemistry and structure of p-block elements; main emphasis on the chemistry and structure of
noble gases and their compounds, chemistry and structure of interhalogens, pseudo halogens and
polyhalides. Prediction of shapes of molecules using VSEPR model and hybridization.
Lab Outline
 Comparative study of different type of inorganic compound.
 Study their molecular structures
Recommended Books
1. Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D.A., Inorganic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall International, New
Jersey, USA, 1991.
2. Huheey, J. E.; Keiter, E. A.; Keiter, R. L., Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of
Structureand Reactivity, 4thed.., Harper and Row, New York,2001.
3. Shriver, D. F.; Atkins, P. W.; Langford, C. H., Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Oxford
University Press, 1994.Supplementary Reading Material
4. Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, 1995.
5. Lee, J.D., Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Chapman and Hall, 5th ed., 1996.
Title of the Course: Pakistan Studies (Compulsory)

Course Code: PS- 321 Credit Hours: 3 (3+0)
(The teacher reserve the right to teach the course in Urdu or English)
Specific objective of course:
Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary Pakistan,
ideological background of Pakistan. Study the process of governance, national development,
issues arising in the modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
Course Outline

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Historical Perspective
Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad
Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Factors leading to Muslim separatism
People and Land: i. Indus civilization, ii. Muslim Advent, iii. Location and geophysical
features, Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases:1947-58; b. 1958-71; c. 1971-77; d. 1977-88; e. 1988-99;
f. 1999 onwards
Contemporary Pakistan
Economic institutions and issues, Society and social structure, Ethnicity
Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Recommended Books
1. Afzal, M. Rafique. 1998. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad:
National Institute of Historical and cultural Research.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. 2000. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
3. Amin, Tahir. Ethno-National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute of Policy
Studies, Islamabad.
4. Aziz, K.K.1976. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on
Historical and Cultural Research.
5. Burki, Shahid Javed.1980. State & Society in Pakistan. The Macmillan Press Ltd.
6. Haq, Noor ul. 1993. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad: National
Commission on Historical and Cultural Research.
7. Ziring, Lawrence.1980. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: Wm Dawson &
sons Ltd.

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FIRST YEAR
SECOND SEMESTER
Title of the course: Animal Diversity-II (Chordates)
Code: ZOO- 321 Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)
Aims and Objectives: The course provides knowledge and understanding about the different
animal groups, emphasizing their phylogenetic relationships.
Course Outline
1. Hemichordates and Invertebrate Chordates
Evolutionary perspective Introduction to hemichordates
2. Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water
Evolutionary perspective, Introduction and brief classification of fishes, adaptations in
locomotion, circulation, gas exchange, lateral line system , excretion and osmoregulation,
reproduction and development.
3. Amphibians: The First Terrestrial Vertebrates
Evolutionary perspective, brief classification of amphibians, adaptations in external structure and
locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, temperature
regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction,
development, and metamorphosis; further phylogenetic considerations.
4. Reptiles: The First Amniotes
Evolutionary perspective cladistic interpretation of the amniotic lineage; survey of order
testudines or chelonia, rhynchocephalia, squamata, and crocodilia; evolutionary pressures:
adaptations in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation,
gas exchange, and temperature regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion and
osmoregulation, reproduction and development; further phylogenetic considerations.
5. Birds: Feathers, Flight, and Endothermy
Evolutionary perspective, ancient birds and the evolution of flight; diversity of modern birds;
evolutionary pressures: adaptation in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the
digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature regulation, nervous and sensory

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systems, excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and development; migration and
navigation.
6. Mammals: Specialized Teeth, Endothermy, Hair, and Viviparity
Evolutionary perspective: diversity of mammals; evolutionary pressures: adaptations in external
structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive system, circulation, gas exchange, and
temperature regulation, nervous and sensory functions, excretion and osmoregulation ,
behaviour, reproduction and development.
Lab outline:
 Study of representatives of group Fishes.
 Study of representative groups of class Amphibia.
 Study of representative groups of class Reptilia.
 Study of representative groups of class Aves.
 Study of representative groups of class Mammalia.
 Field trips to study animal diversity in an ecosystem.
 Visit to zoo and Wildlife Park.
 Collection and preservation techniques, collection of specimens by students.
 Note: Preserved specimen and/or colored projection slide and/or CD ROM projection of
computer must be used.
Books Recommended:
1. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. Integrated Principles of Zoology,
11thEdition (International), 2004. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
2. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. Zoology, 5thEdition (International) 2002. Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
3. Kent, G.C. and Miller, S. Comparative anatomy of Vertebrates. 2001. New York:
McGraw Hill.
4. Campbell, N.A. Biology, 6th Edition. 2002. Menlo Park, California:
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.

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Arts and Humanities
I. Arts and Humanities- I (Languages): Pashto, Urdu, Arabic, Turkish, Chinese or any other
language, Approved by BKUC
Title of the Course: Plant Systematics, Anatomy and Development/Embryology
Course Code: BOT. 321 Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)
Objectives of course:
To understand: Various systems of classification, identification and nomenclature of
Angiosperms. Structures and functions of tissues and organs at embryonic level.
Course outline
a) Plant Systematics
Introduction to Plant Systematics: aims, objectives and importance.
Classification: brief history of various systems of classification with emphasis on Takhtajan.
Brief introduction to nomenclature, importance of Latin names and binomial system with an
introduction to International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN).
Morphology: a detailed account of various, Morphological characters root, stem, leaf,
inflorescence, flower, placentation and fruit types.
Diagnostic characters, economic importance and distribution pattern of the following families:
i. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) ii. Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
iii. Rosaceae iv. Solanaceae v. Poaceae vi. Liliaceae (Sen. Lato)
b) Anatomy
Concept, structure and function of various tissues like: Parenchyma, Collenchyma,
Sclerenchyma, Epidermis (including stomata and trichrome) Xylem and Phloem
Meristem: types,
Primary and secondary growth of dicot stem, periderm
Characteristics of wood: diffuse porous and ring –porous, sap and heart wood, soft and hard
wood, annual rings.
Development / Embryology

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Early development of plant body: Capsella bursa-pastoris
Structure and development of Anther Microsporogenesis, Microgametophyte
Structure of Ovule Megasporogenesis Megagametophyte
Endosperm formation, Parthenocarpy, Polyembryony
Lab Outline
 Anatomy and Embryology
 Study of stomata, epidermis,
 Tissues of primary body of plant
 Study of xylem 3-dimensional plane of wood.
 T.S of angiosperm stem and leaf.
 Anatomy of germinating seeds
 Study of pollens
 Taxonomy
 Identification of families given in syllabus with the help of keys.
 Technical description of common flowering plants belonging to families mentioned in
theory syllabus.
 Field trips shall be undertaken to study and collect local plants.
 Students shall submit 40 fully identified herbarium specimens.
Recommended Books
1. Eames A.J. and L.H Mac Daniels. 2002. An Introduction to Plant Anatomy. Tata-Mac
Graw-Hill Publishing Company, Limited New Delhi.
2. Fahn, A. 1990. Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
3. Panday, B.P. 2004. A textbook of Botany (Angiosperms). S. Chand and Co. New Delhi.
4. Rajput, M. T., S. S. Hassney and K. M. Khan. 1996. Plant Taxonomy. New Trends
Computer Service, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
5. Raymond E, S. E. Eichhorn. 2005. Esau’s Plant Anatomy. Meristems cells and tissues of
the plant body, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
6. Stuessy, T.F. 1990. Plant Taxonomy. Columbia University Press, USA.

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Title of the course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement
Course Code: SOC- 313 Credit Hours: 3 (3+0)
Course Objectives:
The overall objectives of this course are to:
 Teach students the importance and role of active citizenship in promoting a productive,
harmonious and developed society/world
 Educate students about the importance of concepts, skills and philosophy of community
linkages in developing a sustainable society
 Inculcate the importance of community involvement for ensuring an improved, tolerant
and generative society/world
 Provide an opportunity to the students to develop their relationship with the community
Learning Outcomes:
The primary outcome is inclusive development through active citizenship locally and globally,
Moreover, the following are the detailed outcomes of the course based on the three domains of
Bloom’s Taxonomy i.e Affective, Psychomotor and Cognitive. The students will be able to:
 Understand the overall organization of the society

 Recognize and exercise their rights, responsibilities and the significance of active
citizenship in positive societal development
 Identify and critically evaluate social issues and implement practicable community based
solutions
 Understand the concept of human rights and its significance
 Appreciate diverse viewpoints and inter-cultural harmony
Course Outline:
Introduction to Citizenship Education and Community Engagement
 Meaning & History

 Attributes of Active Citizenship
 Different Approach
 Republican Approach
 Liberal Approach

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 Cosmopolitan Approach
 Dimensions of Active Citizenship
 Rights
 Membership
 Participation
 Identity
Identity, Culture, and Social Harmony
 Sociological Theories of Self Formation

 Sigmund Freud Theory
 George Herbert Mead Theory
 Charles Horton Cooley Theory
 Cultural & Religious Harmony
 Pluralism & Diversity
 Democracy & Democratic Norms
 Concept and Development of Identity
 Components of Cultural and Social Harmony
Inter-Cultural Dialogue (me versus you)
 Principles & Purpose

 Ability to Support, learn and share through dialogue
 Policy Dialogue (encourage young people to share their opinion and perspective with
policy makers and opinion makers.
Local & Global Communities
 Concept of Community
 Needs, Issues & Conflicts
 Conflict Resolution
 Communication & Networking
 Social Cohesion
 Social Capital
 Social Networking
 Advocacy
 Social Entrepreneurship & Partnership
Social Action Planning
 Skills in project Planning & Management

 Project Cycle
 Stakeholder Analysis
 Problem Identification
 Writing Project Plan
 Monitoring & Evaluation

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 Risk Analysis
Population Dynamics in Pakistan
 Population Growth Pakistan

 Factors Behind High Fertility Rate
 Legislative Actions
 Dearth of Medical Facilities
 Delayed VS Early Age Marriages
 Poverty
 Women Empowerment
 Spreading Awareness
 Providing Incentives
 Population Theory
 How to Control Population Growth
Text and Reference Books:
Core Readings:
1. Larsen A. K. Sewpaul, V., & Hole, G. O. (Eds.). (2013). Participation in community

work: International Perspectives, Rutledge
2. Alan, T. (2008). Community work, London: Palgrave Macmillan
3. British Council, (2017) Active Citizen’s social Action Projects Guide (Scotland: British
Council)
4. Kaye, C. B. (2004). The complete guide to service learning: Proven, practical ways to
engage students in civic responsibility, academic curriculum, & social action. Free spirit
publishing.
5. Hans, R. (1993). Population Studies, Indian Council of Social Sciences Research, New
Delhi.
6. Peterson, W. (1975). Population, New York, Macmillan.
7. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe-official web site.
8. Weeks, J. R. (1992). Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Belmart
California, Wadsworth Publishing Company
COURSE TITLE: ENGLISH II: COMPOSITION WRITING

Course Description:
The course focuses on the basic strategies of composition and writing skills. Good writing skills
not only help students obtain good grades but also optimize their chances to excel in professional
life. The course includes modes of collecting information and arranging it in appropriate manner

21
such as chronological order, cause and effect, compares and contrast, general to specific etc. It
enables the students to write, edit, rewrite, redraft and proofread their own document for writing
effective compositions. Because of the use of a significant amount of written communication on
daily basis, sharp writing skills have always been valued highly in academic as well as
professional spheres.
Course Objectives:
This course aims to:
1. Assist students identify the audience, message, and the purpose of writing
2. Develop rhetorical knowledge and critical thinking
3. Enable them express themselves in a variety of writing styles
4. Help students write well organized academic texts including examination answers with
topic/thesis statement and supporting details.
5. Make students write argumentative essays and course assignments
6. Use different mechanics of writing to produce various types of compositions effectively
keeping in view the purpose and the audience
7. Demonstrate rhetorical knowledge
8. Demonstrate critical thinking in well-organized forms of academic texts
Course Contents:
Writing Process,
Invention in writing Process or brainstorming
Generating Ideas (collecting information in various forms such as mind maps, tables, lists, charts
etc)
Identifying Audience, Purpose, and Message,
Ordering Information,
Chronology for a narrative,
Stages of a process,
Deductive vs Inductive approach in writing

22
Comparison and contrast,
Problem solution pattern,
Drafting,
Free Writing,
Revising, Editing, Paraphrasing,
Cohesion and Coherence, Cohesive Devices,
Paragraph unity, Summary and Précis Writing,
Creative Writing, Essay Writing,
Developing a thesis, writing effective introduction and conclusion
Organizing an essay, different types of essays, use of various rhetorical modes including
exposition, argumentation and analysis
Recommended Books
1. Critical Reading and Writing: An Introductory Course by Goatly, A. 2000. London:
Taylor & Francis
2. A Writer’s Reference by Hacker, D. 1992. 2nd ed. Boston: St. Martin’s
3. Study writing: A course in written English for academic and professional purposes.
by Hamp-Lyons, L. & Heasley, B. 1987. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Oxford English for Undergraduates by Howe, D. H, Kirkpatrick, T. A. &

Kirkpatrick, D. L. 2004. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
5. Patterns for College Writing: Fourth Edition. Kirszner, L.G & Mandell, S.R. 1989 USA:
St. Martin’s Press, Inc.
6. Write to be Read: Reading, Reflection and Writing by Smazler, W. R. 1996. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

23
Title of the Course: Islamic studies
Course Code: IS- 312 Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
(The Teacher reserve the right to teach the course in Urdu or English)
Specific Objectives of course:
1. To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2. To enhance understanding of the learners regarding Islamic Civilization
3. To enhance the skill of the learners to understand issues related to faith and religious life.
Course Contents:
Introduction to Quranic Studies
 Basic Concepts of Quran
 History of Quran
 Uloom-ul -Quran
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
 Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)
 Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi (Verse No-1-18)
 Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful (Verse No-1-11)
 Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
 Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
 Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)
 Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of Judgment
 Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I
 Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood)
 Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
 Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II
 Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
 Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina
 Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina
Introduction To Sunnah
 Basic Concepts of Hadith
 History of Hadith
 Kinds of Hadith
 Uloom –ul-Hadith
 Sunnah & Hadith
 Legal Position of Sunnah
Introduction To Islamic Law & Jurisprudence

24
 Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
 History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
 Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
 Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
 Islam and Sectarianism
Islamic Culture & Civilization
 Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
 Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
 Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
 Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam & Science
 Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
 Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
 Quranic & Science
Islamic Economic System
 Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
 Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
 Islamic Concept of Riba
 Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Political System of Islam
 Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
 Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
 Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Islamic History
 Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
 Period of Ummayyads
 Period of Abbasids
Social System of Islam
 Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam
 Elements of Family
 Ethical Values of Islam
COURSE RECOMMANDED BOOKS:

1. Bhatia, H.S. (1989). Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society. New Delhi: Deep &
Deep Publications.
2. Hasan, Ahmad. (1993) .Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Islamabad: Islamic Research
Institute, IIU.
3. Waliullah, Mir. (1982). Muslim Jrisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes. Lahore:
Islamic Book Service.
4. Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad. (2001). Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia. Islamabad:Allama
Iqbal Open University.

25
SECOND YEAR
THIRD SEMESTER
Course Title: ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION-I
Course Code: ZOO-411 Cr. Hour: 3 (2+1)
Aims and Objectives:

The course aims to teach the students about:
 Animals diversity adapted in different ways for their functions through
modifications in body parts.
 The diversity in integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and sensory,
endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, nutritive, excretory, osmoregulatory and
reproductive systems according to strategies to survive in their specific
conditions.
 Organ systems, their specialization and coordination with each other and
constantly changing internal and external environment, inside and outside the
animal’s body.
 The basic structure of each system that determines its particular function.
Course Contents:
Protection, Support, and Movement

Protection: the integumentary system of invertebrates and vertebrates; movement and
support: the skeletal system of invertebrates and vertebrates; movement: non-muscular
movement; an introduction to animal muscles; the muscular system of invertebrates and
vertebrates.

26
Communication I: Nerves
Neurons: structure and function; neuron communication: introductory accounts of resting
membrane potential, action potential (nerve impulse) and transmission of the action
potential between cells; invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems: the spinal cord, spinal
nerves, the brain, cranial nerves and the autonomic nervous system.
Communication II: Senses

Sensory reception: baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, georeceptors, hygroreceptors,
phonoreceptors, photoreceptors, proprioceptors, tactile receptors, and thermoreceptors of
invertebrates; lateral-line system and electrical sensing, lateral-line system and
mechanoreception, hearing and equilibrium in air, hearing and equilibrium in water, skin
sensors of damaging stimuli, skin sensors of heat and cold, skin sensors of mechanical
stimuli, sonar, smell, taste and vision in vertebrates.
Communication III: The Endocrine System and Chemical Messengers

Chemical messengers: hormones chemistry; and their feedback systems; mechanisms of
hormone action; some hormones of porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nemerteans,
nematodes, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms invertebrates; an overview of
the vertebrate endocrine system; endocrine systems of vertebrates, endocrine systems of
birds and mammals.
Circulation, Immunity, and Gas Exchange

Internal transport and circulatory systems in invertebrates: characteristics of invertebrate
coelomic fluid, hemolymph, and blood cells; transport systems in vertebrates; characteristics of
vertebrate blood, blood cells and vessels; the hearts and circulatory systems of bony fishes,
amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals; the human heart: blood pressure and the lymphatic
system; immunity: nonspecific defenses, the immune response; gas exchange: respiratory
surfaces; invertebrate and vertebrate respiratory systems: cutaneous exchange, gills, lungs, and
lung ventilation; human respiratory system: gas transport.
Lab Outlines:

27
 Study of insect chitin, fish scale, amphibian skin, reptilian scales, feathers and
mammalian skin.
 Study and notes of skeleton of Labeo, Rana tigrina, Varanus, fowl and rabbit.
Note: Exercises of notes on the adaptations of skeletons to their function must be done.
 Earthworm or leech; cockroach, freshwater mussel, Channa or Catla catla or Labeo or
any other
 Local fish, frog, pigeon and rat or mouse and rabbits are representative animals for study
in dissections.
 Study of models or preserved brains of representative animals and notes on adaptations.
 Study of nervous system of earthworm and a fish.
 Study of endocrine system in an insect and a rabbit.
 Study of different types of blood cells in blood smear of rabbit.
 Study of heart, principal arteries and veins in a representative vertebrate (dissection of
representative fish/mammals).
 Study of respiratory system in cockroach or locust and a vertebrate representative
(Model).
Books recommended:
1. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. Integrated principles of zoology, 11 th

Edition (International), 2004. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
2. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. zoology, 5th Edition (International), 2002. Singapore:
McGraw
Hill.
3. Pechenik, J.A. Biology of Invertebrates, 4th Edition (International), 2000. Singapore:

McGraw Hill.
4. Kent, G.C. and Miller, S. Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. 2001. New York:
McGraw Hill.

28
5. Campbell, N.A. BIOLOGY, 6th Edition. 2002. Menlo Park, California:
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
Course Title: ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY
Course Code: ZOO-412 Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
 To educate scholars about the relationship of commerce with domestic animals, their
products, by-products and associated farming practices
 To teach the importance of human and domestic animal diseases and their vital relation to
the economy
 To provide knowledge about internal and external parasites and their effects on domestic
animals and their farming practices
 To familiarize with the value of studying various general practices, principles and
techniques in farming and rearing of animals in sericulture (silk worms), apiculture
(honey bees), aquaculture (fisheries, pearl culture, prawns and oysters), poultry (domestic
fowl and ostriches) and cattle husbandry
 To study the economics and principles of stored grained pests, pesticides and integrated
pest management
Course Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
 Acquire basic knowledge of Commerce and Economics in relation to Zoology
 Understand the Economic relationship of Animals with Humans
 Solve problems related to animal husbandry and pest management by applying
theoretical knowledge with practical efficacy
 Analyze and enhance Animal husbandry techniques by using different Entrepreneurship
skills
 Evaluate problems using practical knowledge in Zoology
 Demonstrate the Economy based interactions of Man and Animals
Course Outline:

29
 Basic concepts in Economic Zoology.
 Parasitic protozoans and human disease. Economic importance of protozoa.
 Vectors of human and domestic animals.
 Ecto- and Endo-parasites of fish, poultry, cattle and Man.
 Pests of Plants.
 Apiculture, and Sericulture, Lac insect culture and Pearl culture
 Aquaculture and Fisheries (Edible Fresh water, Pond and Marine fish, Prawns, Pearl
oysters). Economic importance of fishes.
 Bird farming (Poultry, Quail, Turkey, Ostrich and Pigeon.
Lab Outlines:
 To study the prepared slides of various types of ecto- and endo-parasites.
 To observe and study Museum specimens of vertebrate and invertebrate
pests of important crops and stored grains in Pakistan.
 To visit Honey Bee farm. Write a report on their observations.
 Visit to Sericulture farm in a nearby locality and write report on their observations.
 Study visit to fish Hatchery, Nursery ponds, Stocking ponds, Commercial fish breeding
farms and report writing.
 Identification of important species of Fish and their natural Habitat.
 Visit to any bird farm and write observations.
Recommended books:
1. Economic Zoology. Ravindranathan, K. R. 2003. 1st ed. Dominent Publishers and
Distributers. New Delhi. India
2. 2. Principles of Wildlife Management. Bailey, J. A. 1986. John Wiley and Sons Inc.USA.
3. Wildlife ecology and management. Robinson, W. L. and Bolen, E. G. 1984. McMillan
Publishing Company. Cambridge, UK.
4. A Primer of Conservation of Biology. Primack R. B. 2000. 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates
Inc. USA.

30
5. Animal biodiversity of Pakistan. Mirza, Z. B. 1998. 1st ed: Printopack, Rawalpindi.
Pakistan.
6. Ahmad, R. and Muzaffar, N., 1987. Rearing of Silkworm. Misc. Pub. Pak. Agric. Res.
Council, pp. 53.
7. Akhtar, M. and Muzaffar, N., 2008. Introduction to Apiculture, Department of Zoology,
Punjab University Press, 36 pp.
8. Anon, 1986. The Hive and the Honeybee. Dadant & Sons. Illinois, USA, pp. 740.
9. Anon, 1999. FAO Bulletins on Sericulture Nos. 1 & 2. FAO Office, Rome, Italy.
10. 10. Blackiston, H., 2001. Beekeeping for Dummies. Wiley Publishing, Inc. Indiana,
USA, pp. 303. 11. Shukla, G.S. and Upadhayay, V.B., 1997. Economic Zoology, 3rd Ed.
Rastogi Publications, Mearut, India, pp. 369.
Title of the Course: Diversity of plants-II

Course Code: BOT- 412 Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)
Specific Objectives of course: To enable the students to understand the diversity,
taxonomy, morphology, reproduction and evolution of non flowering plants (Archegoniates)
Course Outline
Introduction, origin, history, feature and a generalized life cycle of the representative members.
1. Bryophytes: Riccia, Anthoceros, Funaria
2. Pteridophytes: i. Psilopsida (Psilotum), ii. Lycopsida (Selaginella), iii.
Sphenopsida (Equisetum), iv. Pteropsida (Marsilea)
3. Gymnosperms: i. Cycas, ii. Pinus, iii. Ephedra.
Lab Outline
1. Morphological and reproductive features of available genera.
2. Collection of members of the representative genra and study their morphology and
anatomy.
3. Study trips to different parts of Pakistan for the collection and identification of important
brrophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms.

31
Recommended Books
Beck, C.B. 1998. Origin and evolution of Gymnosperms, Columbia University Press,
New York.
Erdtman, G. 1954. An Introduction to Pollen anylysis. 2nd.Ed. Ronald Press, New York.
Foster, A.S. and Gifford, E.M.Jr. 1998. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants.
W.H. Freeman and Co.
Hussain, F. 2012. A Text Book of Botany and Biodiversity. Pak Book Empire Lahore.
Jones, D. 1983. Cycadales of the World, Washington, DC.
Mauseth, J.D. 1998. An Introduction to Plant Biology, Multimedia Enhanced, Jones and
Bartlett Pub. UK.
Moore, R.c., W.d. Clarke and Vodopich, D.S. 1998. Botany McGraw Hill Company,
USA
Raven, P.H. Evert, R.E. and Eichhorn, S.E. 1999. Biology of Plants, W.H. Freeman and
Company Worth Publishers.
Ray, P.M. Steeves, T.A. and Fultz, T.A. 1998. Botany Saunders College Publishing,
USA.
Title of the Course: Chemistry II: Organic Chemistry
Course Code: CHEM- 416 Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)
Course Objectives
The objectives of Organic Chemistry offered in this semester are to provide the beginning
student with the necessary knowledge and experience to be able to:
Realize the importance of organic chemistry in our daily life and learn the evolutionary historical
developments of organic chemistry.
Draw proper chemical structures and ways in which organic structures may be drawn.
Get familiarized with the systematic nomenclature of hydrocarbons beside compounds having
heteroatomic functional groups.
Understand the basic concepts of chemical bonding, molecular structure, inductive and field
effects, resonance theory, aromaticity and tautomerism besides the Lewis and Bronsted–Lowry
theories of acids and bases.

32
Identify centres of reactivity in organic structures, including the names, structures and basic
chemical properties of the most important functional groups.
Learn characteristic reactions of basic organic functional groups and use this knowledge to
predict products of reactions and distinguish related compounds.
Course Contents
Introduction to Organic Chemistry:
Organic Chemistry- the chemistry of Carbon compounds; Nature of organic chemistry-a
historical perspective.
Basic Concepts in Organic Chemistry:
Localized and delocalized chemical bonding; concept of hybridization leading to bond angles,
bond lengths, bond energies and shapes of organic molecules; dipole moment; inductive and
field effects, resonance; aromaticity; tautomerism; hyperconjugation; hydrogen bonding, acids
and bases; factors affecting the strengths of acids and bases.
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds:
Classification of organic compounds; development of systematic nomenclature of organic
compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of hydrocarbons and heteroatom functional groups.
Functional Group Chemistry:
A brief introduction to the chemistry of hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcohols, phenols, ethers,
aldehydes, ketones, amines, carboxylic acids and their derivatives.
Recommended Books
1. Clayden, J.; Greeves, N.; Warren, S.; Wothers, P., Organic Chemistry, Oxford University
Press, New York.
2. Wade Jr., L. J., Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education, Delhi.
3. Younas, M., A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, IlmiKitabKhana, Lahore.
4. Morrison, R. T.; Boyd, R. N., Organic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
5. Morrison, R. T.; Boyd, R. N., Organic Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
6. Carey, F. A.; Sundberg, R. J., Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A: Structure and
Mechanisms, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
7. Sykes, P., A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Longman, London.

33
8. Hand, C. W.; Blewitt, H. L., Acid-Base Chemistry, Macmillan Publishing Company, New
York.
Title of the Course: QR-II (Logic and Quantitative Reasoning)
Course Code: PHIL-312 Credit Hours: 3 (3+0)
Course Contents
Basic Concept of Quantitative Reasoning:
 Definition of Quantitative Reasoning

 The logic of Quantitative Reasoning.
 The scope of quantitative Logic
 Propositions, Arguments in quantitative Reasoning
 Conclusion-indicators and Premise-indicators
 The Laws of Thought
 Induction and Deduction in Quantitative Logic
Language and Quantitative Reasoning:
 The basic uses of language

 Discourse serving multiple functions
 The forms of discourse
 Kinds of agreement and disagreement
Quantitative Reasoning and Symbolic Logic:
 Quantitative Reasoning and Symbolic Language

 The symbols for Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction
 The precise meaning of Valid and Invalid
 Testing arguments on Truth Table
Categorical Propositions and Quantitative Reasoning:
 Classes and Categorical Propositions

 The four kinds of Categorical Proposition

34
 Quality, Quantity and Distribution
 The traditional square of opposition
 Obversion, Contraposition
 Symbolism and Diagrams of Categorical Proposition
Quantitative Reasoning and Categorical Syllogism:
 Standard form of Categorical Syllogism

 The formal nature of Syllogistic arguments
 Venn diagram technique for testing Syllogism
 Syllogistic Rules and Fallacies
 Exposition of the 15 Valid forms of Categorical Syllogism
 Syllogistic Arguments
 Dilemma
 Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogism
Recommended Books:
1. Stewart, David and Blocker, Gene. H. (2006). Fundamentals of Philosophy. New
Delhi: Pearson Education.
2. Copi, Iring. M. And Cohen, Carl. (2009). Introduction to Logic. New Delhi: Pearson
Education.
3. Copi, Iring. M., Cohen, Carl. Jetli, Priyadarshi. and Prabhakar, Monica.
(2009).Introduction to Logic. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley Pvt, Ltd.

35
COURSE TITLE: ENGLISH III: ACADEMIC READING & WRITING
Course Description
This course aims at inculcating proficiency in academic writing through research. It guides
students to develop a well-argued and well documented academic paper with a clear thesis
statement, critical thinking, argumentation and synthesis of information. This course also teaches
students how to use different systems of citations and bibliography. It allows students to become
independent and efficient readers armed with appropriate skills and strategies for reading and
Comprehending texts at undergraduate level.
Course Objectives
To enable the students to:
1. Improve literal understanding, interpretation & general assimilation, and integration of
knowledge
2. Write well organized academic texts including examination answers with topic/thesis
statement and supporting details.
3. Write argumentative essays and course assignments
Course Contents:
Reading and Critical Thinking
• Read academic texts effectively by
• Using appropriate strategies for extracting information and salient points according to a
given purpose
• Identifying the main points supporting details, conclusions in a text of intermediate level
• Identifying the writer’s intent such as cause and effect, reasons, comparison and contrast,
and exemplification
• Interpreting charts and diagrams
• Making appropriate notes using strategies such as mind maps, tables, lists, graphs.
• Reading and carrying out instructions for tasks, assignments and examination questions

36
• Enhance academic vocabulary using skills learnt in Compulsory English I course
• Acquire efficient dictionary skills such as locating guide words, entry words, choosing
appropriate definition, and identifying pronunciation through pronunciation key, identifying
part of speech, identifying syllable division and stress patterns
• Writing Academic Texts
Organization and development of effective compositions

• employ appropriate strategies for prewriting, drafting, revising, and editing as part
of the writing process
• compose coherent paragraphs, supporting central ideas with specific details
• Compose organized essays with genre-specific structure including thesis,

introduction, body, and conclusion.
• demonstrate control of key conventions of standard written English
• summarize a text objectively
• respond to a text subjectively
• analyze, synthesize, interpret, and evaluate information from multiple texts
• apply active reading strategies such as skimming, scanning, questioning, and

annotating
• develop vocabulary; choose correctly among different forms of related words;

evaluate differences in diction
Recommended Books:
• English Practice Grammar (New edition with tests and answers) by Eastwood, J.
2004. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
• Fisher, A. 2001. Critical Thinking. C UP

37
• Critical Reading and Writing: An Introductory Course. By Goatly, A. 2000.
London: Taylor & Francis
• A Writer's Reference. 2nd Ed. By Hacker, D. 1992. Boston: St.
Martin's
• Study writing: A course in written English for academic and professional
purposes. By Hamp-Lyons, L. & Heasley, B. 1987. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
• Oxford English for Undergraduates. By Howe, D. H, Kirkpatrick, T. A., &
Kirkpatrick, D. L. 2004. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
• Grammar in Use. By Murphy, R. 2003. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Write to be Read: Reading, Reflection and Writing. By Smazler, W. R. 1996.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Study Skills. By Wallace, M. 1992. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Primary Texts: The Norton Field Guide to Writing, by Richard Bullock; or The St.
Martin’s Guide to Writing, by Rise Axelrod and Charles Cooper; or The Allyn and Bacon Guide
to Writing, by John Ramage and John Bean; or The Call to Write, by John Trimbu

38
SECOND YEAR
FOURTH SEMESTER
Course Title: ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION-II
Course Code: ZOO- 421 Cr. Hour: 3(2+1)
Course Objectives: The Objectives of the courses are:

1. To teach about animals’ diversity adapted in different strategies’ for performance of their similar
functions through modifications in body parts in past and present times.
2. To impart understanding of diverse strategic structural adaptations in each of the functional systems of
nutrition, excretion, osmoregulation and reproduction and development for effective survival in their
specific conditions.
3. To understand the organ systems, their specialization and coordination with each other and constantly
changing internal and external environment, inside and outside the animal’s body
. 4. To embrace the phenomena in basic structure of each system that determines its particular function.
Course Contents:
Course Learning Outcomes:
1. Acquire the concept that for the performance of a function for example exchange of
respiratory gases the different forms are adapted in t environments e.g. gills in aquatic and lungs
in terrestrial environment.
2. Understand that diverse forms adapted to perform the same functions are because of the
different past and present conditions.
3. Solve of emergence of diversity of forms for the performance of similar function.
4. Analyze the requirements of diverse forms for the performance of similar function in their past
and present needs.
5. Evaluate the adaptations in forms for its efficiency in managing the function in differing
situations in the past and present times.
6. Demonstrate that a form is successfully adapted to perform a function adequately and
successfully

39
Course Outline:
1. Nutrition and Digestion:
a. Evolution of nutrition; the metabolic fates of nutrients in heterotrophs; digestion
b. Animal strategies for getting and using food, diversity in digestive structures of invertebrates.
c. The mammalian digestive system: gastrointestinal motility and its control
d. Oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus, stomach, small intestine: main site of digestion; large
intestine; role of the pancreas in digestion; and role of the liver and gallbladder in digestion.
2. Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation:
a. Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation; The Impact of Temperature on Animal Life; Heat
Gains and Losses; Some Solutions to Temperature Fluctuations; Temperature Regulation in
Invertebrates, Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals; Heat Production in Birds and
Mammals
b. Control of Water and Solutes (Osmoregulation and Excretion); Invertebrate and Vertebrate
c. Excretory Systems; How Vertebrates Achieve Osmoregulation; Vertebrate Kidney Variations;
Mechanism in Metanephric Kidney Functions. Reproduction and Development
3. Reproduction:
a. Asexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction;
b. Sexual reproduction in invertebrates; advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction;
sexual reproduction in vertebrates; reproductive strategies; examples of reproduction among
various vertebrate classes;
c. The human male reproductive system: spermatogenesis, transport and hormonal control,
reproductive function;
d. The human female reproductive system: folliculogenesis, transport and hormonal control,
reproductive function; hormonal regulation in gestation; prenatal development and birth: the
placenta; milk production and lactation.
Lab Outlines:
1. Study of excretory system in an invertebrate and a vertebrate representative (Model).
2. Study of dissection system in invertebrate and a vertebrate representative (Dissection).

40
3. Dissection and study of male and female reproductive system in vertebraes and invertebrates.
Note: Prepared slides and preserved specimen and/or projection slidesand/or CD ROM computer
projections may be used.
Books Recommended:
1. Pechenik, J.A. 2013. Biology of Invertebrates, 4th Ed. (International),Singapore:

McGraw-Hill.
2. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S., Larson, A. 2004. Integrated Principlesof Zoology, 11th
Ed. (International), Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
3. Miller, S.A., Harley, J.B. 2002. Zoology, 5th Ed. (International),Singapore: McGraw-
Hill.
4. Campbell, N.A. 2002. Biology, 6th Ed. Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc.
5. Kent, G.C., Miller, S. 2001. Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates. NewYork:
McGraw-Hill.
6. Hickman, C.P., Kats, H.L. 2000. Laboratory Studies in Integrated Principles of
Zoology. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Course Title: EVOLUTION
Course Code: ZOOL- 422 Cr. Hours: 2(2+0)
Aims & Objectives:

The course aims to:
• Impart knowledge and concepts of evolution mainly on the basis of fossil record.
• Give understanding that fossil record also provides information about the distribution
of animals in the past eras.

41
Course Contents:
Evolution: The nature and origin to life. Evidences of evolution. (Molecular,

embryological & paleontological). Theories to explain the diversity of life - Modern
synthetic theory.
Factors initiating elementary evolutionary changes (micro-evolution) by changing
gene frequencies, mutation pressure, selection pressure, immigration and crossbreeding,
genetic drift. Role of isolation in evolution. Factors of large evolutionary changes
(macro/mega evolution) - allometry, orthogenesis, adaptive radiation.
Modern concept of Natural Selection: Levels of selection, selection patterns, laboratory
and field example regarding action of Natural Selection. Action of Natural Selection
leading to convergence, radiation, regression and extinction, Batesian mimicry, Mullerian
mimicry. Sexual selection: Darwin’s concept, Fisher’s view, Zahavi’s handicap theory.
Recapitulation theory, Trend and rates in evolution.
Books Recommended:
1. Ridley, M. evolution. 1993. Blackwell Scientific Publications.

2. Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F.J., Stebbins, G.L. and Valentine, J.W. evolution. 1973.
W.H. Freeman and Company.
3. Dobzhansky, T. Genetics and The Origin Of Species, 1951. Columbia University
Press, New York.
4. Mayr, E. Populations, species and evolution, 1965. Harvard University Press.
5. Moody, P.A. introduction to evolution, latest edition. Harper and Row Publishers,
New York. Strickberger. M.W. evolution. 2000. Jones & Barrett
Publishers

42
Arts and Humanities
II. Islamic History and Culture, Philosophy, History, Education, Home Economics or any other
approved course of BKUC
Social science II
Political Science, Sociology, Psychology, Economics, Law , or any other approved Basic
course of BKUC
Title of the course: Biostatistics

Course Code: ZOO- 423 Credit Hours: 3 (3 +0)
Specific objectives of course: To introduce the students with the basics of biostatistics, its
importance, use in botany and some important aspects to help them in data collection and
analysis.
Course Outline
Introduction to Biostatistics: Definition of Biostatistics, Introduction to Biostatistics, Variables in
statistics, Independent and Dependent Variables, Scope of Biostatistics in Biology: Qualitative
and Quantitative.
Statistical Data: Definition of Data, Collection of Primary and secondary Data, Editing of data,
Presentation of Data, Tabulation of Data, Classification Of Data, Visual Presentation of Data.
Sampling: Concept of Population and Sample, Definition of Sampling Distribution, Distribution
of sample, Mean, Confidence interval of Population mean, Confidence for Population Variance.
Measure of Central Tendencies: Mean, Mode, Median
Measures of Dispersion: Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation, Standard Error, Standard
Deviation, Standard Deviation by direct and Short-cut method, Variance and their Co-efficient.
Frequency Distribution: Variable types, Formation of Frequency table from raw data,
Summation, notation and statistical inference. Data transformation
Hypothesis Testing: Chi-square test, Student’s t-test, F test, Z-test, Analysis of variance
(ANOVA), LSD-test

43
Correlation and Regression: Correlation, Simple Correlation Table, Partial and Multiple
Correlation Regression and method of least square
Recommended Books
1. Agostino, R. D., L. Sullivan and A. Beiser. 2005. Introductory Applied Biostatistics, 1st
Edition Amazon Press.
2. Quinn, G. 2002. Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. Cambridge
University Press.
3. Rosner, B. 2005. Fundamentals of Biostatistics, 6th Edition, Amazon press.
4. Samuels, M., J. Witmer and A. Schaffner., 2011. Statistics for the Life Sciences, 4th
Edition, Pearson Education.

44
THIRD YEAR
FIFTH SEMESTER
Course Title: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
Aims & Objectives:

The course aims to:
• Impart knowledge about animal responses to external stimuli
• Emphasize different kinds of behavior classical and modern
• concepts
• Explain through examples development, evolution and occurrence of behavior
• understand the genetic and neurophysiological basis of behavior
Course contents:
Behaviour and its types

Proximate and ultimate causes of behavour.
Development of behaviour and impact of neural and physiological mechanisms; role of external
and internal stimuli and animal responses. Physiology of behavior in changed environments.
Hormones and behavior in animals.
Innate behaviour and innate releasing mechanisms; built in programmed performance by
offspring to that of parents. Innate behavior of three spined stickle back fish.
Learned behavior and its mechanisms; quick learners’ vs slowlearners.
Concept of animal cognition; key to understand and develop multiple behavioural choices.
Ecological and genetics to maintain animal behavior.
Concept of territoriality and defense in animals. Circadian rhythms and concept of bio-
rhythmicity in animals.
Maintenance of internal biological clock to perform various diurnal and nocturnal periodicities.
Costs and benefit ratios in behavior; successful foragers and winners of predator-prey
relationships.
Altruism and parental sacrifice to nurture the young. Competition for resources; survival of the
most suitable individuals; evolutionary arms races in behavior.

45
Social organization in animals and concept of group living; benefits and losses. Aggression,
appeasement and selfish individuals. Social organization in insects and mammals.
Communication in animals: Visual, Bioacoustic, electrical, chemical and tactile.
Various types of chemical signals in animals’ behavior and their importance in ecosystems.
1. Books Recommended:
1. An introduction to Animal behavior. The English Language Book Society and
2. Edward Arnold Ltd.
2. Ridley, M. (latest edition) Animal Behavior. Black well Scientific
Publications, London
3. Adkins-Regan, E. 2005. Hormones and animal social behavior. Princeton
University Press.
4. John Alcock. 2010. Animal behavior, an evolutionary approach. 9th Edition.
Sinauer Publishers.
5. Scott, G. 2009. Essential Animal Behavior. Wiley publishers.
6. Drickamer, L. C; Vessey, S. H; Jakob, E. M. 2002. Animal behavior:
mechanisms, ecology, evolution. 5th ed. McGraw Hill Higher Education.
7. Dugatkin, L. A. 2004. Principles of animal behavior. 1st ed. W. W. Norton &
Co. Inc.
8. Sherman, P. W; Alcock, J. (Editors). 2001. Exploring animal behavior. 3rd ed.
Sinauer Associates, Inc.
9. Huntingford, F. 1984. The study of animal behavior. Chapman and Hall.

46
Course Title: BIOCHEMISTRY-I
Code: ZOO-512Cr. Hours: 3 (2+1)
The course will provide in depth knowledge about the polymerized organic compounds of life.
The dynamism of the life proceeds with inter-conversion of the chemicals from feeding to the
liberation of energy for work. It will deal with the inter-conversion is performed by various tools
called as enzymes. Thus, in this course the concepts of the chemical basis of life and all the
mechanisms involved in harvesting of energy for growth, duplication etc., are given
Course Contents:
Introduction to biochemistry, scope of biochemistry, importance of carbon
Amino acids, peptides and proteins: standard amino acids, their structure and
classification; acid/base properties of amino acids and their titration curves; natural
modifications of amino acids in proteins; non-standard amino acids, their structure and
role; peptides, their ionic behavior and amino acid composition, structures and
classification of proteins, cytochrome c.
Enzymes: introduction; important characteristics of enzymes, classification of enzymes,
immobilized enzymes; how enzymes work; example of enzymatic reaction; enzyme
kinetics, enzyme rate of reaction and substrate concentration, how ph and temperature
effect enzyme activity; kinetics of bisubstrate and multisubstrate reactions.
Carbohydrates: classification, types, important characteristics and structure of
carbohydrates; history of developments in structure of glucose; monosaccharides;
cyanohydrin formation; disaccharides their types structure and function; polysaccharides,
storage and structural types; structure and major functions of polysaccharides.
Lipids: fatty acids, their types and major characteristics; storage lipids, acylglycerols;
waxes; structural lipids in membranes; major functions of lipids; lipoproteins, their types
and major functions.
Nucleic acids: purine and pyrimidine, important characteristics and structure of DNA and
RNA
Lab Outlines:
 Tests for detection of carbohydrates in alkaline and acidic medium.

 Biochemical tests for detection of Disaccharides.

47
 Biochemical tests for Detection of Non-Reducing sugars in the presence of reducing
sugars.
 Determination of pKa values of an amino acid by preparation of titration curves.
 Biochemical tests for detection of different amino acids.
 Separation of various protein fractions by precipitation method.
 Study on the effect of temperature on the enzymatic rate of reaction
Books Recommended:
1. Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M.M. Lehninger Principles Of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, 2000.
McMillan worth Publishers, New York.
2. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayer, P.A. and Rodwells, V.W. HARPER’S
BIOCHEMISTRY, 25th Edition, 2000. McGraw Hill, New York.
3. Voet. D., Voet, J.G., and Pratt, C.W. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 1999. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., New York.
4. Zubay, G. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, 1995. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Inc., Oxford,
England.
5. Lubert, S. Biochemistry, 4th Edition, 1995. W.H. Freeman & Company, New York.
6. McKee, T. and McKee, J.R. Biochemistry, The Molecular Basis of Life. 3rd Edition,
2003. McGraw Hill.
7. Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer.BIOCHEMISTRY, 5th edition.
latest edition.

48
Course Title: CELL BIOLOGY
Course Code: ZOO-513 Cr. Hours: 3 (2+1)
Objectives of the course are to impart knowledge about the animal cell and its complex
organization of architecture and the unified role it plays for the ultimate sustainability of
the organisms. The various ultra-structural, molecular and functional aspects of the cells
will be communicated in this course.
Course Contents:
Introduction to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: Plasma membrane, its chemical

composition structure and functions, cell permeability, active transport, endocytosis,
phagocytosis.
Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments.
Cytoplasmic Organelles: Membrane system (structural and functional commonalities).

Ultrastructure, chemical composition and functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum with special
reference to their role in protein synthesis and drug metabolism), Golgi Apparatus (with
reference to its role in synthesis of glycoprotein), Mitochondria (with reference to its role in
cellular respiration, and its significance as semi-autonomous organelle), Lysosome (with
reference to its diverse roles due to hydrolytic activity of enzymes), peroxisome (with
reference to metabolism of hydrogen peroxide), glycoxysome (with reference to glyoxylic acid
cycle).
Nucleus, chromatin, heterochromatin, euchromatin, chromosome structure with reference to

coiling and nucleosome during different phases of cell cycle, Replication (mechanism, DNA
replication in prokaryotes specially with reference to variety of DNA polymerases and other
proteins involved, DNA replication in Eukaryotes with special reference to DNA polymerases,
concept of Replicons etc.), Transcription (variety of RNA and their characteristics, synthesis
of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA with special reference to enzymes, involved, RNA splicing, split
genes, concept of Ribozymes and posttranscriptional processing), RNA transduction, Genetic
code, point mutations, Translation (with reference to the specific role of Ribosomes, various
factors, and posttranslational processing). Control of Gene expression in Prokaryotes.
Lab Outlines:
 Detection and quantitative determination of chromosomal DNA and RNA.

 Ultra-microscopic structure of a typical Animal cell.

49
 Growing culture of various organism.
 To study cheek epithelial cells of human.
Simple staining of Tissue.
 Counting of prokaryotic cells (bacteria) and blood cells by using hemocytometer.
 Isolation and characterization of proteins on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(native and sub-unit molecular weights).
 Separation of different sized PCR amplified DNA fragments on agarose gel and
western blotting.
Books Recommended:
1. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J.D. Molecular
Biology of the Cell, 1989. Garland Publishing Inc., New York.
2. Damell Jr. J., Lodisch, H. and Balimore, D. Molecular Cell Biology, 1990.
Scientific American Inc. N.Y.
3. De Robertis, E. D. P. and De Robertis Jr. E. N. F. Cell and Molecular Biology,
1987. Lea & Febiger, New York.
4. Karp, J. Cell and Molecular Biology, Concepts and experiments, 2005. Jhon
Wiley and Sons, INC.
5. Geoffrey M.C., Robert E.H. THE CELL: A Molecular Approach, 2007. Sin Auer
Associates, INC.

50
Course Title: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Course Code: ZOO-514Cr. Hours: 4 (3+1)

The course will provide detailed knowledge about the principal features of development, cellular
basis of morphogenesis, mechanisms of cellular differentiation and concepts of induction in
development. In the continuity of the animals during reproduction following the union of the
traits from the parents in their gametes, the zygote proceeds through enormous phenomena of
development up to their emergence resembling to the parents. The concepts of all these
developmental mechanisms will be communicated to the students in this course.
Course Contents:
Introduction: Principal features of development, origin of sexual reproduction,

developmental patterns; Spermatogenesis; Oogenesis, classification of eggs.
Fertilization: Recognition of sperm and egg, fusion of gametes, activation of egg
metabolism, rearrangement of egg cytoplasm, IVF.
Cleavage: Patterns of embryonic cleavage, mechanism of cleavage, process of twinning.
Gastrulation: Fate maps, gastrulation in sea urchin and mammals.
Early Vertebrate Development: Neurulation, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Cellular Basis of Morphogenesis: Differential cell affinity, cell adhesion molecules.
Mechanism of Cellular Differentiation: RNA processing, translational regulation of
developmental process, cell-fate by progressive determinants, autonomous cell
specification by cytoplasmic determinants, establishment of body axes and mechanism of
teratogenesis; Secondary Induction.
Placentation in Mammals.
Organogenesis: A brief account; Origin and migration of germ cells in vertebrates (one
type).
Brief introduction to Factors controlling growth and oncogenesis.
Hormones as mediators of development; chemical basis of Regeneration in
vertebrates.
Lab Outlines:
 Study of structure of gametes in some representative cases, i.e., frog, fish, fowl
and mammal.

51
 Study of cleavage and subsequent development from prepared slides and/or whole
mounts in various animals i.e., frog, chick etc.
 Study of fertilization, early development of frog through induced spawning under
laboratory conditions.
 Preparation and study of serial sections of frog or chick embryos.
 Application of microsurgical techniques on chick embryos in vitro.
 Preparation and staining of histological slides.
 Slides and models of metamorphosis
Books Recommended:
1. Gilbert, S. F. Developmental Biology, 2006.Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
2. Balinsky, B. I. An Introduction To Embryology, 1985. Saunders.
3. Saunders, J. W. Developmental Biology, 1982. McMillan and company.
4. Oppenheimer, S.S. Introduction to embryonic Development, 1984. Allen and
Bacon.
5. Ham, R. G. and Veomett, M. J. Mechanism of Development. 1980. C. V. Mosby
Co.
6. Klaus, K. Biological development. 2nd Edition, 2001.McGraw Hill.

52
Course Title: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Course Code: ZOO-515 Credit Hours: 3 (2+1)
Specific Objectives of course:

To disseminate the knowledge of molecular basis of life
Course Outline:
Nucleic Acids: DNA-circular and super helical DNA. Renaturation, hybridization, sequencing of
nucleic acids, synthesis of DNA, Central Dogma
Proteins: Basic features of protein molecules. Folding of polypeptide chain, α-helical and β-
secondary structures. Protein purification and sequencing.
Transcription: Enzymatic synthesis of RNA, transcriptional signals Translation: The genetic
code. The Wobbling, polycistronic and monocistronic RNA.Overlapping genes.
Gene regulation in Eukaryotes: Differences in genetic organization and prokaryotes and
eukaryotes. Regulation of transcription, initiation, regulation of RNA processing, regulation of
nucleocytoplasmic mRNA transport, regulation of mRNA stability, regulation of translation,
regulation of protein activity.
Animal Genomics: Transcriptomics; DNA libraries, their construction, screening and
Application. Microarray of gene technology and its application in functional genomics.
Proteomics: Structural and functional proteomics. Methods to study proteomics Metabolomics;
methods to study metabolomics; importance and application of metabolomics
Bioinformatics and computational biology. Levels, scope, potential and industrial application
of bioinformatics and computational biology, docking.
Lab Outline:
 Following techniques will be used for the isolation and analysis of different components:
 Extraction of RNA, DNA and proteins.
 Electrophoreses: One and two dimensional
 Purification of proteins, RNA and DNA.
 Amplification using PCR.
 Northern, Western and Southern Blotting.

53
Recommended Books:
1. Cullis, C. A. 2004. Plant Genomics and Proteomics. Wiley-Liss, New York.
2. Gibson, G. and S. V. Muse, 2002. A Premier of Genome Science, Sinauer Associates
Inc. Massachusetts.
3. Gilmartin, P. M. and C. Bowler. 2002. Molecular Plant Biology. Vol. 1 & 2. Oxford
University Press, UK.
4. Lodish, H. et al., 2004. Molecular Cell Biology.5th Edition. WH Freeman & Co.,
New York.
5. Ignacimuthu, S. 2005. Basic bioinformatics. Narosa Publishing House, India.
6. Weaver, R. F. 2005. Molecular Biology. McGraw-Hill, St. Louis.
7. Lehninger, A L. 2004. Principles of Biochemistry. Worth Publishers Inc.
8. David Figurski. 2013. Genetic manipulation of DNA and protein, example from
current research. In Tech Publishers.
9. Bruce Alberts et al., 2007. Molecular biology of the cell. 5thEdition. Garland and
Sons.
10. M. Madan Babu. 2013. Bacterial gene regulations and transcription network. Caister
Publishers. Academic Publishers.

54
Course Title: ECOLOGY
Course Code: ZOO-516 Cr. Hours: 3 (2+ 1)
The aim of this course is to make the students aware that all the living organisms including
human beings are part of the environment, which consists of biotic and abiotic factors.
The abiotic factors consist of all the physical factors while biotic factors include all the
living things. However, with the increase in population densities increase in productivity
is also needed. High technology measures used for this purpose have caused various
problems like pollution.
Course Contents:
An overview of concepts of ecosystem with emphasis on interaction and homeostasis. Basic
global ecosystems (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, ecosphere).
Biogeochemical cycle: nitrogen, phosphorus, Sulphur, water, carbon, nutrient.
Limiting factors: basic concepts, temperature, soil, water and humidity, light, fire. Energy: laws
of thermodynamics, primary and secondary productions, trophic levels and energy variation with
increasing trophic levels, energy flow, food chains and food webs.
Population ecology: basic population characters, growth and growth curves, population dynamics
and regulations. Community ecology: basic concepts, community analysis, ecotones,
interpopulation interactions.
Ecological niche: basic concepts and types. An overview of major biomes of the world. Applied
Ecology: Resources and their ecological management (mineral, agricultural and forest, range
management, desalination and weather modification, landscape and land use); Pollution
(definition, types, cost, origin and management); water (sources, domestic and industrial
pollution, heavy metals, water purification, waste water treatment); air (Sulphur dioxide,
nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, smog and PAN, MTBE & CFCs); land pollution
(pesticides, bacterial toxins, synthetic hormones); noise pollution.
Radiation. Space biology. Contemporary environmental themes: (ozone depletion, acid rain,
greenhouse effect and global warming, desertification, deforestation, exotic and invasive species,
radioactivity leakage, environmental laws).
Exotic and Invasive Species.
Desertification, Deforestation, exotic and invasive species
Lab Outlines:
 Measurement of environmental factors on land, water and air.

 Study of different ecosystems: pond, agricultural or grassland, forest.

55
 Community analysis through different sampling techniques (quadrat, Transect).
 Population dynamics of grasshoppers, floor beetles
 Adaptive features of animals in relation to food and environment.
 Food chain studies through analysis of gut contents.
 Analysis of polluted and fresh water for biotic and abiotic variations. 8.Field visits for
study of selected terrestrial habitat and writing notes.
 Development of an ecological management plan of some selected area.
Books Recommended:
1. Odum, E. P. 1994. FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY. 3rd Edition W.B. Saunders

Philadelphia.
2. Molles, M.C. 2005 Ecology: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS. 6 th Edition, McGraw
Hill, New York, USA.
3. Dondson, S.I., Allen, T.F.N., Carpenter, S.R., Ives, A., Jeanne, R.L., Kitchell, J.F.,
Langston, N.E.
a. and Turner, M.G., 1998. ECOLOGY. Oxford Univ. Press, UK.
4. Slingsby, D. and Cook, C., 1986. PRACTICAL ECOLOGY. McMillan Education Ltd.
UK.
5. Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J.1997. ECOLOGY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS.
Cambridge Univ. Press, UK.
6. Smith, R.L. 1980. ECOLOGY AND FIELD BIOLOGY, Harper and Row.
7. Newman, I. 1993. APPLIED ECOLOGY. Black Well Scientific Publications Oxford.
UK. 8.Cox, C.B and Morre, D. 2000. BIOGEOGRAPHY: AN ECOLOGICAL AND
EVOLUTIONARY
i. th
b. APPROACH, 6Edition. Life Sciences King’s College, London, UK.

56
THIRD YEAR
SIXTH SEMESTER
Course Title: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY-I

The basic functional expression in animals is the membrane irritability understood in the
form of nerve impulse. This course particularly imparts the concepts and mechanisms of
integration in the different functional systems of the animals. These mainly constitute the
mechanisms of nervous system and the hormonal system for the coordination. The
motility and locomotion also contributes in the integration of the animal to its
environment, therefore, also included in this section.
Course Contents:
Introduction: definition, history, scope and application of physiology.

Cellular Physiology:
Cellular Membrane and Transport: cellular membranes, cellular structure, composition and
function. Osmosis, diffusion potential, resting and action potentials.
Synaptic Transmission: neuromuscular and synaptic transmission.
Signal transduction pathway: overview and types of signal transduction pathways.
Neurophysiology:
Central component of the nervous system: cellular organization, classification and general
functions of the nervous system.
Sensory system: sensory receptors, somatosensory system, vision, audition,
Motor system: motor unit muscles sensors, muscles reflexes, spinal organization of motor
system.
Higher function of the cerebral cortex: Electroencephalogram, sleep wake cycle,learning and
memory, neural plasticity.
Autonomic nervous system: organization and control of the motor functions.
Muscular System:

57
Skeletal Muscle Physiology: organization control types, biophysical properties of skeletal
muscles, energy source during contraction, muscle fatigue.
Smooth muscles physiology: organization, control and biophysical properties of smooth muscles,
cardiac muscles.
Gastrointestinal System:
Gastrointestinal regulation and motility: structure and innervation of gastrointestinal tract,
regulatory substance and gastrointestinal motility.
Digestive secretions: salivary, gastric, pancreatic, liver and intestinal secretions.
Digestion and absorption: digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, salts,
waters, vitamins calcium and other ions.
Books Recommended:
1. Randall, D., Burggren, W., French, K. and Fernald, R. ECKERT ANIMAL

PHYSIOLOGY: MECHANISMS AND ADAPTATIONS, 5th Edition. 2002. W.H.
Freeman and Company, New York
2. Bullock, J., Boyle, J. and Wang, M.B. PHYSIOLOGY, 4th Edition. 2001. Lippincott,
Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
3. Berne, R.M. and Levy, M.N. PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY, 3 rd Edition. 2000. St.
Lious, Mosby.
4. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, 10 th Edition.
2000. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
5. Withers, P.C. COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. 1992. Saunders College
Publishing,
a. Philadelphia.
6. Schmidt-Nelsen, K. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, ADAPTATION AND ENVIRONMENT,
5th Edition. 1997. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Lab Outlines:
1. Study of compound microscope.
2. Study of permanent slides of various tissues and organs.
3. Determination of hemoglobin in the blood.
4. Determination of coagulation time.
5. Determination of bleeding time by Dukes method 6.Determination of erythrocyte
sedimentation rate.

58
7.Determination of specific gravity of the blood.
Book recommended:
1. Tharp, G. and Woodman, D. EXPERIMENTS IN PHYSIOLOGY, 8 th Edition. 2002.

Prentice Hall, London.

59
Course Title: GENETICS
Code: ZOO-518 Cr. Hours: 3 (2+1)

The continuity of the life from one generation to other generation is based on the mechanisms
involving nucleus, chromosomes and genes etc. The process of continuity not only
transfers the traits of the parents but also imparts variations that render the generations
sustainable in changing environment. These concepts will be imparted to the students in
this course.
Course Contents:
Classical Genetics – Brief introduction to cell cycles. Multiple alleles, genetics of blood groups,
chromosomal basis of inheritance, interaction of genes, chromosomal changes (euploidy,
aneuploidy, structural changes), sex-determination and sex-linkage, linkage, recombination and
chromosome mapping in eukaryotes, quantitative inheritance, gene concept (classical and
modern), genetics of viruses, bacteria, transposons, Heritable Diseases.
Molecular Genetics – analysis and techniques of molecular genetics (elements of genetic

engineering), genetic basis of cancer, genetic control of animal development, the genetic control
of the vertebrate immune system, complex inheritance patterns.
Population genetics – Hardy-Wienberg equilibrium, systematic and dispersive pressures,
inbreeding and heterosis
Lab Outlines:
1. Mitosis (Onion root tips.)
2. Meiosis (Grass hopper testes)
3. Blood groups.
4. Salivary gland Chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster
5. General morphology of Drosophila melanogaster
6. Human Pedigree analysis problems
7. Human Genetics problems
8. Probability problems. Tossing of coins. X2 test
Books Recommended:

60
1. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS. 3 rd Edition, 2003. Johan
Wiley and Sons Ins. New York, USA.
2. Lewin, B. GENE-VIII. 2000. Oxford University Press. UK.
3. Tamarin, R.H. PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS. 7th Edition, 2001.WCB publishers USA.

4. Gardener, E.J., Simmons, M.J. and Snustad, D.P. PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS. 1991.
John Wiley and Sons Ins. New York, USA.
5. Strickberger, M.W. GENETICS. 1985. McMillan, New York. USA.

61
Course Title: PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMATIC ZOOOGY

The course is designed to provide in depth knowledge of Systematic ZOOogy. The students
will be taught basic rules and regulations about the identification and naming of
organisms.
Course Contents:
Contribution of systematics to Biology: History of Taxonomy (Downward classification, upward

classification, impact of the origin of species, population systematics, current trends);
Microtaxonomy, phenon, Taxon; Taxonomic categories: specific category, infraspecific
category, higher categories; species concepts (Typological concept; nominalistic concept,
Biological concept, evolutionary concept), species mate recognition concept; non-dimensional
species concept; Multidimenstional species concept; Cohesion species concept; Difficulties in
the application of biological species concepts; polytypic species, subspecies, super species,
sibling species; study of major type of variation within a single population. Speciation and
taxonomic decision, various types of characters, cladistic analysis, Macrotaxonomy; different
kinds of taxonomic characters; Taxonomic collection and identification; definitions of Synonym,
Homonym, Keys; Evolution of the theory of Nomenclature; interpretation and application of the
code (stability, priority, first revisor principle) range of authority of code; concept of availability,
type method formation of specific names.
Lab outlines:
1. Study of preserved invertebrate species and their classification up to order level.
2. Collection, preservation and identification of common species with the help of keys.
3. Methods of statistical analysis of samples from populations T-test, Analysis of variance
etc.
4. Preparation of keys for the identification of specimens
Books Recommended:
1. Mayer, E. PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMATIC ZOOOGY. 1994. McGraw Hill, New

York.
2. Mayer, E. and Asblock, P.D. PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMATIC ZOOOGY. 1991.
McGraw Hill, New York

62
3. Mayr, E. ANIMAL SPECIES AND EVOLUTION, 1985. Harvard University Press.
4. Heywood, V.H. TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY. 1975. Academic Press, London.
5. Whili, M.J.D. MODES OF SPECIATION, 1978. W.H. Freeman and Co., San
Francisco.
Course Title: WILDLIFE
Code: ZOO-520Cr. Hour: 3 (3+0)
Aims & Objectives:

The students will learn:
• About wildlife, distribution pattern world over

• Regarding wildlife of Pakistan, threatened, endangered species
• Modern techniques used in animal tracking, data collection
• How to protect, maintain, control and preserve the health and environment of wildlife.
Course Contents:
Wildlife: Animal occurrence, protection, needs of animals, maintenance, and the habitat.
Techniques: Ground and aerial tracking, GPS, radiotelemetry, maps etc.
Wildlife Conservation: Philosophy and significance, Biodiversity and sustainability of
wildlife.
Wildlife Agencies: National and International agencies involved in conservation and
management of wildlife. International conventions, agreements.
Wildlife of Pakistan: identification, distribution, status, conservation and management
(population estimate technology) of fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals of major
importance in Pakistan.
Wildlife rules and regulations in Pakistan: Sanctuaries, Game Reserves and National
Parks in Pakistan. Endangered species of Pakistan.
(Note: The teacher is suggested to provide blank maps of Pakistan in the theory class to the
students to indicate the distribution of the animals. Similar blanks maps should be attached with
the question paper, if distribution of animals is asked from the student in the theory paper).
Books Recommended:
1. Ali, S.S. 1999. Paleontology, Zoogeography& Wildlife Management. Nasim Book Depot.
Hyderabad, India.

63
2. Roberts, T. J. 1998. The Birds of Pakistan, (Vol. II), Oxford University Press.
3. Roberts, T. J. 1992. The Birds of Pakistan, (Vol.I). Oxford University Press.
4. Magon, C.F. 1988. Biology of Freshwater Ponds. Longman and Scientific Publication.
5. Bailey, J.A. 1986. Principles of Wild life Management. John Wiley and Sons.
6. Robinson, W.L., Bolen, E.G. 1984. Wildlife Ecology and Management. McMillan,
Cambridge.
7. Roberts, T.J. 1977. Mammals of Pakistan. Ernest Benon Ltd, London.
8. Ali S., Ripley S. D. 1973. A Handbook of Birds of India & Pakistan, Oxford University
Press, London.
Course Title:Zoogeography & Paleontology
Aims & Objectives:
The course aims to:

 Provide information on the distribution of animals and their associations in the past and
to rationalize their relationship in the present time.
 Impart knowledge and concepts of evolution mainly on the basis of fossil record.
 Give understanding that fossil record also provides information about the distribution of
animals in the past eras.
Course Contents
Zoogeography Branches of zoogeography: descriptive, chorology, faunistics, systematic,

biocoenotic, causal, ecological, historical, experimental and applied zoogeography.
Animal distribution: cosmopolitan distribution, discontinuous distribution, isolation

distribution, bipolar distribution and endemic distribution, barriers and dispersal.
Zoogeographical regions:zoogeographic division and boundaries, geographic ranges,

physical features, climates, faunas and affinities of Palaearctic, Nearctic regions, Oriental,
Ethiopian, Australian, and Neotropical Regions, insular fauna
Zoogeography of Pakistan
Paleontology
The Planet Earth: History, age, shells of earth; atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and
lithosphere.

64
Rocks: types; lgneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.
Fossil types and uses of fossils, nature of fossils.
Fossilization: Geological time scale. Pre-Cambrian life. Post Cambrian life,
Palaeozoic life, Mesozoic life, Cenozoic life.
Geochronometry: Uranium/Lead dating, radiocarbon dating, methods, index fossils;
evolutionary history of man, elephant, horse and camel,
Paleoecology, Paleomagnetism. Palaeogeography: Theories of continental drift and
plate tectonics; Pangea.
Lab Outlines
 Study of fauna of various zoogeographical regions.

 Study of mould, cast, pseudomorph, coprolite, petrified fossils of plants and
animals.
 Study of invertebrate fossils of coelenterates, trilobites, ammonite, brachiopods,
molluscs and echinoderms.
 Study of vertebrate fossils e.g. horse/elephant/camel/bovids.
 Study and identification of Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks 6.Map
work for identification of various zoogeographical regions of the World.
Books Recommended:
1. Beddard, F. E. 2008. A text book of zoogeography. Bibliobazar, LLC.

2. Tiwari, S.K. 2006. Fundamentals of world zoogeography. Wedams eBooks Ltd (India)
Sarup & Sons. Delhi.
3. Darlington, P. J. Jr. Zoogeography, 1963. John Wiley and sons.
4. Debeaufort, l. F. Zoogeography of the land and inland waters. 1951. Sidgwick and
Jackson.
5. Ali, S.S. Palaeontology, zoogeography and wildlife management. 1999. Nasim book
depot, hyderabad, india
6. Ali S. And Ripley S.D. A handbook of birds of india & pakistan, 1973. Oxford
University Press, London.
7. Roberts, T. J. The birds of PAKISTAN, (vol. I). 1992. Oxford university press.
8. Roberts, T. J. The birds of Pakistan, (vol. Ii), 1998. Oxford university press.
9. Roberts, T.J. Mammals of pakistan. 1977. Ernest Benon Ltd, London.
10. Robinson, W.L. and Bolen, E.G. WILDLIFE ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT. 1984.
McMillan,Cambridge

65
11. Magon, C.F. Biology OF Freshwater Pollution. 1988. Longman and Scientific
Publication.
12. Boyd, C.E. and Tucker, C. S. Pond Aquaculture and Water Quality Management. 1998.
Boston, Kluwer Publishers Alabama.
1. Michael, J. B. David, A and Haper, T. 2009. Paleobiology and the fossil record.
3rd Ed. Wiley Black, UK.
2. Foote, M and Millar, A. I. 2007. Principles of palaeontology. 3rd Ed. W. H.
Freeman & Co. USA.
3. Dunbar C.O. HISTORICAL GEOLOGY, 1969. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New
York.
4. Brouwer, A. GENERAL PALAEONTOLOGY, 1977. Oliver and Boyed, London.
5. Gilbert, L. I. and Colbert, E.H. EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATES, 1980. John
Wiley and Sons Inc. New York.
Course Title: BIOCHEMISTRY-II
Aims and objectives:

Aims of this course to let the students know about the metabolic activities and details about
bioenergetics, vitamins etc.
Course Contents:
Vitamins and cofactors: occurrence, structure and biochemical function of vitamins of b-

complex group.
Bioenergetics: concept of free energy; standard free energy change: energy rich compounds.
Carbohydrate Metabolism: detailed description of glycolysis and catabolism of other hexoses;
regulation and bioenergetics of glycolysis. Anabolic role of glycolysis; fate of pyruvate under
aerobic and anaerobic conditions, lactate, acetyl CoA and ethanol formation; alcoholic
fermentation; gluconeogenesis, its regulation and significance in the tissues; feeder pathways in
glycolysis; utilization of other carbohydrates in glycolysis; phosphorolysis of glycogen and
starch; regulation of glycogen metabolism; utilization of dietary polysaccharides (starch) and
disaccharides (sucrose and galactose). Biosynthesis of glycogen, starch and sucrose.
Citric acid (TCA) cycle: conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, pyruvate dehydrogenase, a
multi-enzyme complex; detailed description of citric acid cycle; bioenergetics and conservation
of energy produced in the cycle. Anabolic or biosynthetic role of citric acid cycle intermediates;
replenishing or anaplerotic reactions and their role; regulation of citric acid cycle.

66
Lipid metabolism: oxidation of fatty acids; digestion, mobilization and transport of fats;
biosynthesis of triacylglycerol; utilization of triacylglycerol; activation of fatty acids and their
transportation to mitochondria; beta-oxidation; bioenergetics of beta-oxidation; oxidation of
unsaturated and odd chain fatty acids; omega oxidation pathway; biosynthesis of saturated fatty
acid, supply of raw material for palmitic acid synthesis; fatty acid synthetase (FAS) multienzyme
complex; biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Ketone bodies their biosynthesis, utilization
and role in the tissues; cholesterol metabolism: cholesterol biosynthesis and its regulation;
steroid hormones.
Nitrogen metabolism: metabolic fate of amino acids; catabolism of amino acids; deamination
and transamination; nitrogen excretion and urea cycle; regulation of urea cycle; Biosynthesis of
some amino acids; incorporation of ammonia in glutamate and glutamine; purine and pyrimidine.
Lab Outlines:
 Preparation of standard curve for glucose by ortho-Toluidine method.

 Demonstration of Acid Hydrolysis of Polysaccharide.
 Separation and identification of various types of sugars, fatty acid and amino acid Thin
Layer Chromatography (TLC).
 Demonstration of differential solubility of lipids in various solvents.
 Quantitative analysis of phospholipids by estimation of inorganic phosphorous.
 Quantitative analysis of Amylase activity from blood serum or liver.
Books Recommended:
1. Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M.M. LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, 3 rd

Edition, 2000. McMillan Worth Publishers, New York.
2. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayer, P.A. and Rodwells, V.W. HARPER’S
BIOCHEMISTRY, 25th Edition, 2000. McGraw Hill, New York.
3. Voet. D., Voet, J.G., and Pratt, C.W. FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, 1999.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
4. Zubay, G. BIOCHEMISTRY, 4th Edition, 1995. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Inc., Oxford,
England.
5. Lubert, S. BIOCHEMISTRY, 4th Edition, 1995. W.H. Freeman & Company, New York.
6. McKee, T. and McKee, J.R. BIOCHEMISTRY, THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF LIFE.

3rd Edition, 2003. McGraw Hill.

67
7. Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer.BIOCHEMISTRY, 5th edition.
latest edition

68
FOURTH YEAR
SEVENTH SEMESTER
Course Title: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY-II
Code: ZOO-611 Cr. Hours: 3(2+1)

The basic functional expression in animals is the membrane irritability understood in the
form of nerve impulse. This course particularly imparts the concepts and mechanisms of
integration in the different functional systems of the animals. These mainly constitute the
mechanisms of nervous system and the hormonal system for the coordination. The
motility and locomotion also contributes in the integration of the animal to its
environment, therefore, also included in this section.
Course Content:
Central themes in Physiology: Structure-function relationship, Adaptations, Conformity

and Regulation
Chemical Messenger and Regulators/Endocrine Physiology:
Types and functions of secretions. An overview of invertebrate endocrine structures, their
hormones and physiological roles. An overview of hormones, their chemistry and
physiological roles of Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid and associated
structures, Endocrine pancreas, Gastropancreatic system, Adrenal medulla (Chromaffin
Tissue), Adrenal cortex, Ovary, Testis and Placenta. A generalized model account of
hormone synthesis, storage and secretion (a peptide hormone model and steroid
hormones); Hormonal interactions in metabolic and developmental function; Water and
electrolyte balance and reproduction. Integrated endocrine and neural responses in
glycemia and calcium homeostasis and reproductive cycles; General account of hormonal
regulations, hormonal turnover, recognition; Mechanisms of action in hormones
involving membrane receptors and nuclear modulated gene expression; Endocrine
functions of kidneys, heart and pineal gland
Cardiovascular Mechanisms: Electrical activity of heart: Automaticity, Rhythmicity,

Electrocardiography, Kymography; Hemodynamics, Blood flow, pressures and resistance
and their interrelationships. Control of cardiac activity (cardiac output) and peripheral
circulation.
Respiratory System and Exchange of Gases: introduction, gross anatomy, upper
airways, lower airways, blood supply to the lungs, muscles of respiration, cells of the

69
airways, surfactant and surface tension, lymphoid tissue and the lymphatic system,
smooth muscles and connectivetissue.
Transport of O and CO: Transport of O and CO between respiratory surface (the lungs)
and body cells. Regulation of lungs respiration; Gas transfer in water (gills) and its
regulation.
Control of respiration: ventilator control response to carbon dioxide, non-pulmonary
reflexes, exercise and abnormalities in the control of breathing.Respiratory responses in
extreme conditions as hypoxia; Hypercapnia in air breathing divers.
Non respiratory function of the lungs: lungs defense lungs as secondary lymphoid
tissue.
Excretion and osmoregulation:
Elements of renal function: functional anatomy of the kidneys anatomy and physiology
of the lower urinary tract, assessment of the renal function, Glomerular filtration, Tubular
absorption and secretion; Nitrogenous waste products; Patterns of nitrogenous excretion
and their phylogenetic development
Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial environment.

Vertebrate nephron as osmoregulatory organ
Temperature Relations: Temperature classification of animals; Temperature relation of

ectotherms in freezing and cold and warm and hot environment; Costs and benefits of
ectothermy; Temperature relations of heterotherms and endotherms; Dormancy: Sleep,
Torpor, Hibernation, Estivation.
Lab Outlines:
1. Study of the permanent slides pf various tissues and organs
2. Study of hemocytometer (Neuberger chamber)
3. Preparation of blood smears and identification of blood cells.
4. Determination of red blood cells count.
5. Determination of total leukocyte count.
6. Determination of differential leukocytes count.
7. Determination of platelets count.
8. Measurement of blood pressure by using sphygmomanometer.
9. Complete analysis of normal and subnormal constituents of urine.

70
Books Recommended:
1. Randall, D., Burggren, W., French, K. and Fernald, R. ECKERT ANIMAL

PHYSIOLOGY: MECHANISMS AND ADAPTATIONS, 5th Edition. 2002. W.H.
Freeman and Company, New York
3. Berne, R.M. and Levy, M.N. PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY, 3 rd Edition. 2000. St.
Lious, Mosby.
4. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, 10 th Edition.

2000. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
5. Withers, P.C. COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. 1992. Saunders College
Publishing,
a. Philadelphia.
6. Schmidt-Nelsen, K. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, ADAPTATION AND ENVIRONMENT,

5th Edition. 1997. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Course Title: FISH BIOLOGY

The aim of this course is to enable students in obtaining complete understanding about
freshwater as well as marine fishes in general and freshwater culturable fishes in
particular. It comprises morphology, anatomy, classification and some understanding
about various feeding groups found in different water bodies. After having complete
knowledge of above, students will be able to practice independently.
Course Contents:
Fish morphology, Anatomy, scales, swim bladder, fins

Fish nutrition: Feeding habits and feeding adaptations, feed formulation
Respiration: Structure of gills in different groups of fishes, Gills; Lungs, Skin, Swim
bladder,
Excretion: Osmoregulation in fresh water and marine fishes.

71
Systematics: Identification of fishes up to order.
Effects of different environmental factors on biology of fishes.
Lab Outlines:
1. Fish dissection to expose different systems.
2. Microscopic study of gills.
3. Use of scales for age determination of fish.
4. Study of gut content of various groups of fishes.
5. Collection, preservation and identification of freshwater fish species
6. Study and survey of various fish collection present in museum like Natural History
Museum at Islamabad, at G.C. Lahore & at P.U. Lahore.
Books Recommended:
1. Kestin, S. C. and Warris, P.D. (Editors). KESTIN FARMED FISH QUALITY, 2002,
Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
2. Woo, P.T.K FISH DISEASES AND DISORDER. Vol 1. PROTOZOAN AND
METAZOAN INFECTIONS.
1995. CABI Publisher.
3. Brenabe, G. AQUACULTURE, Vol. I. 1992. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. UK.

4. Huet M. TEXT BOOK OF FISH CULTURE: BREEDING AND CULTIVATION. 1973.
Blackwell Publishing Company.
Course Title: INSECT BIOLOGY

The students will learn to identify the pest during damaging to the crop; Students will
understand methods of population estimation of the pest and application of different
control strategies.
Course Contents:
General characteristics of insects. Relationship with other Arthropods, splitting up into

different evolutionary lines, Reasons for success of the insects in diverse environments.
Hard Parts: General segmentation, tagmatosis and organization.

72
Cuticle: Detailed structure along with its biochemistry. Epidermal layer; its structure and
function. Basement membrane. Colors of insects. cuticular outgrowths and appendages
sclerotization.
Head: cephalization, sclerites, modifications.
Antennae: Different modes of ingestion and types of mouth parts.
Neck: Sclerites.
Thorax: Sclerites: legs, their different modifications and functions.
Wings: Origin; Different regions. Development and basal attachments, main veins and
their branches (generalized insects), wing coupling.
Abdomen: Secondary appendages and external genitalia, Flight; types of flight.
Aerodynamics, fuels, endoskeleton; head, thorax and abdomen.
Soft Parts: Muscular system; basic structure, types of muscles; muscle contraction and
its energetics, comparative structure of all the systems, e.g., digestive, excretory,
respiratory, incubatory, and nervous system and their physiology.
Sense organs: sound and light producing organs, compound eyes.
Nutritive requirements: Fat body, exocrine and endocrine glands including pheromones
and their functions.
Reproduction: Reproductive organs and different types of reproduction in insects, egg
fertilization and maturation.
Development: Embryology up to dorsal closure, different types of metamorphosis,
apolysis and ecdysis and the role of endocrine secretions.
Ecology: Carrying capacity ‘r’ and k selection, Food chains, predation and competition,
insect defenses and adaptations, diapause insect population and community studies, insect
communication, forensic entomology.
Lab Outlines:
 Preparation of permanent slides. All the hard parts (antennae, mouth parts, wings, legs,
terminal segments and genitalia).
 Different systems, especially digestive, reproductive of the following insects. American
cockroach, Gryllus, grasshopper, housefly, butterfly, mosquito, any common beetle. Red
cotton bug. Wasp and honey bee. Sympathetic nervous system of cockroach and gryllus.
 Salivary glands of cockroach, red cotton bug and honey bee.
Books Recommended:
1. RICHARDS, O. W. and Davies, R. G. Imm's General Textbook of Entomology. Vol. 1,

10th Edition. 1977. Chapman & Hall, London,

73
2. Chapman, R.F. the Insects: Structure and Function, 2000. Blackwell Science Inc.,
London.
3. Wigglesworth, V. B. Insect Physiology 8th Edition. 1984. Springer Publisher.
4. Robert L. Patton. W. B. Insect Physiology. 1963. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
5. Price, W. Insect Ecology. 1997. John Wiley & Sons.
7. Krebs, C. J. Ecology: The Experimental analysist Abundance. 5th Edition. 2000.
Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company.
8. Tembhare, Db. MODERN ENTOMOLOGY. 2002. Himalaya Publishing House. India.
9. Southhood, T.R.E. ECOLOGICAL METHODS. 1978. Chapman and Hall, London.
10. Yazdani, S.S., and Agarwal, M.L. ELEMENTS OF INSECT ECOLOGY. 1997.
Narosa Publishing House. India
Course Title: HERPETOLOGY

Theory
Classification and variety of forms of amphibians and reptiles. Structural modifications in
amphibians and reptiles. Reproduction, breeding habits and growth patterns in different herptiles.
Geographic distribution, origin and evolution in amphibians and reptiles. Homeostasis, relation
to biotic environment and behavior patterns in different groups of herptiles. Mechanisms of
speciation in herptiles.Herptiles as pests; feeding habits of amphibians and reptiles and their role
in keeping insects and rodent populations under control. Threats to the herpeto-fauna.
Lab Outlines:
Collection and identification of specimens, field trips. Check list of Amphibians and reptiles of
Pakistan.
Books Recommended:
1. Laurie Vitt and Janalee Caldwell. 2013. Herpetology; an Introduction to Amphibians and
Reptiles.4th Edition. Academic Press. Pages 776.
2. Muhammad Sharif Khan2006. Amphibians and Reptiles of Pakistan.Malabar (Florida):
Krieger Publishing. $145.00. xvi + 311 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 0‐89464‐952‐3.

74
3. D.R. Khanna and P.R. Yadav. New Delhi 2005, Biology of Amphibia, Discovery Pub.,
394 p.
4. D.R. Khanna and P.R. Yadav. New Delhi 2004, Biology of Reptiles, Discovery Pub. 414
p.
5. J. C. Daniel. Delhi. 2002, The Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians/ Bombay Natural
History Society and Oxford University Press,
6. F. H. Pough, Robin M. Andrews, John E. Cadle, Martha L. Crump, Alan H. Savitsky,
7. Kentwood D. Wells 2003, Herpetology, Third Edition. 736 Publisher: Prentice Hall.
Course Title: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Aims & Objectives:

The course is aims to:
 Develop research skills
 Provide understanding how to design scientific research, to collect data and its
interpretation
 Emphasize the importance of ethics in scientific research
 Enable students to write a research proposal
Course Contents:
Introduction: what is research, objectives of research,Significance, Types of research,

Research approaches
Research process: steps involved in research process,
(Survey, Observation, case study, experimental, historical and comparative methods)
Data: Types of Data, Data collection, processing, analysis, Review of literature, Research
problem, Hypothesis.
Bioethics: Ethical, legal, social and scientific issues in Biological Research.
Plagiarism:
Funding Sources: A brief idea about the funding agencies such as HEC, PSF, USAID
etc.

75
Writing of Research Proposal: Thesis/Report and Research Paper: Footnotes and
Bibliography.
Books Recommended:
1. Diebold B. Van Dole, Understanding of Educational Research. New York: McGraw-Hill
Book Company Inc.1962.
2. Osula E.C. Introduction to Research Methodology. Africana-FEP Publishers
limited.1982.
Course Title: FUNDAMENTALS OF PARASITOLOGY

This course aims to provide knowledge regarding different modes of transmission of
parasites of medical and veterinary importance along with their pathology, host parasite
relationship and control measure.
Course Contents:
Introduction to parasitology.History and origin of parasitism. Classification of

relationships between two individuals: symbiosis, commensalism, parasitisms, myiasis,
zoonosis, infection and infestation.
Evolutionary aspects related to parasites, geographical distribution factors affecting the
geographical and patterns of distribution. Habitat within the host. Epidemiology:
incidences of occurrence and prevalence.
Classification of parasites: ectoparasites, endoparasites, temporary parasites, permanent
parasites, facultative parasites, occasional or accidental parasites, wandering parasites or
aberrant parasites (brief account and examples).
Proto Zoology: protozoan parasites of man and other animals, classification, life cycle,
habitat, morphology, epidemiology and immunopathology of infections e.g. Entamoeba
spp. Pathogenic amoeba, giardia spp, trichomonas, trypanosome, leishmania, coccidia,
plasmodium and other protozoan parasites of medical and veterinary importance.
Lab Outlines:
1. Study of prepared slides of protozoan parasites.

2. Study of various host tissues for morphological changes in hosts (prepared slides or
diagrams showing comparison) could be used to study the difference.

76
3. Techniques of collection of parasite samples, preservation and preparation of slides for
the study of the morphology.
4. Identification of vector hosts in various habitats and their morphology.
5. Identification of parasites and classification with particular reference to adaptations as
parasitic mode of life.
6. Hematological studies of blood samples of infected/non infected hosts (sheep/ chicken
and fish).
Books recommended:
a. Bush.A.O Fernandez, J.C., Esch, G.W. and Seed, J.R., 2001. Parasitism: the
diversity and ecology of animal parasites. Cambridge university press,
Cambridge, U.K.
b. Robert, L.S. and Janovy, J.Jr., 2001. Foundation of Parasitology, 5th edition, Wm
Brown Publishers, Chicago, London, Tokyo, Toronto.
2. Smith, J.D. 1994. Introduction to animals Parasitology, Cambridge University Press.
Title of Course: Research thesis-I OR Elective (Optional) Paper-1

Course Code: ZOO-615 Credit Hours: 03 (03 for thesis) 3(2+1) for paper
There will be two plans of study:
Plan A: For research Thesis.
Plan B: Without research thesis.
The details are as follows:
Plan A: Research Thesis (Credit Hours 3 (3+0)
The students may option for research thesis. The student opting for thesis will be placed under
the supervision of a teacher within the department. The student will carry out research on topic
assigned to him by the supervisor under Course No. ZOO.615 and ZOO.616 in two consecutive
semesters. The research carried under Course No. ZOO.615 and ZOO.616 will be evaluated by
the research thesis evaluation committee headed by the Chairman of the Department. The final
thesis including findings generated due to courses ZOO.615 and ZOO.616 will be submitted in
the form of thesis in hard form, to the in charge of seminar. The thesis will be evaluated by the
research thesis evaluation committee consist of Head of Department (Convenor) from main
campus supervisor (concerned) and one member(In charge) from main campus. The supervisor
will arrange seminar for research thesis in which the student present his research work.
Plan B: Elective (Optional) Papers (Credit Hours 3 (2+1)

77
The students may option for Plan B by selecting two Elective (Optional) papers under Course
Nos. Zoo.615 in Semester seven and ZOO-616 in eighth semester in lieu of Research Thesis. In
7th semester the student will select one of the following courses as Paper-I. Courses will be
offered from the list of following papers depending upon the availability of teachers.
ZOO. 615: Elective (Optional) Paper-1
1. Applied parasitology
2. Fisheries
3. Animal Adaptations
4. Animal Behaviour
5. Animal Communication
6. Animal Pests and Disease Producing Organisms
7. Applied Microbiology 8. Aquaculture and Fisheries
8. Arachnology
9. Behavioural Ecology
10. Biochemistry of Drugs Action
11. Biology and Control of Vertebrate Pests
12. Biomedical Technology

78
FOURTH YEAR
EIGHTH SEMESTER
Title of Course: Research thesis-II OR Elective (Optional) Paper-II
Course Code: ZOO-616 Credit Hours: 03 (03 for thesis) 3(2+1) for optional paper
As explained under Course No. 615, the two plans of study will continue: Plan A for research
Thesis will continue as an extension of thesis. While students pursuing Plan B will select Paper-
II from the following list of papers to be offered by the faculty.
1. Applied Entomology
2. Biotechnology
3. Biotechnology in Aquaculture
4. Cancer Biology
5. Clinical Biochemistry
6. Ecological Genetics
7. Economic Zoology
8. Elements of Stratigraphy and Structural Geology
9. Endocrinology
10. Environmental Physiolog
Course Title: BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
Code: ZOO-617 Cr. Hour: 3(2+1)

Aims & Objectives
The course aims to:
• Develop scientific technical expertise, culture and work habits.

• Familiarize with the basic tools and techniques of scientific study with emphasis on
biological sciences
• Develop basic understanding of the equipment usage
Course Contents:
Microscopy: Principles of light microscopy. Magnification, Resolution, Contrast. Types

of microscopy, Bright field (Compound Microscope), Scanning microscopy, Eyepiece

79
micrometers, Camera Lucida PhaseContrast Dark field Interference microscope, Electron
microscope.
Micrometery and Morphometry: Use of stage and ocular micrometer. Calibration of
ocular micrometer. Size measurement (length, width, diameter).
Standard system for weight, length, volume: Calculations and related conversions of
each: - Metric system- length; surface; weight – Square measures- Cubic measures
(volumetric)- Circular or angular measure - Concentrations- percent volume; ppt; ppm -
Chemical molarity, normality -Temperature- Celsius, centigrade, Fahrenheit. Preparation
of stock solutions of various strengths
Specimen preparation for optical microscopy: Microtomy: Fixation, embedding,
Section cutting (transverse, longitudinal section, mounting and staining. Sections in
paraffin and cryosections.
Extraction techniques: Centrifugation, Ultracentrifugation, cell fractionation, filtration,
Distillation, Use of Soxhalet and Rotary evaporator for extraction.
Separation Techniques: Chromatography: Principle, applications, types, thin layer,
column, gas, ion exchange chromatography. Electrophoresis: Principle, applications,
types.
Spectrophotometery: Principle, applications, types, visible spectrum, UV spectrum,
atomic absorption.
Basic principles of Sampling and Preservation: Sampling soil organisms,
Invertebrates, Aquatic animals, Mammals, Estimation of population size, Preservation of
dry and wet specimens. Preservation techniques – Taxidermy - Rearing techniques,
Laboratory and field.
Lab Outlines:
1. Observation of wet mounts of human cheek cells employing bright and dark field
microscopy
2. Measurement of cell size: bacterial and eukaryotic
3. Recording of microscopic obervations with the help of camera lucida
4. Liquid handling: proper use of pipettes and micropittes
5. Histological preparations: skeletal muscle, intestine liver and testes
6. Handling of centrifuge machines
7. Thin layer chromatography of amino acids
8. Spectrophotometric estimation of glucose
9. Spectrophotometric estimation of total proteins
10. Preservation of representative animals of various phyla

80
11. Electrophoretic separation of proteins
12. Electrophoretic separation of DNA
Books Recommended:
1. Dean, J. R. 1999. Extraction Methods for Environmental Analysis. John Wiley and Sons
Ltd. UK.
2. Cheesbrough, M. 1998. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part I.
Cambridge University Press, UK.
3. Cheesbrough, M. 1998. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part II.
Cambridge University Press, UK.
4. Curos, M. 1997.Environmental Sampling and Analysis: Lab Manual. CRC Press LLC.
USA.
5. Curos, M. 1997.Environmental Sampling and Analysis: For Technician. CRC Press LLC.
USA.
6. Slings by, D., Cock, C.1986. Practical Ecology. McMillan Education Ltd. London.
Course Title: BIOINFORMATICS
The course provides an introduction to bioinformatics with a focus on fundamental

bioinformatics problems, the tools used to compute solutions to those problems, and the
theory upon which those tools are based.
Course Contents:
Overview of Bioinformatics: history of bioinformatics, the scope of bioinformatics,

bioinformatics and internet, Useful Bioinformatics sites on Web.
Data Acquisition: Sequencing DNA, RNA and proteins, Determination of protein
structure, Gene and protein expression data, Protein interaction data.
Database: Contents, Structure and Annotation: File formats, Annotated sequence
databases, Genome and organism-specific databases, Miscellaneous databases.
Retrieval of Biological Data: Data retrieval with Entrez and DBGET/LinkDB, Data
retrieval with SRS (sequence retrieval system).

81
Searching Sequence Databases by Sequence Similarity Criteria: Sequence similarity
searched, Amino acid substitution matrices, Database searched (FAST and BLAST),
sequence filters, Interactive database searches and PSI-BLAST.
Multiple Sequence Alignment: Genes and Protein Families: Multiple sequence
alignment and family relationships, protein families and pattern databases, protein
domain families.
Phylogenetics: Phylogenetics, cladistics and ontology, Building phylogenetic trees,
Evolution of macromolecular sequences.
Basic Principles of Computing in Bioinformatics: Running computer software,
Computer operating systems, software downloading and installation, Database
management.
Books Recommended:
1. Gibas, C. and Jambeck, P. Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills. 2001. O’Reilly

publishers.
2. Westhead, D.R., Parish, J.H. and Twyman, R.M. INSTANT NOTES ON
BIOINFORMATICS. 2003. Viva Books Private Limited.
3. Lest, A.M. Introduction to Bioinformatics. 2002. Oxford University Press.
4. Krane, D.E. and Raymer, M.L. Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics. 2002. Benjamin
Cummings.
5. Moody, G. Digital Code Of Life: How Bioinformatics is Revolutionizing Science,
Medicine And Business. 2004. John Wiley and Sons.
6. Orengo, C. A., Jones, D.T. and Thornton, J.M. Bioinformatics: Genes, Proteins And
Computers (Advanced Text) 2003. Roultledge.
7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
8. http://www.ebi.ac.uk
9. http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/index.html
10. SPSS or any other data analysis software.

82
Course Title: IMMUNOLOGY
Course Contents:
Overview of the immune system.
Historical perspective, innate and acquired immunity.
Cells and organs of immune systems Heamatopoeisis, lymphoid cells, Mononuclear cells
Dendritic cells, primary lymphoid organs, leakocyte reccredations. Antigens; immunologic
properties of Antigens factors affecting antigenicity, epitopes, Heptend, and study of
antigenicity, ucral and bacterial antigens, milogens.
Immunoglobulius structure and function basics structure, requencing studies, fine structure,
receptor complex, Antigenci determinants, Isotype and super family. Antigen antibody
interactions strength, cross reactivity, precipitant, agglutination reaction RIA and ELISA,
western blotting, immunoflourescence.
Organization and expression of immunogloblin genes genetic modal compatible with

immunoglobulin structure. Multigene organization of Ig genes variable region rearrangement,
regulation of Ig gene transcription, generation of Ab diversity, class switching among constant
region genes. Expression of Ig genes. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
General organization and inheritance of MHC. Class I MHC molecules and genes.
Polymorphism of class I and II MHC genes, class III MHC molecules, mapping of MHC and its
expression.
Antigne processing and presentation; self MHC restriction of T-cells roll of Ag presenting cells.
T-cell receptor organization and rearrangement of TCR genes T-cell receptor complex, TCR (i) 3
T-cell accessor membrane molecules TCR-MHC-Antigen interaction. Cytokines; General
properties discoverage and purification, structure and function, receptors, antagonists, recreation
and Biological activity of TH I and TH-2 subsets.
Generation of humoral immune responses. Kinetics, experimental systems, identification of cells

required for induction of humoral immunity. Cell mediated immunity. Direct and delayed type
cytotoxic and hypersensitivity responses. Transplantation immunology graft reflection.
Immunodeficiency diseases. Classification, phagocytic humoral, cell mediated and combined
humoral and cell mediated deficiencies, complement mediated deficiencies.

83
Lab Outlines:
1. Detection of Ab. Primary immune response. Secondary immune response.

2. Demonstration of Ab specificity.
3. Estimation of antibodies.
4. Separation of various types of immunoglobulins.
5. Microscopic study of various organs of immune system. Immune responses in stress.
6. Estimation of globulins.
7. Demonstration of enzyme linked immunosorbent essay.
8. Demonstration of radioimmuno assays.
Books Recommended:
th
1. KUBY’S IMMUNOLOGY, 2002. 4 ed. Richard, A., Goldsby, Thomas, J. Kindt and
Barbara, A.
Osborn. W.H. Freeman & Company, New York. nd
2. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY, 1994. 2 ed. Abbas Lichtman &

Pober, W.B. Saunders
Course Title: FUNDAMENTALS OF ENDOCRINOLOGY
Course Code: ZOO-620 Cr. Hours:3(2+1)

a. General concepts and principles of chemical coordination.
b. The details of the endocrine mechanisms in relation to various functions such as
reproduction and lactation.
c. Recent trends of endocrinology in relation to diversified function.
d. Comparative studies of endocrine mechanisms in various invertebrates and vertebrates.
Course Contents:
An overview of general concepts and principles of endocrinology: The endocrine system;

Type of hormones; Endocrine and nervous system relationship; General principles in function,
interaction, nature, synthesis, transport of hormones; General concept of feed back, biorhythms,
pathology and assessment of endocrine function; Evolution of endocrine system.
Hypothalamus and pituitary: Hypothalamic hormones: Origin, chemistry and actions; Anterior
pituitary & hormones: Hypothalamic pituitary regulation, General chemistry, Physiological

84
action and metabolism of prolactin-growth hormone family, glycoprotein hormone family,
corticotrophins and other pro-opiomelanocortin peptides; posterior pituitary: Release, regulation
and actions of vasopressin and oxytocin.
Thyroid gland: Anatomy and histology of gland; Formation and secretion of thyroid hormones;
Thyroid hormones in peripheral tissues, Regulation and factors affecting thyroid function.
Calciotrophic and Mineral Metabolism Hormones: Chemistry, physiological actions and
metabolism of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and calciferols; Homeostasis of calcium,
phosphate and magnesium.
Pancreatic Hormones and Regulatory Peptides of the Gut: Anatomy and histology for
sources of the hormones; Chemistry, physiological roles and mechanism of action of insulin and
glucagon; Physiological roles of gut peptides.
Adrenal Medulla and Catecholamines: Chromaffin cell and organization; Structure of adrenal
medulla; Biosynthesis, storage, release and metabolism; Adrenergic receptors.
Adrenal Cortex: Steroid biochemistry; Physiological actions of corticoid hormones; Regulation
and metabolism of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and adrenal sex steroids.
Testes: Androgenic tissue: Structure and chemistry; Transport, metabolism and mechanism of
action.
Ovaries: Ovarian hormones: Steroid biochemistry and biosynthesis; Transport, metabolism and
mechanism of action.
Lab outline
Demonstration of endocrine glands and associated structures in dissections, transparencies,

computer projections etc; Histological and ultra-structure features of endocrine glands;
Experiments to demonstrate physiological roles of hormones of different endocrine glands;
Experiments to demonstrate regulation of hormones’ releases. Experiments to demonstrate
functional diversity of hormones in different vertebrates. Experiments on endocrine mechanism
in vertebrates. Slide preparation of endocrine glands.
Books Recommended:
th
1. Greenspan, F.S. and Strewler, G.J. BASIC AND CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, 5
Edition. 2002. Prentice Hall International Inc., London.
2. Wilson, J.D., Foster, D.W., Kronenberg, H.M. and Larsen, P.R. WILLIAMS TEXTBOOK OF
ENDOCRINOLOGY, W.D. 2008.Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
th
3. DeGroot, L.J., Jameson, J.L. ENDOCRINOLOGY, 4 Edition. 2001. W.B. Saunders,
Philadelphia.
th
4. Giffin, J.E. and Ojeda, S.R. TEXTBOOK OF ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY. 4 Edition.
2000. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
5. Neal, J.M., BASIC ENDOCRINOLOGY: AN INTERACTIVE APPROACH. 2000. Blackwell
Science Inc., London.
6.Essentials of Endocrinology by William F. Kelly latest edition.

85
DETAILS OF OPTIONAL COURSES UNDER COURSE CODE: ZOO. 605
Course Title: APPLIED PARASITOLOGY
Course Code: ZOO- 615(ii) Cr. Hours: 3(2+1)

The students will learn to classify parasites, immunological responses of hosts and
helminthology.
Course Contents:
Classification of hosts: definitive hosts, intermediate hosts, paratenic hosts.

Host susceptibility and specificity. Various types of susceptibilities. Host-parasite
relationships. Morphology and physiology of parasites: adoptions to parasitic mode of
life. Effects of parasitism on parasites.
Effect of parasites on hosts: influence of parasites on host populations. Pathological
responses, immuno-parasitology: immunity and immune responses of host.
Diagnosis, prevention, control treatment, common drugs and anthelmintics, vector control
methods.
Helminthology: helminth parasites of man and other animals, general account,
classification, biology, life cycle, pathology and symptomology, immunology.
Platyhelminthes e.g. polysystoma, trematodes, fasciola, diphyllobothrium,
acanthocepahalas, nematodes, trichuris, trichinella, strongyloides, ancylostoma,
trichostrongylus, haematobium, toxocara, filarial worms etc. Practicals:
Study of the prepared slides and preserved specimens of parasites: helminth parasites and
arthropod parasites.
Epidemiology of parasitic infections. Survey of incidences of occurrence and prevalence
using soil, water (canal drain water samples) and animal population (chicken, goat/sheep,
rat, fish etc). Fecal egg count techniques. Survey and study of vectors/intermediate host
(population etc).
Preparation of slides for the study of structure of egg larvae of various helminth parasites
and staining of cross- section through body regions. Preparation of protozoan parasites

86
slides with various staining techniques. Study and preparation of slides/ preservation of
arthropod parasites.
Books Recommended:
1. Noble & Noble, 1982, Parasitology. The Biology of Animal Parasites, 5 th edition. Lea &
Febriger.
2. Cheeseberugh, M., 1987. Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Medicines, Vol-1.
University Press Cambridge.
3. Robert, L.S. and Janovy, J.Jr., 2001. Foundation of Parasitology, 5 th edition, Wm Brown
Publishers, Chicago, London, Tokyo, Toronto.
4. Smith, J.D. 1994. Introduction to animals Parasitology, Cambridge University Press.
Course Title: FISHERIES
Code: ZOO- 615(iii) Cr. Hours: 3(2+1)
The aim of this course is to provide sufficient knowledge about all physiological phenomena in
fishes. The subject provides practicals information to obtain better growth by following
physiological aspects during extensive or semi-intensive culture. It also emphasizes thoroughly
in breeding of most culturable freshwater fished by manipulating reproductive and
endocrinological aspects during natural season as well as off seasons.
Course Contents:
Reproduction: Gonads; Testes and ovaries; Maturation; Reproductive cells (egg and
sperm); Artificial fertilization of sex cells.
Breeding: Natural (seasonal); Artificial; Hormonal induced breeding; Temperature &
photoperiod; control induced breeding, Courtship behaviour
Growth: Extensive culture (due to the consumption of natural food); Semi-intensive
culture (due to natural & artificial food); Intensive culture (due to only dry concentrates),
introduction to other culture system and integrated fish farming.
Fish health: Water quality; Hygiene of fish culture facilities; Hygiene of equipments
used in fish culture.
Diseases and their control: Viral; Bacterial; Fungal; Parasitic; Protozoan; Helminths
(trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalons); Crustaceans (cladocera); Annelids
(leeches); Arthropods (water ticks, water flea, water mites).

87
Fish migration: To nursery ground; to maturation grounds; Freshwater to marine water;
Marine water to freshwater.
Fish behavior: Aquarium fish culture.
Fish pond construction and management
Fish gears, fish marking and tagging for study of fish population dynamics.
Lab Outlines:
 Study of water quality parameters (DO, NH3, hardness, alkalinity, turbidity,

transparency, temperature, salinity),
 Study of various forms of swimbladder as hydrostatic organ,
 Study fecundity of various fish species,
 Study the effects of reproductive hormone (GnRH) on fish maturation,
 Study of blood cells and their counts in normal and diseased fish,
 Diagnosis of infection in infected fish,
 Study of fish parasites,
 Visit to various fish seed hatcheries during breeding seasons.
Books Recommended:
1. Kestin, S. C. and Warris, P.D. (Editors). KESTIN FARMED FISH QUALITY, 2002,
Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
2. Saksena, D.N. ICHTHYOLOGY: RECENT RESEARCH ADVANCES. 1999. Oscar
Publications. India.
3. Woo, P.T.K FISH DISEASES AND DISORDER. Vol 1. PROTOZOAN AND
METAZOAN INFECTIONS. 1995. CABI Publisher.
4. Brenabe, G. AQUACULTURE, Vol. I. 1992. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. UK.
5. Maseke C. FISH AQUACULTURE. 1987. Pergamon Press, Oxford. UK.
6. Huet M. TEXT BOOK OF FISH CULTURE: BREEDING AND CULTIVATION. 1973.
Blackwell Publishing Company
7. Hoars, W.S. FISH PHYSIOLOGY. 1971. Academic Press. UK.
8. Hoars, W.S. FISH REPRODUCTION. 1969. Academic Press. UK.
9. Matty, A.J. FISH ENDOCRINOLOGY. 1985. Timber Press, UK.
10. Gorbman, A. COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY. 1st Edition. 1983. John Wiley &
Sons. UK.

88
11. Aquaculture by T.V.R.Pilly
12. Fresh water fish biology by S.S.Ali
Course Code:APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY
Course Code: ZOO-616(i) Cr. Hours: 3(2+1)

The students will learn to identify the pest during damaging to the crop; Students will
understand methods of population estimation of the pest and application of different
control strategies.
Course Contents:
A general account including classification of insect orders: Collembola, Orthoptera, Dictyoptera,
Isoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera. Only diagnostic characters
of the remaining insect orders: Thysanura, Diplura, Protura, Ephemeroptera, Odonata,
Plecoptera, Grylloblattoidea, Phasmida, Dermaptera, Embioptera, Zoraptera, Psocoptera,
Mallophaga, Siphunculata, Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, Meco- ptera, Tricoptera, Siphonaptera,
Strepsiptera, Insects of economic importance. Brief account of biological control, chemical
control and integrated pest management: common sampling techniques in insect pest
management, concept of economic levels, economic damage and economic boundary, economic
injury level and economic threshold. Household pests and their management. Knowledge of
Pests of cotton, rice, sugarcane, forensic entomology
Lab Outlines:
Collection, preservation and identification of insects up to order (except for the

identification up to species of a few pests of great economic importance), with the help of
keys/literature.
Books Recommended:
1. Pedigo, L.P. ENTOMOLOGY AND PEST MANAGEMENT. 1991. Maxwell

MacMillan.
2. Richards, O.W. and Davies, R.J. IMM'S GENERAL TEXTBOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY.
1977.Vol-2. Chapman & Hall, London.

89
3. Metcalf, C.L. and Flint, W.P. DESTRUCTIVE AND USEFUL INSECTS. 1962.
McGraw Hill.
Dr.Fazli Rahim
Incharge Curriculum
Dr. Tabassum Yaseen

Convener of BOS and Head Department of
Botany and Zoology,
Bacha Khan University Charsadda.

90

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DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY BACHA KHAN UNIVERSITY CHARSADDA

REVISED CURRICULUM FOR FOUR YEARS BS IN ZOOLOGY

Phone: 091-6540064, Fax: 091-6540060

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Scheme of Studies for Four years BS (Zoology)Programme

SEMESTER WISE BREAKUP

ZOO- 311 Animals Diversity I (Non Chordates ) 2 1 3

BOT-311 Diversity of Plants-I 2 1 3

ELL-311 English-I: Functional English 3 0 3

CS-311 QR-1 (Introduction to Computer) 2 1 3

CHEM- 315 Chemistry- I: Inorganic Chemistry 2 1 3

PS-321 Pakistan Studies 3 0 3

FIRSTYEAR: SECOND SEMESTER

ZOO- 321 Animal Diversity-II (Chordates) 2 1 3

Arts And Humanities I(Languages) 3 0 3

BOT- 321 Plant Systematics, Anatomy and

IS- 312 Islamic studies 3 0 3

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

SECOND YEAR: THIRD SEMESTER

ZOO- 411 Animal Form and function-I 2 1 3

ZOO- 412 Economic Zoology 3 0 3

BOT- 412 Diversity of plants-II 2 1 3

CHEM-416 Chemistry II: Organic Chemistry 2 1 3

PHIL-312 QR-II (logic and quantitative

SECOND YEAR: FOURTH SEMESTER

ZOO- 421 Animal form and Function-II 2 1 3

ZOO- 422 Evolution 3 0 3

Arts And Humanities II 3 0 3

Social Science –II 3 0 3

ZOO- 423 Biostatistics 3 0 3

THIRD YEAR: FIFTH SEMESTER

ZOO-511 Animal Behaviour 3 0 3

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

ZOO-612 Fish Biology/ Insect Biology/ 2 1 3

ZOO-614 Fundamental of Parasitology 2 1 3

ZOO-615 Research Thesis-I 2 1 3

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Arts and Humanities

Arts and Humanities

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Title of the Course: Diversity of Plants-I

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Title of the Course: Introduction to Computer

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Title of the Course: Inorganic Chemistry

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Title of the Course: Pakistan Studies (Compulsory)

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

Dr. Fazli Rahim Dr. TabassumYaseen

The overall objectives of this course are to: