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02 POLYNOMIAL
INDEX

Chapter 2: Polynomial
Concepts Covered:
1. Introduction to Polynomials
➢ Definition
➢ Notation
➢ Degree
➢ Terms
➢ Types of Polynomials Based on there terms
• Zero polynomial
• Constant polynomial
• Monomial
• Binomial
• Trinomial
➢ Types of Polynomials Based on the degree
• Constant Polynomial
• Linear Polynomial
• Quadratic Polynomial
• Cubic Polynomial
➢ Solving Polynomials
• Linear Polynomial
• Quadratic Polynomial
➢ Polynomial Operations
• Addition of Polynomials
• Subtraction of Polynomials
• Multiplication of Polynomials
• Division of Polynomials
2. Zeros of a Polynomial
3. Remainder Theorem
4. Factorization of Polynomials
➢ By splitting the middle term
➢ By using the factor theorem
➢ Factorisation of cubic polynomials
5. Algebraic Identities
➢ Application of Algebraic Identities
6. Mind Map
(Colourful & Interactive/ Complete All Concept Covered)
Practice Questions (All Topics Available)
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02 POLYNOMIALS
INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS

INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS
Definition
Polynomial is made up of two terms, namely Poly (meaning “many”) and Nominal (meaning
“terms.”). A polynomial is defined as an expression which is composed of variables, constants and
exponents, that are combined using mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division (No division operation by a
variable). Based on the number of terms present in
the expression, it is classified as monomial, binomial,
and trinomial.
Examples of constants, variables and exponents are as
follows:
Constants. Example: 1, 2, 3, etc.
Variables. Example: g, h, x, y, etc.
Exponents Example: 5 in x5 etc.

Notation
The polynomial function is denoted by P(x) where x represents the variable.

Example: P(x) = x2 - 5x + 11

If the variable is denoted by a, then the function will be P(a)

Degree
The highest power of a variable in a polynomial expression is the degree of the polynomial. The
degree of the polynomial with one variable is the highest power of that specific polynomial
expression.

Polynomial Type Degree Examples

Constant or Zero Polynomial 0 4
Linear Polynomial 1 3x + 1
Quadratic Polynomial 2 10x2 + 5x + 1
Cubic Polynomial 3 6x3 + 4x2 + 3x + 1
Bi-Quadratic Polynomial 4 6x4 + 4x3 + 2x2 + 2x + 1
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INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS

Terms
The several parts of a polynomial separated by ‘+’ or ‘-‘ operations are called the terms of the
expression.

Types of Polynomials Based on there terms

The polynomials are classified into three types based on the total number of terms in that
equation. They are as follows:

Zero polynomial:

A zero polynomial is a polynomial that only has one term, which is zero.

Constant polynomial:

A constant polynomial is a polynomial that has only one term, which is a constant.
2 −3
e.g., −6, 4, , etc., are still constant polynomial.
3 4

Generally, each real number is a constant polynomial.

Monomial:

An expression with only one term is referred to as a monomial. The sole term in an
expression needs to be non-zero for it to be a monomial. Some of the examples for monomials are
5x, 3, 6x4, -3xy.

Binomial:

A polynomial expression with precisely two terms is referred to as a binomial. Binomial can also be
defined as the difference or sum of two or more monomials. Some examples of binomials are:
5x + 3, 6x4 + 17x, xy2 + xy, etc.

Trinomial:

An expression that has exactly three terms is called a trinomial. Few examples for trinomials are -
8x3 + 3x2 + 2x, 6x4 + 2x2 + x.

Polynomial:

An expression that has more than three terms is called a polynomial. Few examples for
polynomials are: 8x4 + 3x2 + 2x + 7, 6×4 + 2x2 + x + 8.

These three types of polynomials can be combined to perform operations related to addition,
subtraction, and multiplication. However, not divisible by variable.
Page 3
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02 POLYNOMIALS
INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS

Types of Polynomials Based on the degree.

There are various types of polynomials based on the degree of the polynomial. The most common
types are:

• Constant Polynomial Function: P(x) = a = ax0

• Zero Polynomial Function: P(x) = 0; where all ai’s are zero, i = 0, 1, 2, 3, …, n.
• Linear Polynomial Function: P(x) = ax + b
• Quadratic Polynomial Function: P(x) = ax2 + bx + c
• Cubic Polynomial Function: P(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
• Quartic Polynomial Function: P(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e

Types of Polynomial
Constant Polynomial Linear Polynomial Quadratic Polynomial Cubic Polynomial
Polynomial of Polynomial of Polynomial of Polynomial of
degree 0 degree 1 degree 2 degree 3
Example: Example: Example: Example:
2, 3, 5… x+2 2x 2 + 5 8x3,
2 = 2x0 y+5 2 2x3 + x + 1
x2 + x
7
3u + 4 6 – x3
2
5x + 2x + π

Solving Polynomials
To solve polynomials, you typically aim to find the values of the variable that satisfy the polynomial
equation. Here are some common methods for solving polynomials,

Linear Polynomial:

Balancing Method:

Consider the linear polynomial ax + b = 0, where a and b are coefficients. To

solve for x, follow these steps:

Step 1: Move the constant term to the other side of the equation.
Example: Solve the equation 3x - 7 = 0.
Move -7 to the right side: 3x = 7.

Step 2: Isolate the variable by dividing both sides of the equation by the coefficient of
x.
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02 POLYNOMIALS
INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS
3x 7
Example: Divide both sides by 3: = .
3 3
7
Simplifying, you get x = .
3

Step 3: Check the solution by substituting the obtained value back into the original equation.
7
Example: Substitute x = into 3x - 7 = 0.
3
7
You get 3 ( ) – 7 = 0, which simplifies to 7 - 7 = 0.
3
7
Thus, the solution x = satisfies the equation.
3

Quadratic Polynomial:

Factorization Method:

If a polynomial can be factored, you can solve it by setting each factor equal to zero and finding the
values of the variable.

Example: Solve the equation x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0.

Solution: Factoring the polynomial, we have (x - 2) (x - 3) = 0.
Setting each factor equal to zero, we get x - 2 = 0 and x - 3 = 0.
Solving these equations, we find x = 2 and x = 3 as the solutions.

Polynomial Operations
There are four main polynomial operations which are:
• Addition of Polynomials
• Subtraction of Polynomials
• Multiplication of Polynomials
• Division of Polynomials
Addition of Polynomials:

To add polynomials, always add the like terms, i.e., the terms having the
same variable and power. The addition of polynomials always results in a
polynomial of the same degree.

Example: Find the sum of two polynomials: 5x3 + 3x2y + 4xy − 6y2, 3x2 + 7x2y − 2xy +
4xy2 − 5
Solution: First, combine the like terms while leaving the unlike terms as they are.
(5x3 + 3x2y + 4xy − 6y2) + (3x2 + 7x2y − 2xy + 4xy2 − 5)
= 5x3 + 3x2 + (3 + 7)x2y + (4 − 2)xy + 4xy2 − 6y2 − 5
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02 POLYNOMIALS
INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS
= 5x3 + 3x2 + 10x2y + 2xy + 4xy2 − 6y2 − 5
Subtraction of Polynomials:

Subtracting polynomials is similar to addition, the only difference being the type of operation. So,
subtract the like terms to obtain the solution. It should be noted that subtraction of polynomials
also results in a polynomial of the same degree.

Example: Find the difference of two polynomials: 5x3 + 3x2y + 4xy − 6y2, 3x2 + 7x2y − 2xy + 4xy2 – 5.
Solution: First, combine the like terms while leaving the unlike terms as they are. Hence,
(5x3 + 3x2y + 4xy − 6y2) - (3x2 + 7x2y − 2xy + 4xy2 − 5)
= 5x3 - 3x2 + (3 - 7)x2y + (4 + 2)xy - 4xy2 − 6y2 + 5
= 5x3 -3x2 - 4x2y + 6xy - 4xy2 − 6y2 + 5
Multiplication of Polynomials:

Two or more polynomial when multiplied always result in a polynomial of higher degree (unless
one of them is a constant polynomial).

Example: Solve: (6x −3y) × (2x + 5y).

Solution: ⇒ 6x × (2x + 5y) – 3y × (2x + 5y)…Using distributive law of
multiplication
⇒ (12x2 + 30xy) – (6yx + 15y2)…Using distributive law of multiplication
⇒ 12x2 + 30xy – 6xy – 15y2… as xy = yx
Thus, (6x – 3y) × (2x + 5y) = 12x2 + 24xy − 15y2
Division of Polynomials:

Division of two polynomial may or may not result in a polynomial.

Polynomial Division Steps:

If a polynomial has more than one term, we use long division method for the same.
Following are the steps for it:
• Write the polynomial in descending order.
• Check the highest power and divide the terms by the same.
• Use the answer in step 2 as the division symbol.
• Now subtract it and bring down the next term.
• Repeat steps 2 to 4 until you have no more terms to carry down.
• Note the final answer, including remainder, will be in the fraction form (last subtract term).
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02 POLYNOMIAL
ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL

ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL
Value of polynomial
The value of polynomial obtained by putting a particular value of the variable is called value of
polynomial.
The value of a polynomial p(x) at x = a is denoted by p(a)
Example: p(x) = 4 x3 -2 x3 + 2x - 2

At x = 1,
p(1) = 4(1)3 - 2(1)3 + 2(1) - 2
p(1) = 4 – 2 + 2 - 2
p(1) = 2 + 2 - 2
p(1) = 4 -2 = 2
So, 2 is the value of given polynomial p(x) at x = 1
Find the value of each of the following polynomials at the indicated value of
variables.

i. q(y) = 2y 3 − 2y + √10 at y = 2
ii. p(r) = 4r 2 − 2r + 6 at r = a
i. q(y) = 2y 3 − 2y + √10 at y = 2
On putting y = 2 𝑖𝑛 q(y)𝑤𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡,

q(2) = 2(2)3 − 2(2) + √10

q(2) = 2 × 8 − 4 + √10

q(2) = 16 − 4 + √10

q(2) = 12 + √10, which is the required value of q(y) at 2

ii. p(r) = 4r 2 − 2r + 6 at r = a
On putting r = a in p(r) we get,
p(a) = 4(a)2 − 2(a) + 6
p(a) = 4a2 -2a + 6, which is the required value of p(r) at r = a
Zero of a polynomial:
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02 POLYNOMIAL
ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL
Zero of a polynomial p(x) is a number a, such that p(a) = 0. Zero of a polynomial is also called root
of the polynomial, p(x) = 0.
Example: p(x) = x - 3, at x = 3

p(3) = 3 – 3 = 0.
Thus 3 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = x - 2
Zero of a polynomial is special. It is used to find factors of the polynomial.
Example: Find the zero of polynomial 3x + 6
Given polynomial p(x) = 3x + 6
On putting p(x) = 0, we get 3x + 6 = 0
3x = 0 - 6
3x = -6
−6
x= = −2
3

Hence, x = -2 i.e., p(-2) = 0 is the zero of polynomial, 3x + 6.

Check whether -2 and 2 are zeros of the polynomial t2 – t – 6.
The given polynomial is t2 – t – 6…(1)
On putting t = -2 in equation (1) we get,
p(t) = t2 – t – 6
p(–2) = (–2)2 – (–2) – 6
p(–2) = 4 + 2 – 6
p(–2) = 6 – 6
p(-2) = 0
Again, on putting t = 2 in equation (1) we get,
p(t) = t2 – t – 6
p(2) = (2)2 – (2) – 6
p(2) = 4 – 2 – 6
p(2) = 2 – 6
p(2) = -4
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02 POLYNOMIAL
ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL
Therefore, -2 is a zero of the polynomial t2 – t – 6, but 2 is not as the value of p(2) is not equal to
zero.
If x = 2 is a root of the polynomial, f(x) = 2x2 - 3x + 6a, Find the value of a.
We know that, f(x) = 2x2 - 3x + 6a... (1)
Given: x = 2 is the root of f(x)
On putting x = 2 in equation (1) we get,
f(2) = 2(2)2 - 3(2) + 6a
f(2) = 2 × 4 - 3(2) + 6a
f(2) = 8 – 6 + 6a
f(2) = 6a + 2
Now, equate 6a + 2 = 0
6a + 2 = 0
6a = −2
−2 −1
a= =
6 3
−1
The value of a =
3

Find the zero (root) of the polynomial in each of the following cases:
p(x) = x – 7
g(x) = 4x + 5
h(x) = 3x
i. p(x) = x - 7
The root of p(x) = x - 7 is given by p(x) = 0
0=x-7
x=7
Thus x = 7 is the root of p(x) = x - 7
ii. g(x) = 4x + 5
The root of g(x) = 4x + 5 is given by g(x) = 0
0 = 4x + 5
4x = -5
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02 POLYNOMIAL
ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL
5
𝑥=−
4
5
Thus x = − is the root of g(x) = 4x + 5
4

iii. h(x) = 3x
The root of h(x) = 3x is given by h(x) = 0
3x = 0
x=0
Thus x= 0 is the root of h(x) = 3x.
Important points on zeroes of a polynomial:
1. Zero may be the zero of a polynomial.
Example:

i. p(x) = x2
x=0
P(0) = 0
ii. p(x) = x + 5
x=0
p(0) = 0 + 5
p(0) = 5
From the above two examples, we see that zero may or may not be the zero of a polynomial.
2. Every linear polynomial has unique zero.
Example:

i. Consider the linear polynomial p(x) = 3x + 6

For p(x) = 0
3x + 6 = 0
3x = -6
6
x=−
3
x = −2
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02 POLYNOMIAL
ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL
Therefore for x = -2, the value of a polynomial is 0 and hence, x = -2 is a zero of a given polynomial.
There is no other value is possible other than x = -2 for which p(x) = 0 that's how every linear
polynomial has unique zero.
3. Zero of a polynomial is called root of the polynomial.
p(x)=0
p(x) = ax + b
therefore ax + b = 0
ax = -b
b
x=−
a
b
x = − it is the zero of polynomial.
a

It is also called the root of the polynomial p(x) = ax + b.

4. Every non-zero constant polynomial has no zero.
Example:

Consider the constant polynomial

p(x) = 3 i.e.,
It can be written as p(x) = 3x0…(i)
When we place any number in 3x0 still, we get 3
[Because for any value x0 = 1]
Example:

i. Let put x0 =2 in equation (i) then

p(x) = 3x0 = 3 × 20 = 3
ii. Let put x0 = 100 in equation (i) then
p(x) = 3x0 = 3 × 1000 = 3
From the above two example we see that when we place any number in 3x0 still, we get 3.
5. Every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
Example 1:

p(x) = ax2 + bx
In zero polynomial, all the coefficients are zero hence, a = b = 0
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02 POLYNOMIAL
ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL
p(x) = 0.x2 + 0.x = 0
For every real number value of x p(x) is zero in this case that's how every real number is a zero of
zero polynomial.
Example 2: p(x) = 0.x2 + 0.x
Put x = 1
p(1) = 0.(1)2 + 0.(1) = 0
Example 3: p(x) = 0.x2 + 0.x
Put x = -1
p(-1) = 0.(-1)2 + 0.(-1) = 0
From the above two example we see that every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial
6. A polynomial can have more than one zero
Example: 4 x4 + 0.x3 – 0.x2 + 3x + 6. This polynomial consist of more than one zero.
Consider a polynomial p(x) = x2 – 1.
Let x = 1
For p(x) = 0
p(x) = x2 -1
p(1) = (1)2 - 1
p(1) = 1 - 1
p(1) = 0
Let x = - 1
For p(x) = 0
p(x) = x2 - 1
p(-1) = (-1)2 - 1
p(-1) = 1 - 1
p(-1) = 0
From the above example we see that a polynomial can have more.
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02 POLYNOMIAL
REMAINDER THEOREM

REMAINDER THEOREM
Remainder Theorem

Before we start remainder theorem we need to know about factors and multiples, long division
algorithm.

Factors and Multiples

If a number is divided by another number exactly, without leaving any non-zero remainder, then
the number which divides is called a factor of the number and the number that has been divided is
known as the multiple of the number.

Example:

Suppose we divide 3y 3 + y 2 + y by y, we get,

3y 3 + y 2 + y 3y 3 y 2 y
= + + = (3y 2 + y + 1)
y y y y
Here, remainder is zero, so y divides (3y 3 + y 2 + y) exactly. Thus, y is a factor of (3y 3 + y 2 +
y) and (3y 3 + y 2 + y) is a multiple of y. So, (3y 2 + y + 1) is also a factor of (3y 3 + y 2 + y).
Hence, y and (3y 2 + y + 1) are factors of (3y 3 + y 2 + y) ⋅ (3y 3 + y 2 + y) is a multiple of y as well
as (3y 2 + y + 1).

Long Division Algorithm

If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) ≠ 0, then we can find the polynomial
q(x) and r(x)such that,

p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)

p(x) → Dividend
g(x) → Divisor
q(x) → Quotient
r(x) → Remainder
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Here, p(x) when divided by g(x) gives q(x) as quotient and r(x) as remainder.

Where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x)

This result is known as the Long Division Algorithm

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02 POLYNOMIAL
REMAINDER THEOREM
First we will study the method of dividing one polynomial by another polynomial with the help of
an example.

Divide p(x) by g(x), where p(x) = 3x + 4x 2 + 1 and g(x) = −1 + x

i. Firstly, arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order of the degrees
(also known as writing the polynomial in standard form). We get,

p(x) = 4x 2 + 3x + 1 and g(x) = x − 1

ii. To obtain the first term of the quotient, we will divide the highest degree term of the
dividend, x2 by the highest degree term of divisor, x. We get the first term of the quotient,
4x and carry out the division process, what remain is (7x + 1).
4x2
The first term of the dividend is 4x2 and the first term of the divisor is x, since = 4 (first
x
term of quotient)

Multiply the divisor (x - 1) by the first term 4x of the quotient and then subtract from
dividend.

iii. To obtain the second term of the quotient divide the highest degree term of the new
dividend 7x by the highest degree term of the divisor x. We get -7x and what remain is 8. As
the degree of 8 is

equal to the degree of the divisor, (x - 1) we will continue the division process.
7x
The first term of the new dividend is 7x and the first term of the divisor is x, since, =7
x
second term of quotient.

Multiplying the divisor (x - 1) by the second term of quotient, 7 and then subtracting from
the new dividend, we get
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02 POLYNOMIAL
REMAINDER THEOREM

iv. The remainder is 8. As the degree of reminder is less than the divisor, we stop our division
process.

Dividend p(x) = 4x2 + 3x + 1

Divisor g(x) = x + 1

Quotient q(x) = 4x + 7

Remainder r(x) = 8

p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)

Thus, 4x 2 + 3x + 1 = (x − 1)(4x + 7) + 8

i.e., Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Find the remainder and quotient when p(t) = t3 + t2 + 2t + is divided by t + 2 by actual

division method.

Here, the remainder is -5 and quotient t2 – t + 4

Remainder Theorem:

Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree and greater than or equal to 1 i. e. , (n ≥ 0) and a be any
real number.
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02 POLYNOMIAL
REMAINDER THEOREM
If p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial (x - a), then the remainder is p(a).

Proof:

Let p(x) be any polynomial with degree greater than or equal to 1. We suppose that when
p(x) is divided by x – a, the quotient is q(x) and the remainder is r(x),

i.e., p(x) = [(x - a) q(x)] + r(x)…(1)

The degree of (x - a) = 1 and the degree of r(x) is 0.

We see that the degree of r(x) is less than the degree of x – a.

This means that r(x) is a constant, equal to r.

For every value of x, r(x) = r,

On putting r(x) = r in equation (1), we get

P(x) = [(x - a) q(x) + r]…(2)

If x = a, then equation (2) becomes

p(a) = (a – a) q(a) + r

p(a) = r

Find the remainder when the polynomial p(x) = x4 - 3x2 + 2x + 1 is divided by x-2 By
remainder theorem, if p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial (x - a), then the remainder is
p(a). Therefore, the remainder of the polynomial, p(x) = x4 - 3x2 + 2 x + 1 is p(2).

P(x) = x4 - 3 x2 + 2x + 1

p(2) = (2)4 - 3(2)2 + 2(2) + 1

p(1) = 16 – 12 + 4 + 1 = 9

The required remainder, p(2) = 9

Find the remainder when the polynomial p(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + 14x – 3 is divided by g(x) = x −
1
2

By remainder theorem,
1
We know that when the polynomial, p(x) is divided by g(x) = (x − ) then the remainder is
2
1
equal to p ( ).
2

p(x) = 4x 3 − 12x 2 + 14x − 3

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02 POLYNOMIAL
REMAINDER THEOREM
1 1 3 1 2 1
p ( ) = 4 ( ) − 12 ( ) + 14t ( ) − 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
p ( ) = 4 × − 12 × + 14 × − 3
2 8 4 2
1 4 12 14
p( ) = − + −3
2 8 4 2
1 1
p( ) = − 3 + 7 − 3
2 2
1 1
p( ) = + 4 − 3
2 2
1 1 4
p( ) = + − 3
2 2 1
1 1+8
p( ) = −3
2 2×1
1 9 3
p( ) = − 3 =
2 2 2
1 3
Hence, required remainder, p ( ) = .
2 2
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02 POLYNOMIAL
FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS

FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIAL
Factor theorem:

Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 and a be any real number such that,

i. p(a) = 0, then (x - a) is a factor of p(x) conversely,

ii. If (x - a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.

Proof:

i. Given p(a) = 0

Now, suppose p(x) is divided by (x - a), then quotient is g(x).

By remainder theorem, when p(x) is divided by (x - a), then remainder is p(a).

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

∴ p(x) = (x - a) ⋅ g(x) + p(a)

p(x) = (x - a) ⋅ g(x) + 0[because p(a) = 0]

So, (x - a) is a factor of p(x).

ii. Let (x – a) be a factor of p(x)

On dividing p(x) by (x - a), let g(x) be the quotient.

∴ p(x) = (x - a) ⋅ g(x)

On putting x = a, we get

p(a) = (a – a) ⋅ g(a)

p(a) = 0 ⋅ g(a)

p(a) = 0

Thus, if (x – a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0

Examine whether x + 1 is a factor of p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6

Let p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6

By factor theorem, (x - a) is a factor of p(x) if p(a) = 0.

Therefore, in order to check that (x + 1) is a factor of p(x), it is sufficient to check that it p(-1) = 0
then it is a factor otherwise not.

p(x) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 5x + 6
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02 POLYNOMIAL
FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS
p(−1) = (−1)3 + 3(−1)2 + 5(−1) + 6
p(−1) = −1 + 3 − 5 + 6
p(−1) = −6 + 9
p(−1) = 3 ≠ 0
Thus, x + 1 is NOT a factor of p(x) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 5x + 6
Find the value of a if x – a is a factor of x3 – a2x + x +2
Hence, (x - a) is a factor of the given polynomial, if a = -2.
Let p(x) = x3 - a2 x + x + 2
By factor theorem, (x - a) is a factor of p(x) if p(a) = 0
Now, p(a) = a3 - a2 × a + a + 2
a3 - a2 × a + a + 2 = 0
a3 - a3 + a + 2 = 0
a+2=0
a=0-2
a = -2
Factorisation of quadratic polynomial
Quadratic polynomial is represented as ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are constants and a ≠ 0. It can be
factorised by different methods.
i. splitting the middle term
ii. By using factor theorem

By splitting middle term

i. Let the factor of quadratic polynomial ax2 + b x + c be (px + q)

and (rx +s). Then

ax2 + bx + c = (px + q)(rx + s).

= prx2 + (ps + qr) x + qs

Now,

Comparing x2, x and constant terms, we get

a = pr, b = ps + qr and c = qs
Page 3
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIAL
FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS

Here, b is the sum of two numbers ps and q r, whose product is

(ps)(qr) = (pr)(qs) = ac

Thus, to factories a x2 + b x + c, write b as the sum of two numbers, whose product is ac.

Factorizing 2x2 + 7x + 3 by splitting the middle term

Given polynomial is 2x2 + 7x + 3.

On comparing with ax2 + bx + c, we get a = 2, b = 7 and c = 3

Now ac = 2 × 3 = 6

So, all possible pairs of factors 6 is 1 and 6, 2 and 3 .

Pair 1 and 6 give 1 + 6 = 7 = b.

∴ 2x 2 + 7x + 3 = 2x 2 + (1 + 6)x + 3

= 2x 2 + x + 6x + 3

= x(2x + 1) + 3(2x + 1)

= (2x + 1)(x + 3)

By using factor theorem

Write the given polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c in the form

b c
p(x) = a (x 2 + x + ) = a ⋅ g(x)
a d
b c
Where, g(x) = x 2 + x +
a d

i.e. firstly make the coefficient of x2 equal to 1 if it is not 1.

Factories x2 - 5x + 6 by using factor theorem.

Let given polynomial be f(x) = x2 - 5x + 6

Here, the coefficient of x2 is 1 , so we do not need to write it in the form of a. g(x).

Now, constant term is 6 and all factors of 6 are ± 1, ±2, ±3 and ± 6

At x = 2,

f(2) = (2)2 - 5(2) + 6

Page 4
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIAL
FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS

f(2) = 4 - 10 + 6

f(2) = -6 + 6

f(2) = 0

At x = 3

f(3) = (3)2 - 5(3) + 6

f(3) = 9 - 15 + 6

f(3) = -6 + 6

f(3) = 0

Hence, (x - 2) and (x - 3) are the factors of the given quadratic polynomial.

Factorisation of a cubic polynomial

We use the following steps to factorise a cubic polynomial,

Step 1: Write the given cubic polynomial, p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

As,

b c d
P(x) = a (x 3 + x 2 + x + ),
a a a
b c d
Where g(x) = (x 3 + x 2 + x+ )
a a a

i.e., first make the coefficient of x3 equal to 1 if it is not 1, then find the constant term.
d
Step 2: Find all the possible factors of constant term ( ) of g(x).
a

Step 3: Check at which factor of constant term, p(x) is zero and get one factor of p(x), (i. e. , x − α )

Step 4: Write p(x) as the product of this factor (x − α) and a quadratic polynomial

i. e. , p(x) = (x − α)(a1 x 2 + b1 x + c1 )

Step 5: Apply splitting method of middle term or factor theorem in quadratic polynomial to get the
other two factors. Thus, we get all the three factors of given the cubic polynomial.

Using factor theorem, factorise x 3 + 13x 2 + 32x + 20

Let p(x) = x 3 + 13x 2 + 32x + 20

Page 5
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIAL
FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS

Here the constant term = 20 and the coefficient of x3 is 1 .

All possible factors of 20 are ±1, ±2, ±4, ±5, ±10, and ± 20

At x = -1,

p(x) = x 3 + 13x 2 + 32x + 20

p(−1) = (−1)3 + 13(−1)2 + 32(−1) + 20

= −1 + 13 − 32 + 20

= 33 − 33

=0

So, we find p(−1) = 0 So, (x + 1) is a factor of p(x)

We can write the given polynomial x 3 + 13x 2 + 32x + 20 as, x 3 +

X 2 + 12x 2 + 12x + 20x + 20
x 3 + x 2 + 12x 2 + 12x + 20x + 20
= x 2 (x − 1) + 12x(x + 1) + 20(x + 1)
= (x + 1)(x 2 + 12x + 20) … (i) [Taking (x + 1)common]
Now, x 2 + 12x + 20 can be factorised by splitting the middle term, we get,

x 2 + 12x + 20
= x 2 + 10x + 2x + 20
= x(x + 10) + 2(x + 10)
= (x + 2)(x + 10)
From equation (i) and (ii) we get,

x 3 + 13x 2 + 32x + 20 = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 10)

If p(y) = y 3 − 4y 2 + y + 6 then show that p(3) = 0 and hence factorise p(y).

Given: p(y) = y 3 − 4y 2 + y + 6 … . . (i)

Put y = 3 in equation (i), we get

p(3) = (3)3 − 4(3)2 + 3 + 6

= 27 − 36 + 3 + 6 = 0
Since, p(3) = 0, therefore y - 3 is a factor of p(y).
Page 6
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIAL
FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS
∴ p(y) = (y − 3)(y 2 − y − 2)
∴ p(y) = (y − 3)(y 2 − 2y + y − 2)
[∵ −2 + 1 = −1 and − 2 × 1 = −2]

= (y − 3)[y(y − 2) + 1(y − 2])

= (y − 3)(y + 1)(y − 2)
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIAL
ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES

ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES
An identity is an equality relation A - B where A and B can be variables.

Here, A and B can be differently defined functions but the equality between the two still holds.

Example: cos2x + sin2x = 1 is a trigonometric identity where x is a variable and for any value of x the
above result holds true.

So, algebraic identities are algebraic equations that holds true for all values of the variables occurring
in it.

Algebraic Identities

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (-a - b)2

(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2

(a - b) (a + b) = a2 - b2

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

(a + b - c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab - 2bc - 2ca

(a - b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 - 2ab - 2bc + 2ca

(-a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 - 2ab + 2bc - 2ca

(a - b - c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 - 2ab + 2bc - 2ca

(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)

(a - b) 3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab (a - b)

a3 + b3 = (a + b) 3 - 3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)

a3 - b3 = (a - b)3 + 3ab (a - b) = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)

a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be - ca)

if, a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

Application of Algebraic Identities

Example: To find- 99 × 101 without actual multiplication

Solution: We can write, 99 × 101 = (100 - 1) (100 + 1)

Page 2
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIAL
ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES

= (100)2 - (1)2

= 10000 - 1 = 9999
 Polynomials

DPP-01

[Topic: Polynomials in One Variable]

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable and which are not? State
reason for your answers.
(i) 𝑥 3 + 𝑥
2
(ii) 𝑥 + + 3
𝑥
(iii) √3𝑥 + 1
(iv) 𝑎10 − 𝑏 5 + 𝑐
(v) 2�𝑦 + 3𝑦
2. Write the degree of each of the following polynomials:
(i) 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1
(ii) √2𝑡 − 3
(iii) 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦
(iv) 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 8
3. Give an example of trinomial polynomial of degree 27.
4. Classify as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial,
(i) 𝑠 2
(ii) 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 1
(iii) 1 − 𝑥 2
(iv) 3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3
(v) 4𝑡 + 3
1
(vi) √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3
√3

5. Write the degree of a zero polynomial.

6. Write the degree of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 4.
7. Find the degree of the polynomial: 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 7 .
8. Evaluate the degree of the polynomial: (𝑦 3 − 2)(𝑦 2 + 11)
9. Determine the degree of the following polynomials:
(i) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 3)
(ii) 𝑦 3 (1 − 𝑦 4 )
5
10. Find the coefficient of 𝑥 3 in the polynomial; 𝑝(𝑥) = 6𝑥 4 − √3𝑥 3 −
3
2 (3𝑥 2 2 ).
11. Find the coefficient of 𝑥 in − 5)(4 + 4𝑥
 Polynomials

DPP-02

[Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial]

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Find the value of the polynomial 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7 at:

(i) 𝑥 = 1
(ii) 𝑥 = −1
(iii) 0
(iv) -2
2. Find the value of the polynomial; 𝑝(𝑧) = 3𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + √17, when 𝑧 = 3.
3. What is the maximum number of zeroes in a cubic polynomial?
1
4. What is the value of polynomial 5𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 3 at 𝑥 = ?
2
1 2
5. If 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 7, then evaluate 𝑝(3).
3 3

6. Find zero of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

7. Find the zeroes of polynomial in each of the following:
(i) 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5
(ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 8𝑥
(iii) 𝑞(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 7
(iv) ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥
8. Verify whether the following are zeroes of the polynomial, indicate against them.
(i) 𝑥 + 2; 𝑥 = −2
(ii) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥; 𝑥 = 0,2
(iii) 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥; 𝑥 = −1
(iv) 𝑥 3 − 3√3; 𝑥 = √3
(v) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1; 𝑥 = 1
(vi) 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6; 𝑥 = 1,3

Short Answer Type Questions-I

9. If -4 is a zero of the polynomial: 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 𝑘, then find the value of 𝑘.
10. Find the value of 𝑘, if 𝑥 = 2 is a zero of 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 2𝑘.
𝑝(−1)+𝑝(1)
11. If 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1, then find the value of
2
2
12. If 𝑥 = 2 is a root of the polynomial: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 7𝑎, find the value of 𝑎.
13. If 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − √3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5. Find 𝑝(3√3).

Short Answer Type Questions-II

14. If 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 0 are roots of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, find the value of 𝑎
and 𝑏.
15. Find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏, if 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = −1 are the roots of the polynomial: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 −
3𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏.
1
16. If 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3, evaluate: 𝑝(2) − 𝑝(−1) + 𝑝 � �
2
 Polynomials

DPP-03

[Topic: Remainder Theorem]

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. If a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 − 𝑎, then find the remainder.

2. What is the remainder when 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 is divided by (𝑥 − 1) ?
3. Find the remainder when 𝑝(𝑥) is divided by (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏).
4. What is the remainder when 𝑥 31 + 31 is divided by (𝑥 + 1) ?
5. What is the remainder when 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 is divided by (𝑥 + 1) ?
6. Find the remainder when polynomial 4𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 7 is divided by:
(i) 𝑥 − 1
(ii) 𝑥 + 1
(iii) 2𝑥 + 1
(iv) 1 − 3𝑥
2
(v) 𝑥 −
3

Short Answer Type Question-I

7. Find the remainder when: 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 + 2𝑎𝑥 3 − 5𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 is divided by 𝑥 − 𝑎.

Short Answer Type Questions-II

8. The polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8, when divided by (𝑥 + 3) leaves a remainder
10(1 − 𝑘). Find the value of 𝑘.
9. If the polynomial 𝑥 3 + 𝑚𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 + 6 has (𝑥 − 2) as a factor and leaves remainder 3, when
divided by 𝑥 − 3, find the value of 𝑚 and 𝑛.
10. Divide the polynomial 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 1 by 𝑥 − 1 and find its quotient and remainder.
11. Take the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑑, prove that 𝑏 = 𝑐, when it is divided by
𝑥 2 = 1.

Long Answer Type Questions

12. Let R1 and R 2 are the remainders when the polynomial 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑎𝑥 − 7 and 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 −
12𝑥 + 6 are divided by (𝑥 + 1) and (𝑥 − 2) respectively. If 2R1 + R 2 = 6, find the value of 𝑎.
13. The polynomials 𝑎𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4 and 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 𝑎 when divided by 𝑥 − 2, leaves the
remainders 𝑝 and 𝑞 respectively. If 𝑝 − 2𝑞 = 4, find the value of 𝑎.
 Polynomials

DPP-04

[Topic: Factorisation of Polynomials]

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. For what value of 𝑘, (𝑥 + 5) is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 3𝑘 ?

2. If (𝑥 − 1) is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑘, then find the value of 𝑘.
3. Use the factor theorem to determine whether 𝑞(𝑥) is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥) in each of the following
cases:
(i) 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 4, 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2
(ii) 𝑝(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 6, 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
(iii) 𝑝(𝑥) = 7𝑥 2 − 2√8𝑥 − 6, 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 − √2
(iv) 𝑝(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 12, 𝑞(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2
(v) 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1, 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1

Short Answer Type Questions-I

4. Factorise using factor theorem: 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
5. Find the value of 𝑚 so that 2𝑥 − 1 is a factor of 8𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 𝑚.
6. Show that 𝑥 + 3 is a factor of 69 + 11𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ,
7. If 𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑎 − 9, find the value of 𝑎.
8. Check whether the polynomial: 𝑝(𝑠) = 3𝑠 3 + 𝑠 2 − 20𝑠 + 12 is a multiple of 3𝑠 − 2.
9. Factorise:
(i) 𝑥 2 + 3√2𝑥 + 4
[CBSE 2013]
(ii) 5√5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 + 3√5
(iii) 5𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 3
1
(iv) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15
5

Short Answer Type Questions-II

10. Determine the value of 𝑎 for which the polynomial 4𝑥 4 − 𝑎𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 is divisible by
(1 − 2𝑥).
11. Factorise 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 using factor theorem.
Long Answer Type Questions

12. Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 so that (𝑥 + 1) and (𝑥 − 2) are factors of 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑏.

1
13. If 𝑥 − 3 and 𝑥 − are factors of the polynomial 𝑝𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑟, show that 𝑝 = 𝑟.
3
14. If 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6, then show that 𝑝(3) = 0 and hence factorise 𝑝(𝑥).
15. Factorise using factor theorem: 𝑥 3 + 13𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + 20
16. Find the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞 if 𝑎2 − 1 is a factor of 𝑝𝑎4 − 7𝑎3 + 9𝑎2 + 𝑞𝑎 − 10.
17. Give a relation between 𝑎 and 𝑏 if (𝑥 − 1) and (𝑥 + 3) are the factors of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) =
𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 𝑏. Also find 𝑎 and 𝑏.
18. For the polynomial 𝑎2 (𝑏 − 𝑐) + 𝑏 2 (𝑐 − 𝑎) + 𝑐 2 (𝑎 − 𝑏), prove that (𝑎 − 𝑏) is a factor of it, using
factor theorem,
19. Using factor theorem prove that (𝑥 − 2) is a factor of 2(3 − 𝑥) + 3(𝑥 − 2) − 𝑥.
 Polynomials

DPP-05

[Topic: Algebraic Identities]

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Find the value of (2 + √3)(2 − √3)

1 1
2. If 49𝑥 2 − 𝑎 = �7𝑥 + � �7𝑥 − �, find the value of 𝑎,
2 2

3. Factorise:
(i) 𝑦 3 + 125
(ii) 1 − 27𝑥 3
(iii) 64𝑎3 − 𝑏 3
1 1 1
4. If 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 = 0, then find the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐.
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
5. If 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, what is the value of: + + ?
𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑥𝑦
1 1
6. Given: 𝑥 + = 2, find the value of 𝑥 2 + .
𝑥 𝑥2
1 1
7. Given: 𝑥 − = 5, find the value of 𝑥 2 + .
𝑥 𝑥2

8. Factorise (1 + 3𝑦)2 + (9𝑦 2 − 1).

9. Evaluate the value of (9)3 + (−3)3 − (6)3 .

Short Answer Type Questions-I

10. Factorise:
(i) 8 − 27𝑎3 − 36𝑎 + 54𝑎2
(ii) 2𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 1
(iii) 4𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎𝑏 + 8𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 4
(iv) (𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑝2 + 2𝑝(𝑥 + 2)
4 4
(v) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏
9 3
𝑥2 𝑦2
(vi) −
4 4
(vii) 8𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 27𝑧 3
1
(viii) 𝑝3 − 8𝑞 3
27
(ix) (𝑥 + 1)2 − (𝑦 − 1)2
(x) (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 1) − 20
11. Evaluate using identities:
(i) 95 × 97
(ii) 103 × 96
(iii) 46 × 48
 (iv) 52 × 57
(v) (102)3
12. Without actually calculating cubes find the value of:
(i) (25)3 + (−17)3 + (−8)3
(ii) (−12)3 + 73 + 53
(iii) (0.2)3 − (0.3)3 + (0.1)3
(iv) 125(𝑥 − 𝑦)3 + (5𝑦 − 3𝑧)3 + (3𝑧 − 5𝑥)3
1 3 1 3 5 3
(v) � � + � � − � �
2 3 6

13. Expand:
1 2
(i) �3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧�
2
𝑎 𝑏 2
(ii) �3 + + 2𝑐�
2 4
1 𝑦 3
(iii) � + �
𝑥 3
1 3
(iv) �4 − �
3𝑥

Short Answer Type Questions-II

14. Give possible expression for the length and breadth of a rectangle whose area is given by:
25𝑎2 − 35𝑎 + 12

15. Factorise:
1 9 1
(i) 27𝑝3 − − 𝑝2 + 𝑝
216 2 4
(ii) 𝑎6 − 𝑏 6
(iii) 125𝑥 3 − 27𝑦 3 + 8 + 90𝑥𝑦
(iv) 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧
16. If 𝑝 = 2 − 𝑎, prove that 𝑎3 + 6𝑎𝑝 + 𝑝3 − 8 = 0
17. Factorise: (2𝑥 − 𝑦)6 − (2𝑥 + 𝑦)6
1 1
18. If 𝑥 2 + = 38, then find the value of 𝑥 3 − .
𝑥2 𝑥3

19. Using factor theorem, show that 𝑎 + 𝑏, 𝑏 + 𝑐 and 𝑐 + 𝑎 are factors of (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 −
(𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 ).
20. If 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 10 and 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 58, find the value of 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 ,
21. If 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 90 and 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 20, then find the value of 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎.
22. If 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 5 and 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 = 10, then prove that 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = −25.
1 1
23. If 𝑥 + = 7, then find the value of 𝑥 3 + .
𝑥 𝑥3
1
24. Verify that 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)[(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑧)2 + (𝑧 − 𝑥)2 ]
2
 𝑥 1
25. Factorise: 𝑥 2 + −
4 8

26. Multiply 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 − 2𝑦𝑧 by (−𝑧 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦)

2 2

27. What are the possible expression for the dimensions of a cuboid whose volumes are given
below?
(i) 2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥
(ii) 12𝑘𝑦 2 + 8𝑘𝑦 − 20𝑘
28. Factorise:
(i) 2𝑢3 − 3𝑢2 − 17𝑢 + 30
(ii) 125𝑎3 − 27𝑏 3 + 75𝑎2 𝑏 − 45𝑎𝑏 2
(iii) 2𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 45
(iv) 8(𝑥 + 𝑦)3 + 27(𝑥 − 𝑦)3
(v) 25𝑥 3 𝑦 − 121𝑥𝑦 3
(vi) 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 16
(vii) (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6)2 − (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8)2
(viii) 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3

Long Answer Type Questions

29. Simplify and factorise: (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 − (𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + 4𝑏 2 − 4𝑐 2 .
30. If 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 6 and 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 = 11, then find the value of 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐.
3 3 3
�𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 � +�𝑦 2 −𝑧 2 � +�𝑧 2 −𝑥 2 �
31. Factorise:
(𝑥−𝑦)3 +(𝑦−𝑧)3 +(𝑧−𝑥)3
186×186×186+14×14×14
32. Simplify using identity:
186×186−186×14+14×14

33. Factorise: 𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 9𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 10
4 3

1 1
34. If 𝑥 + = √7, find the value of: (i) 𝑥 2 +
𝑥 𝑥2
1
(ii) 𝑥 4 +
𝑥4
1
(iii) 𝑥 3 +
𝑥3
𝑥4 4
35. Factorise: + +1
4 𝑥4

36. Find the value of (𝑥 − 𝑎)3 + (𝑥 − 𝑏)3 + (𝑥 − 𝑐)3 − 3(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐) if 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 =
3𝑥.
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIALS
INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is a polynomial?
B. An expression with variables, constants,
A. An equation with two terms
and exponents
C. A constant value D. A linear function
2 What is the notation for a polynomial function with variable 'a'?
A. P(x) = x2 - 5x + 11 B. P(a) = a2 - 5a + 11
C. F(x) = x2 - 5x + 11 D. P(x) = a2 - 5a + 11
3 What is the degree of the polynomial 4x3 + 2x2 - x + 7?
A. 2 B. 3
C. 4 D. 7
4 Which type of polynomial has exactly three terms?
A. Constant polynomial B. Linear polynomial
C. Quadratic polynomial D. Trinomial
5 How do you solve a quadratic polynomial using the factorization method?
A. Set each term equal to zero B. Divide both sides by the coefficient
C. Factor the polynomial and set each D. Take the square root of the polynomial
factor equal to zero
6 Solve 3x – 9
7 Solve 3x2 – 6x + x3 – 18
8 Determine y + 1 is a factor of y3 + y2 + y + 1
9 Evaluate the polynomial x2 + 3?
10 Evaluate the polynomial x2 + 2x + 6?
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIALS
ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the value of the polynomial 𝐪(𝐲) = 𝟐𝐲 𝟑 – 𝟐𝐲 + √𝟏𝟎 𝐚𝐭 𝐲 = 𝟐?
A. 12 B. 14
C. 12 + √10 D. 10
2 If p(r) = 4r2 - 2r + 6, what is the value of p(r) at r = a?
A. 4a2 - 2a + 6 B. 6a + 2
C. 6a D. a2 - 2a
3 If x = 2 is a root of the polynomial f(x) = 2x2 - 3x + 6a, what is the value of a?
1
A. -1 B. −
3
C. 1 D. 3
4 What is the zero of the polynomial p(x) = x - 7?
A. x = -7 B. x = 0
C. x = 7 D. x = 1
5 Which of the following is a zero of the polynomial g(x) = 4x + 5?
A. x = 4 B. x = -5
5
C. x = − D. x = 0
4
6 Check whether 0 and 3 are zeroes of the polynomial x2 - 3x.
7 Show that 3 is a zero of the polynomial x3 - 8x2 + 8x + 21.
1
8 If x = − is a zero of the polynomial p(x) = 8x3 − ax2 – x + 2, find the value of a?
2
9 Find Factors and Zeroes of Polynomial f(x) = 5x – 15?
10 Find Factors and Zeroes of Polynomial f(x) = 2x2 – x – 6?
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIALS
REMAINDER THEOREM

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is the remainder when 3y + y2 + y is divided by y?
3

A. 3y2 + y + 1 B. y
C. 3y3 + y2 D. 1
2 In the division 4x2 + 3x + 1by x - 1, what is the quotient?
A. 4x + 7 B. 4x2 + 3x + 1
C. x − 1 D. 7x
3 2
3 If p(t) = t + t + 2t is divided by t + 2, what is the remainder?
A. 4 B. -5
C. t2 – t + 4 D. 2
4 What is the remainder when x4 – 3x2 + 2x + 1 is divided by x − 2?
A. 7 B. 9
C. 5 D. 1
5 What is the degree of the remainder in the division of 3y3 + y2 + y by y?
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 0
6 Divide 2x2 + 3x + 1 by x + 2 and find quotient and remainder.
7 Find the remainder when y 3 + y 2 − 2y + 5 is divided by y – 5.
8 When 3x3 + 2x2 + 2x + k is divided by x + 2, the remainder is 4. Calculate the value of k.
9 Write the degree of each of the following polynomials: 3y 3 − x 2 y 2 + 4x
10 Can (x − 2) be the remainder on division of a polynomial p(x) by (2x + 3)?
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIALS
FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS

(Practice Sheet)
1 According to the factor theorem, if p(a) = 0, then:
A. (x − a) is a factor of p(x) B. (x + a) is a factor of p(x)
C. (x⋅a) is a factor of p(x) D. (x − a)2 is a factor of p(x)
2 If (x − 2) is a factor of x3 − 5x2 + 3x + 2, what is p (2)?
A. 0 B. 1
C. 2 D. 3
3 2
3 To factorize x − a x + x + 2, the value of a is:
A. 2 B. -2
C. 1 D. -1
4 For the polynomial 2x2 + 7x + 3, the factorized form using splitting the middle term is:
A. (2x + 1) (x + 3) B. (2x + 3) (x + 1)
C. (x + 2) (2x + 3) D. (x + 1) (2x + 3)
5 If p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20, which of the following is a factor of p(x)?
A. (x − 1) B. (x + 1)
C. (x + 2) D. (x + 3)
6 Divide P(x) = 3x4 + 5x3 − 7x2 + 2x + 2 by g(x) = x2 + 3x + 1 and find the quotient and remainder.
7 Factorize x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
8 Check whether (x − 1) is a factor of the polynomial p(x) = 6x3 + 3x2
9 Factorise: x3 − 2x2 − x + 2
10 Find the roots of the equation 2x2 - 5x + 3 = 0, by factorisation.
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIALS
ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES

(Practice Sheet)
1 2
What is the result of (a + b) ?
A. a2 + 2ab + b2 B. a2 - 2ab + b2
C. a2 + b2 D. a2 - b2
2 Which algebraic identity is equivalent to (a - b)2?
A. a2 + 2ab + b2 B. a2 - 2ab + b2
C. a2 + b2 D. a2 - b2
3 What does (a - b) (a + b) equal to?
A. a2 + 2ab + b2 B. a2 - 2ab + b2
C. a2 + b2 D. a2 - b2
4 What is the expansion of (a + b + c)2?
A. a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca B. a2 + b2 + c2 - 2ab - 2bc + 2ca
C. a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab - 2bc - 2ca D. a2 - b2 + c2
5 Which expression represents (a + b)3?
A. a3 + b3 + 3ab B. a3 - b3 - 3ab
C. a3 + b3 - 3ab D. a3 - b3 + 3ab
6 Expand (x - 2)2.
7 (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2).
8 Expand (2p - q)3.
9 How can 99 × 101 be simplified using algebraic identities?
10 What is the result of a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc?
EXEMPLAR SOLUTIONS Chapter 2-
Polynomials
Exercise 2.1
Write the correct answer in each of the following:
1. Which one of the following is a polynomial?

Solution:
(C)

Explanation:
(A)

The equation contains the term x2 and -2x-2.

Here, the exponent of x in second term = – 2, which is not a whole number.
Hence, the given algebraic expression is not a polynomial.
(B)

The equation contains the term √2x½ .

Here, the exponent of x in first term = ½ , which is not a whole number.
Hence, the given algebraic expression is not a polynomial.
(C)

The equation contains the term x2 and 3x .

Here, the exponent of x in first term and second term= 2and 1 respectively, which is a
whole number.
Hence, the given algebraic expression is a polynomial.
(D)

The equation is a rational function.

Here, the given equation is not in the standard form of polynomial.
Hence, the given algebraic expression is not a polynomial.
Hence, option C is the correct answer
2. √2 is a polynomial of degree
(A) 2
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) ½
Solution:
(B) 0
Explanation:
√2 can be written as √2x0
i.e., √2 = √2x0
Therefore, the degree of the polynomial = 0
Hence, option B is the correct answer

3. Degree of the polynomial 4x4 + 0x3 + 0x5 + 5x + 7 is

(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 3
(D) 7
Solution:
(A) 4
Explanation:
Degree of a polynomial = Highest power of the variable in a polynomial.
The highest power of variable x in the polynomial 4x 4 + 0x 3 + 0x 5 + 5x + 7 is 4.
Therefore, degree of the polynomial of 4x 4 + 0x 3 + 0x5 + 5x + 7 = 4
Hence, option A is the correct answer

4. Degree of the zero polynomial is

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) Any natural number
(D) Not defined
Solution:
(D) Not defined
Explanation:
Degree of a zero polynomial is not defined.
Hence, option D is the correct answer

5. If p(x)= x2 – 2√2x + 1, then p(2√2) is equal to

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 4√2
(D) 8√2 +1
Solution:
 (B) 1
Explanation:
According to the question,
p(x) = x2 – 2√2x + 1
To get p(2√2),
We substitute x = 2√2,
p(2√2) = (2√2)2 – (2√2 × (2√2)) + 1
= (4 × 2) – (4 × 2) + 1
=8–8+1
=1
Hence, option B is the correct answer

6. The value of the polynomial 5x – 4x2 + 3, when x = – 1 is

(A) – 6
(B) 6
(C) 2
(D) – 2
Solution:
(A) – 6
Explanation:
According to the question,
p(x) = 5x – 4x2 + 3
To get p(– 1),
We substitute x = – 1,
p(– 1) = 5(– 1) – 4(– 1)2 + 3
= 5(– 1) – 4(1) + 3
=–5–4+3
=–9+3
=–6
Hence, option A is the correct answer

7. If p(x) = x + 3, then p(x) + p(–x) is equal to

(A) 3
(B) 2x
(C) 0
(D) 6
Solution:
(D) 6
Explanation:
p(x) = x + 3
p(– x) = – x + 3
Therefore,
p(x) + p(–x) = (x + 3) + (– x + 3)
=x+3–x+3
=6
Hence, option D is the correct answer
8. Zero of the zero polynomial is
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) Any real number
(D) Not defined
Solution:
(C) Any real number
Explanation:
Zero polynomial is a constant polynomial whose coefficients are all equal to 0.
Zero of a polynomial is the value of the variable that makes the polynomial equal to zero.
Therefore, zero of the zero polynomial is any real number.
Hence, option C is the correct answer

9. Zero of the polynomial p(x) = 2x + 5 is

(A) – 2/5
(B) – 5/2
(C) 2/5
(D) 5/2
Solution:
(B) – 5/2
Explanation:
Zero of the polynomial ⇒ p(x) = 0
p(x) = 0
2x + 5 = 0
2x = – 5
x = – 5/2
Hence, option B is the correct answer

10. One of the zeroes of the polynomial 2x2 + 7x –4 is

(A) 2
(B) ½
(C) – ½
(D) –2
Solution:
(B) ½
Explanation:
Zero of the polynomial ⇒ p(x) = 0
p(x) = 0
2x2 + 7x – 4 = 0
2x2 – 1x + 8x – 4 = 0
x(2x – 1) + 4(2x – 1) = 0
(x + 4)(2x – 1) = 0
Consider, x + 4
x+4=0
x=–4
Consider, 2x – 1

2x – 1 = 0
2x = 1
x=½
Hence, option B is the correct answer
 Exercise 2.2

1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials? Justify your answer:

Solution:
(i) 8
8 can be written as 8x0.
i.e., 8 = 8x0,
Here, the power of x = 0, which is a whole number.
Hence, 8 is a polynomial.

(ii) √3x2 - 2x
√3x2 - 2x
Here, the power of x are 2 and 1 respectively
2 and 1 both are whole numbers.
Hence, √3x2 - 2x is a polynomial.

(iii) 1 - √(5x)
1 – √5√x = 1 – √5 x½
Here, the power of x = ½, which is not a whole number.
Hence, 1 - √5x is not a polynomial

(iv)

1/5x–2 + 5x + 7 = 5x2 + 5x + 7
Here, the power of x are 2 and 1 respectively
2 and 1 both are whole numbers.
Hence, 1/5x-2 + 5x + 7 is a polynomial.

(v)

((x – 2)(x – 4))/x = (x2 – 4x – 2x + 8)/x

= (x2 – 6x + 8)/x
= x – 6 + (8/x)
= x – 6 + 8x–1
Here, the power of x = – 1, which is not a whole number, but a negative number.
Hence, ((x – 2)(x – 4))/x is not a polynomial

(vi)

1/(x+1) = (x+1)– 1
Here, the power of x is not a whole number.
Hence, 1/(x+1) is not a polynomial

(vii)

(1/7)a3 – (2/√3)a2 + 4a – 7
Here, the power of a are 3, 2 and 1 respectively
3, 2 and 1 are all whole numbers.
Hence, (1/7)a3 – (2/√3)a2 + 4a – 7 is a polynomial.

(viii)

1/2x = (x–1/2)
Here, the power of x = – 1, which is not a whole number, but a negative number.
Hence, 1/2x is not a polynomial
Exercise 2.3

1. Classify the following polynomials as polynomials in one variable, two variables etc.
(i) x2 + x + 1
(ii) y3 – 5y
(iii) xy + yz + zx
(iv) x2 – 2xy + y2 + 1
Solution:
(i) x2 + x + 1
Here, the polynomial contains only one variable, i.e., x.
Hence, the given polynomial is a polynomial in one variable.

(ii) y3 – 5y
Here, the polynomial contains only one variable, i.e., y.
Hence, the given polynomial is a polynomial in one variable.

(iii) xy + yz + zx
Here, the polynomial contains three variables, i.e., x, y and z.
Hence, the given polynomial is a polynomial in three variable.

(iv) x2 – 2xy + y2 + 1
Here, the polynomial contains two variables, i.e., x and y.
Hence, the given polynomial is a polynomial in two variable.

2. Determine the degree of each of the following polynomials:

(i) 2x – 1
(ii) –10
(iii) x3 – 9x + 3x5
(iv) y3 (1 – y4)
Solution:
Degree of a polynomial in one variable = highest power of the variable in algebraic expression
(i) 2x – 1
Power of x = 1
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 1
Hence, degree of the polynomial 2x – 1 = 1

(ii) –10
There is no variable in the given term.
Let us assume that the variable in the given expression is x.
– 10 = –10x0
Power of x = 0
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 0
Hence, degree of the polynomial – 10 = 0

(iii) x3 – 9x + 3x5
 Powers of x = 3, 1 and 5 respectively.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 5
Hence, degree of the polynomial x3 – 9x + 3x5= 5

(iv) y3 (1 – y4)
The equation can be written as,
y3 (1 – y4) = y3 – y7
Powers of y = 3 and 7 respectively.
Highest power of the variable y in the given expression = 7
Hence, degree of the polynomial y3 (1 – y4) = 7

3. For the polynomial

, write
(i) the degree of the polynomial
(ii) the coefficient of x3
(iii) the coefficient of x6
(iv) the constant term
Solution:
The given polynomial is

(i)Powers of x = 3, 1, 2 and 6 respectively.

Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 6
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 6

(ii) The given equation can be written as,

Hence, the coefficient of x3 in the given polynomial is 1/5.

(iii) The coefficient of x6 in the given polynomial is – 1

(iv) Since the given equation can be written as,

The constant term in the given polynomial is 1/5 as it has no variable x associated with it.

4. Write the coefficient of x2 in each of the following:

(i) (π/6)x + x2 – 1
(ii) 3x – 5
(iii) (x –1) (3x – 4)
(iv) (2x – 5) (2x2 – 3x + 1)
Solution:
(i) (π/6) x + x2−1
(π/6) x + x2−1 = (π/6) x + (1) x2−1
The coefficient of x2 in the polynomial (π/6) x + x2−1 = 1.

(ii) 3x – 5
3x – 5 = 0x2 + 3x – 5
The coefficient of x2 in the polynomial 3x – 5 = 0, zero.

(iii) (x – 1) (3x – 4)
(x – 1)(3x – 4) = 3x2 – 4x – 3x + 4
= 3x2 – 7x + 4
The coefficient of x2 in the polynomial 3x2 – 7x + 4 = 3.

(iv) (2x – 5) (2x2 – 3x + 1)

(2x – 5) (2x2 – 3x + 1)
= 4x3 – 6x2 + 2x – 10x2 + 15x– 5
= 4x3 – 16x2 + 17x – 5
The coefficient of x2 in the polynomial (2x – 5) (2x2 – 3x + 1) = – 16

5. Classify the following as a constant, linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials:

(i) 2 – x2 + x3
(ii) 3x3
(iii) 5t – √7
(iv) 4 – 5y2
(v) 3
(vi) 2 + x
(vii) y3 – y
(viii) 1 + x + x2
(ix) t2
(x) √2x – 1
Solution:
Constant polynomials: The polynomial of the degree zero.
Linear polynomials: The polynomial of degree one.
Quadratic polynomials: The polynomial of degree two.
Cubic polynomials: The polynomial of degree three.
(i) 2 – x2 + x3
Powers of x = 2, and 3 respectively.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 3
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 3
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 3, it is a cubic polynomial.

(ii) 3x3
Power of x = 3.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 3
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 3
 Since it is a polynomial of the degree 3, it is a cubic polynomial.

(iii) 5t – √7
Power of t = 1.
Highest power of the variable t in the given expression = 1
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 1
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 1, it is a linear polynomial.

(iv) 4 – 5y2
Power of y = 2.
Highest power of the variable y in the given expression = 2
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 2
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 2, it is a quadratic polynomial.

(v) 3
There is no variable in the given expression.
Let us assume that x is the variable in the given expression.
3 can be written as 3x0.
i.e., 3 = x0
Power of x = 0.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 0
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 0
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 0, it is a constant polynomial.

(vi) 2 + x
Power of x = 1.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 1
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 1
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 1, it is a linear polynomial.

(vii) y3 – y
Powers of y = 3 and 1, respectively.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 3
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 3
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 3, it is a cubic polynomial.

(viii) 1 + x + x2
Powers of x = 1 and 2, respectively.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 2
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 2
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 2, it is a quadratic polynomial.

(ix) t2
Power of t = 2.
Highest power of the variable t in the given expression = 2
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 2
 Since it is a polynomial of the degree 2, it is a quadratic polynomial.

(x) √2x – 1
Power of x = 1.
Highest power of the variable x in the given expression = 1
Hence, degree of the polynomial = 1
Since it is a polynomial of the degree 1, it is a linear polynomial.

6. Give an example of a polynomial, which is:

(i) monomial of degree 1
(ii) binomial of degree 20
(iii) trinomial of degree 2
Solution:
(i) Monomial = an algebraic expression that contains one term
An example of a polynomial, which is a monomial of degree 1 = 2t
(ii) Binomial = an algebraic expression that contains two terms
An example of a polynomial, which is a binomial of degree 20 = x20 + 5
(iii) Trinomial = an algebraic expression that contains three terms
An example of a polynomial, which is a trinomial of degree 2 = y2 + 3y + 11

7. Find the value of the polynomial 3𝑥3 – 4𝑥2 + 7𝑥 – 5, when x = 3 and also when x = –3.
Solution:
Given that,
p(x) = 3𝑥3 – 4𝑥2 + 7𝑥 – 5
According to the question,
When x = 3,
p(x) = p(3)
p(x) = 3𝑥3 – 4𝑥2 + 7𝑥 – 5
Substituting x = 3,
p(3)= 3(3)3 – 4(3)2 + 7(3) – 5
p(3) = 3(3)3 – 4(3)2 + 7(3) – 5
= 3(27) – 4(9) + 21 – 5
= 81 – 36 + 21 – 5
= 102 – 41
= 61

When x = – 3,
p(x) = p(– 3)
p(x) = 3𝑥3 – 4𝑥2 + 7𝑥 – 5
Substituting x = – 3,
p(– 3)= 3(– 3)3 – 4(– 3)2 + 7(– 3) – 5
p(– 3) = 3(–3)3 – 4(–3)2 + 7(–3) – 5
= 3(–27) – 4(9) – 21 – 5
= –81 – 36 – 21 – 5
= –143
8. If p(𝑥) =𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 3, evaluate: 𝑝(2)− 𝑝(−1) + 𝑝(½).
Given that,
p(𝑥) =𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 3
According to the question,
When x = 2,
p(x) = p(2)
p(𝑥) =𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 3
Substituting x = 2,
p(2) = (2)2 – 4(2) + 3
=4–8+3
=–4+3
=–1

When x = – 1,
p(x) = p(– 1)
p(𝑥) =𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 3
Substituting x = – 1,
p(– 1) = (– 1)2 – 4(– 1) + 3
=1+4+3
=8

When x = ½ ,
p(x) = p(½)
p(𝑥) =𝑥2 – 4𝑥 + 3
Substituting x = ½,
p(½) = (½)2 – 4(½) + 3
=¼–2+3
=¼+1
= 5/4
Now,
p(2)− p(−1) + p(½) = – 1 – 8 + (5/4)
= – 9 + (5/4)
= ( – 36 + 5)/4
= – 31/4

9. Find p(0), p(1),𝑝(−2) for the following polynomials:

(i) (𝑥)=10𝑥−4𝑥2 –3
(ii) (𝑦)=(y + 2) (y – 2)
Solution:
(i) According to the question,
p(x) = 10𝑥−4𝑥2 –3
When x = 0,
p(x) = p(0)
Substituting x = 0,
p(0) = 10(0)−4(0)2 –3
=0–0–3
 =–3

When x = 1,
p(x) = p(1)
Substituting x = 1,
p(1) = 10(1)−4(1)2 –3
= 10 – 4 – 3
=6–3
=3

When x = – 2,
p(x) = p(– 2)
Substituting x = – 2,
p(– 2) = 10(– 2)−4(– 2)2 –3
= – 20 – 16 – 3
= – 36 – 3
= – 39

(ii) According to the question,

p(𝑦)=(y + 2) (y – 2)
When y = 0,
p(y) = p(0)
Substituting y = 0,
p(0) =(0 + 2) (0 – 2)
= (2)(– 2)
=–4

When y = 1,
p(y) = p(1)
Substituting y = 1,
p(1) =(1 + 2) (1 – 2)
=(3) (– 1)
=–3

When y = – 2,
p(y) = p(– 2)
Substituting y = – 2,
p(– 2) =(– 2 + 2) (– 2 – 2)
= (0) (– 4)
=0

10. Verify whether the following are true or false:

(i) –3 is a zero of x – 3
(ii) – 1/3 is a zero of 3x + 1
(iii) – 4/5 is a zero of 4 –5y
 (iv) 0 and 2 are the zeroes of t2 – 2t
(v) –3 is a zero of y2 + y – 6
Solution:
(i) –3 is a zero of x – 3
False
Zero of x – 3 is given by,
x–3=0
⇒ x=3

(ii) – 1/3 is a zero of 3x + 1

True
Zero of 3x + 1 is given by,
3x + 1 = 0
⇒ 3x = – 1
⇒ x = – 1/3

(iii) – 4/5 is a zero of 4 –5y

False
Zero of 4 – 5y is given by,
4 – 5y =0
⇒ – 5y = – 4
⇒ y = 4/5

(iv) 0 and 2 are the zeroes of t2 – 2t

True
Zeros of t2 – 2t is given by,
t2 – 2t = t(t – 2) = 0
⇒ t = 0 or 2

(v) –3 is a zero of y2 + y – 6
True
Zero of y2 + y – 6 is given by,
y2 + y – 6 = 0
⇒ y2 + 3x – 2x – 6 = 0
⇒ y (y + 3) – 2(x + 3) = 0
⇒ (y – 2) (y + 3) =0
⇒ y = 2 or – 3

11. Find the zeroes of the polynomial in each of the following:

(i) p(x) = x – 4
(ii) g(x) = 3 – 6x
(iii) q(x) = 2x –7
(iv) h(y) = 2y
Solution:
(i) p(x) = x – 4
Zero of the polynomial p(x) ⇒ p(x) = 0
 P(x) = 0
⇒ x – 4= 0
⇒x=4
Therefore, the zero of the polynomial is 4.

(ii) g(x) = 3 – 6x
Zero of the polynomial g(x) ⇒ g(x) = 0
g(x) = 0
⇒3 – 6x = 0
⇒ x = 3/6 = ½
Therefore, the zero of the polynomial is ½

(iii) q(x) = 2x –7
Zero of the polynomial q(x) ⇒ q(x) = 0
q(x) = 0
⇒2x – 7 = 0
⇒ x = 7/2
Therefore, the zero of the polynomial is 7/2

(iv) h(y) = 2y
Zero of the polynomial h(y) ⇒ h(y) = 0
h(y) = 0
⇒2y =0
⇒y=0
Therefore, the zero of the polynomial is 0

12. Find the zeroes of the polynomial:

p(𝑥)= (𝑥 –2)2−(𝑥 + 2)2
Solution:
p(x) = (𝑥 –2)2−(𝑥 + 2)2
We know that,
Zero of the polynomial p(x) = 0
Hence, we get,
⇒ (x–2)2−(x + 2)2 = 0
Expanding using the identity, a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)
⇒ (x – 2 + x + 2) (x – 2 –x – 2) = 0
⇒ 2x ( – 4) = 0
⇒ – 8 x= 0
Therefore, the zero of the polynomial = 0

13. By actual division, find the quotient and the remainder when the first polynomial is divided by
the second polynomial: x4 + 1; x –1
Solution:
Performing the long division method, we get,
 Hence, from the above long division method, we get,
Quotient = x3 + x2 + x + 1
Remainder = 2.

14. By Remainder Theorem find the remainder, when p(x) is divided by g(x), where
(i) p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 2𝑥2 – 4𝑥 – 1, g(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
(ii) p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 50, g(𝑥) = 𝑥 – 3
(iii) p(𝑥) = 4𝑥3 – 12𝑥2 + 14𝑥 – 3, g(𝑥) = 2𝑥 – 1
(iv) p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 6𝑥2 + 2𝑥 – 4, g(𝑥) = 1 – 3/2 𝑥
Solution:
(i) Given p(x) = 𝑥3 – 2𝑥2 – 4𝑥 – 1 and g(x) = x + 1
Here zero of g(x) = – 1
By using the remainder theorem
P(x) divided by g(x) = p( – 1)
P ( – 1) = ( – 1)3 – 2 ( – 1)2 – 4 ( – 1) – 1 = 0
Therefore, the remainder = 0

(ii) given p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 50, g(𝑥) = 𝑥 – 3

Here zero of g(x) = 3
By using the remainder theorem p(x) divided by g(x) = p(3)
p(3) = 33 – 3 × (3)2 + 4 × 3 + 50 = 62
Therefore, the remainder = 62

(iii) p(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + 14x – 3, g(x) = 2x – 1

Here zero of g(x) = ½
By using the remainder theorem p(x) divided by g(x) = p (½)
P( ½ ) = 4( ½ )3 – 12( ½ )2 + 14 ( ½ ) – 3
= 4/8 – 12/4 + 14/2 – 3
=½+1
= 3/2
Therefore, the remainder = 3/2
 (iv) p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 6𝑥2 + 2𝑥 – 4, g(𝑥) = 1 – 3/2 𝑥
Here zero of g(x) = 2/3
By using the remainder theorem p(x) divided by g(x) = p(2/3)
p(2/3) = (2/3)3 – 6(2/3)2 + 2(2/3) – 4
= – 136/27
Therefore, the remainder = – 136/27

15. Check whether p(𝑥) is a multiple of g(𝑥) or not:

(i) p(𝑥) = 𝑥3 – 5𝑥2 + 4𝑥 – 3, g(𝑥) = 𝑥 – 2
(ii) p(𝑥)= 2𝑥3 – 11𝑥2− 4𝑥 + 5, 𝑔(𝑥)= 2𝑥 + 1
Solution:
(i)
According to the question,
g(x)=x – 2,
Then, zero of g(x),
g(x) = 0
x–2=0
x=2
Therefore, zero of g(x) = 2
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p(2) =(2)3 – 5(2)2 + 4(2) – 3
= 8 – 20 + 8 – 3
=–7≠0
Hence, p(x) is not the multiple of g(x) since the remainder ≠ 0.

(ii)
According to the question,
g(x)= 2𝑥 + 1
Then, zero of g(x),
g(x) = 0
2x + 1 = 0
2x = – 1
x=–½
Therefore, zero of g(x) = – ½
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p(–½) = 2 × ( – ½ )3 – 11 × ( – ½ )2 – 4 × ( – 1/2) + 5
= – ¼ - 11/4 + 7
= 16/4
=4≠0
Hence, p(x) is not the multiple of g(x) since the remainder ≠ 0.

16. Show that:

(i) 𝑥 + 3 is a factor of 69 + 11𝑥−𝑥2 + 𝑥3.
(ii) 2𝑥−3 is a factor of 𝑥 + 2𝑥3 – 9𝑥2 + 12
Solution:
(i)According to the question,
 Let p(x) = 69 + 11x − x2 + x3 and g(x) = x + 3
g(x) = x + 3
zero of g(x) ⇒ g(x) = 0
x+3=0
x=–3
Therefore, zero of g(x) = – 3
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p( – 3) = 69 + 11( – 3) –( – 3)2 + ( – 3)3
= 69 – 69
=0
Since, the remainder = zero,
We can say that,
g(x) = x + 3 is factor of p(x) = 69 + 11x − x2 + x3

(ii) According to the question,

Let p(x) = x + 2x3 – 9x2 + 12 and g(x) =2x−3
g(x) = 2x – 3
zero of g(x) ⇒ g(x) = 0
2x – 3 = 0
x = 3/2
Therefore, zero of g(x) = 3/2
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
P(3/2) = 3/2 + 2(3/2)3 – 9(3/2)2 + 12
= (81 – 81) / 4
=0
Since, the remainder = zero,
We can say that,
g(x) = 2x – 3 is factor of p(x) = x + 2x3 – 9x2 + 12

17. Determine which of the following polynomials has x – 2 a factor:

(i) 3𝑥2 + 6𝑥−24.
(ii) 4𝑥2 + 𝑥−2.
Solution:
(i) According to the question,
Let p(x) =3𝑥2 + 6𝑥−24 and g(x) = x – 2
g(x) = x – 2
zero of g(x) ⇒ g(x) = 0
x–2=0
x=2
Therefore, zero of g(x) = 2
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p(2) = 3(2)2 + 6 (2) – 24
= 12 + 12 – 24
=0
Since, the remainder = zero,
We can say that,
 g(x) = x – 2 is factor of p(x) = 3𝑥2 + 6𝑥−24

(ii) According to the question,

Let p(x) = 4𝑥2 + 𝑥−2 and g(x) = x – 2
g(x) = x – 2
zero of g(x) ⇒ g(x) = 0
x–2=0
x=2
Therefore, zero of g(x) = 2
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p(2) = 4(2)2 + 2−2
= 16 ≠ 0
Since, the remainder ≠ zero,
We can say that,
g(x) = x – 2 is not a factor of p(x) = 4𝑥2 + 𝑥 - 2

18. Show that p – 1 is a factor of p10 – 1 and also of p11 – 1.

Solution:
According to the question,
Let h(p) = 𝑝 10 − 1,and g(p) = 𝑝 – 1
zero of g(p) ⇒ g(p) = 0
p–1=0
p=1
Therefore, zero of g(x) = 1
We know that,
According to factor theorem if g(p) is a factor of h(p) , then h(1) should be zero
So,
h(1) = (1)10 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
⟹ g (p) is a factor of h(p).
Now, we have h(p) = 𝑝 11 − 1, g (p) = 𝑝 – 1
Putting g (p) = 0 ⟹ 𝑝 − 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑝 = 1
According to factor theorem if g (p) is a factor of h(p) ,
Then h(1) = 0
⟹ (1)11 – 1 = 0
Therefore, g(p) = 𝑝 – 1 is the factor of h(p) = 𝑝 10 – 1

19. For what value of m is 𝑥3 – 2𝑚𝑥2 + 16 divisible by x + 2?

Solution:
According to the question,
Let p(x) = x 3 – 2mx2 + 16, and g(x) = x + 2
g(x) = 0
⟹x+2=0
⟹x=–2
Therefore, zero of g(x) = – 2
We know that,
According to factor theorem,
 if p(x) is divisible by g(x), then the remainder p(−2) should be zero.
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p( – 2) = 0
⟹ ( – 2)3 – 2m( – 2)2 + 16 = 0
⟹ 0 – 8 – 8m + 16 = 0
⟹ 8m = 8
⟹m=1

20. If 𝑥 + 2𝑎 is a factor of 𝑥5 – 4𝑎2𝑥3 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑎 + 3, find a.

Solution:
According to the question,
Let p(x) = x5 – 4a2x3 + 2x + 2a + 3 and g(x) = x + 2a
g(x) = 0
⟹ x + 2a = 0
⟹ x = – 2a
Therefore, zero of g(x) = – 2a
We know that,
According to the factor theorem,
If g(x) is a factor of p(x), then p( – 2a) = 0
So, substituting the value of x in p(x), we get,
p ( – 2a) = ( – 2a)5 – 4a2( – 2a)3 + 2( – 2a) + 2a + 3 = 0
⟹ – 32a5 + 32a5 – 2a + 3 = 0
⟹ – 2a = – 3
⟹ a = 3/2
Exercise 2.4

1. If the polynomials az3 + 4z2 + 3z – 4 and z3 – 4z + a leave the same remainder when divided by z
– 3, find the value of a.
Solution:
Zero of the polynomial,
g1(z) = 0
z-3 = 0
z=3
Therefore, zero of g(z) = – 2a
Let p(z) = az³+4z²+3z-4
So, substituting the value of z = 3 in p(z), we get,
p(3) = a(3)³+4(3)²+3(3)-4
⇒p(3) = 27a+36+9-4
⇒p(3) = 27a+41
Let h(z) = z³-4z+a
So, substituting the value of z = 3 in h(z), we get,
h(3) = (3)³-4(3)+a
⇒h(3) = 27-12+a
⇒h(3) = 15+a
According to the question,
We know that,
The two polynomials, p(z) and h(z), leaves same remainder when divided by z-3
So, h(3)=p(3)
⇒15+a = 27a+41
⇒15-41 = 27a - a
⇒-26 = 26a
⇒a = -1

2. The polynomial p(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + 3a – 7 when divided by x + 1 leaves the remainder
19. Find the values of a. Also find the remainder when p(x) is divided by x + 2.
Solution:
p(x) = x⁴ - 2x³ + 3x² - ax + 3a - 7.
Divisor = x + 1
x+1=0
x = -1
So, substituting the value of x = – 1 in p(x), we get,
p(-1) = (-1)⁴ - 2(-1)³ + 3(-1)² - a(-1) + 3a - 7.
19 = 1 + 2 + 3 + a + 3a – 7
19 = 6 - 7 + 4a
4a - 1 = 19
4a = 20
a=5
Since, a = 5.
We get the polynomial,
 p(x) = x⁴ - 2x³ + 3x² - (5)x + 3(5) – 7
p(x) = x⁴ - 2x³ + 3x² - 5x + 15 – 7
p(x) = x⁴ - 2x³ + 3x² - 5x + 8
As per the question,
When the polynomial obtained is divided by (x + 2),
We get,
x+2=0
x=-2
So, substituting the value of x = – 2 in p(x), we get,
p(-2) = (-2)⁴ - 2(-2)³ + 3(-2)² - 5(-2) + 8
⇒ p(-2) = 16 + 16 + 12 + 10 + 8
⇒ p(-2) = 62
Therefore, the remainder = 62.

3. If both x – 2 and x – ½ are factors of px2 + 5x + r, show that p = r.

Solution:
Given, f(x) = px2+5x+r and factors are x-2, x - ½
g1(x) = 0,
x–2=0
x=2
Substituting x = 2 in place of equation, we get
f(x) = px2+5x+r
f(2) = p(2)2+5(2)+r=0
= 4p + 10 + r = 0 … eq.(i)
x–½=0
x=½
Substituting x = ½ in place of equation, we get,
f(x) = px2+5x+r
f( ½ ) = p( ½ )2 + 5( ½ ) + r =0
= p/4 + 5/2 + r = 0
= p + 10 + 4r = 0 … eq(ii)
On solving eq(i) and eq(ii),
We get,
4p + r = – 10 and p + 4r = – 10
Since the RHS of both the equations are same,
We get,
4p + r = p + 4r
3p=3r
p = r.
Hence Proved.

4. Without actual division, prove that 2x4 – 5x3 + 2x2 – x + 2 is divisible by x2 – 3x + 2.

[Hint: Factorise x2 – 3x + 2]
Solution:
x2-3x+2
x2-2x-1x+2
x(x-2)-1(x-2)
(x-2)(x-1)
Therefore,(x-2)(x-1)are the factors.

Considering (x-2),
x-2=0
x=2
Then, p(x) becomes,
p(x)=2
p(x)=2x4-5x3+2x2-x+2
p(2)=2(2)4-5(2)3+2(2)2-2+2
=32-40+8
= -40+40=0
Therefore, (x-2) is a factor.

Considering (x-1),
x-1=0
x=1
Then, p(x) becomes,
p(x)=1
p(x)=2x4-5x3+2x2-x+2
p(1)=2(1)4-5(1)3+2(1)2-1+2
=2-5+2-1+2
=6-6
=0
Therefore, (x-1) is a factor.
 NCERT TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS

Chapter-2
Polynomials
Exercise 2.1
Question 1:

Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable and which are not?
State reasons for your Answer.

(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) (v)

Answer:

(i)

Yes, this expression is a polynomial in one variable x.

(ii)

Yes, this expression is a polynomial in one variable y.

(iii)

No. It can be observed that the exponent of variable t in term is , which is not a
whole number. Therefore, this expression is not a polynomial.

(iv)

No. It can be observed that the exponent of variable y in term is −1, which is not a
whole number. Therefore, this expression is not a polynomial.

(v)

No. It can be observed that this expression is a polynomial in 3 variables x, y, and t.

Therefore, it is not a polynomial in one variable.
Question 2:

Write the coefficients of in each of the following:

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

Answer:

(i)

In the above expression, the coefficient of is 1.

(ii)

In the above expression, the coefficient of is −1.

(iii)

In the above expression, the coefficient of is .

(iv)

In the above expression, the coefficient of is 0.

Question 3:

Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35, and of a monomial of degree 100.

Answer:

Degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable in the polynomial.

Binomial has two terms in it. Therefore, binomial of degree 35 can be written
as . Monomial has only one term in it. Therefore, monomial of degree 100 can
be written as x100.

Question 4:

Write the degree of each of the following polynomials:

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv) 3

Answer:

Degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable in the polynomial.

(i)

This is a polynomial in variable x and the highest power of variable x is 3. Therefore, the
degree of this polynomial is 3.

(ii)

This is a polynomial in variable y and the highest power of variable y is 2. Therefore, the
degree of this polynomial is 2.

(iii)

This is a polynomial in variable t and the highest power of variable t is 1. Therefore, the
degree of this polynomial is 1.

(iv) 3

This is a constant polynomial. Degree of a constant polynomial is always 0.

Question 5:

Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial:

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

(vi) (vii)
Answer:

Linear polynomial, quadratic polynomial, and cubic polynomial has its degrees as 1, 2,
and 3 respectively.

(i) is a quadratic polynomial as its degree is 2.

(ii) is a cubic polynomial as its degree is 3.

(iii) is a quadratic polynomial as its degree is 2.

(iv) 1 + x is a linear polynomial as its degree is 1.

(v) is a linear polynomial as its degree is 1.

(vi) is a quadratic polynomial as its degree is 2.

(vii) is a cubic polynomial as its degree is 3.

Exercise 2.2
Question 1:

Find the value of the polynomial at

(i) x = 0 (ii) x = −1 (iii) x = 2

Answer:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
Question 2:

Find p(0), p(1) and p(2) for each of the following polynomials:

(i) p(y) = y2 − y + 1 (ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 − t3

(iii) p(x) = x3 (iv) p(x) = (x − 1) (x + 1)

Answer:

(i) p(y) = y2 − y + 1

p(0) = (0)2 − (0) + 1 = 1

p(1) = (1)2 − (1) + 1 = 1

p(2) = (2)2 − (2) + 1 = 3

(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 − t3

p(0) = 2 + 0 + 2 (0)2 − (0)3 = 2

p(1) = 2 + (1) + 2(1)2 − (1)3

=2+1+2−1=4

p(2) = 2 + 2 + 2(2)2 − (2)3

=2+2+8−8=4

(iii) p(x) = x3

p(0) = (0)3 = 0

p(1) = (1)3 = 1

p(2) = (2)3 = 8

(iv) p(x) = (x − 1) (x + 1)

p(0) = (0 − 1) (0 + 1) = (− 1) (1) = − 1

p(1) = (1 − 1) (1 + 1) = 0 (2) = 0
p(2) = (2 − 1 ) (2 + 1) = 1(3) = 3

Question 3:

Verify whether the following are zeroes of the polynomial, indicated against them.

(i) (ii)

(iii) p(x) = x2 − 1, x = 1, − 1 (iv) p(x) = (x + 1) (x − 2), x = − 1, 2

(v) p(x) = x2 , x = 0 (vi) p(x) = lx + m

(vii) (viii)

Answer:

(i) If is a zero of given polynomial p(x) = 3x + 1, then should be 0.

Therefore, is a zero of the given polynomial.

(ii) If is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 5x − π , then should be 0.

Therefore, is not a zero of the given polynomial.

(iii) If x = 1 and x = −1 are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = x2 − 1, then p(1) and p(−1) should
be 0.

Here, p(1) = (1)2 − 1 = 0, and

p(− 1) = (− 1)2 − 1 = 0

Hence, x = 1 and −1 are zeroes of the given polynomial.

(iv) If x = −1 and x = 2 are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = (x +1) (x − 2), then p(−1)
and p(2)should be 0.

Here, p(−1) = (− 1 + 1) (− 1 − 2) = 0 (−3) = 0, and

p(2) = (2 + 1) (2 − 2 ) = 3 (0) = 0

Therefore, x = −1 and x = 2 are zeroes of the given polynomial.

(v) If x = 0 is a zero of polynomial p(x) = x2, then p(0) should be zero.

Here, p(0) = (0)2 = 0

Hence, x = 0 is a zero of the given polynomial.

(vi) If is a zero of polynomial p(x) = lx + m, then should be 0.

Here,

Therefore, is a zero of the given polynomial.

(vii) If and are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = 3x2 − 1, then

Hence, is a zero of the given polynomial. However, is not a zero of the

given polynomial.

(viii) If is a zero of polynomial p(x) = 2x + 1, then should be 0.

Therefore, is not a zero of the given polynomial.

Question 4:

Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases:

(i) p(x) = x + 5 (ii) p(x) = x − 5 (iii) p(x) = 2x + 5

(iv) p(x) = 3x − 2 (v) p(x) = 3x (vi) p(x) = ax, a ≠ 0

(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c ≠ 0, c, are real numbers.

Answer:

Zero of a polynomial is that value of the variable at which the value of the polynomial is
obtained as 0.

(i) p(x) = x + 5

p(x) = 0

x+5=0

x=−5

Therefore, for x = −5, the value of the polynomial is 0 and hence, x = −5 is a zero of the
given polynomial.

(ii) p(x) = x − 5

p(x) = 0

x−5=0

x=5

Therefore, for x = 5, the value of the polynomial is0 and hence, x = 5 is a zero of the given
polynomial.

(iii) p(x) = 2x + 5
p(x) = 0

2x + 5 = 0

2x = − 5

Therefore, for , the value of the polynomial is 0 and hence, is a zero of

the given polynomial.

(iv) p(x) = 3x − 2

p(x) = 0

3x − 2 = 0

Therefore, for , the value of the polynomial is 0 and hence, is a zero of the
given polynomial.

(v) p(x) = 3x

p(x) = 0

3x = 0

x=0

Therefore, for x = 0, the value of the polynomial is 0 and hence, x = 0 is a zero of the
given polynomial.

(vi) p(x) = ax

p(x) = 0

ax = 0

x=0

Therefore, for x = 0, the value of the polynomial is 0 and hence, x = 0 is a zero of the
given polynomial.

(vii) p(x) = cx + d
p(x) = 0

cx+ d = 0

Therefore, for , the value of the polynomial is 0 and hence, is a zero of the
given polynomial.

Exercise 2.3
Question 1:

Determine which of the following polynomials has (x + 1) a factor:

(i) x3 + x2 + x + 1 (ii) x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1

(iii) x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1 (iv)

Answer:

(i) If (x + 1) is a factor of p(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1, then p (−1) must be zero, otherwise (x + 1)

is not a factor of p(x).

p(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1

p(−1) = (−1)3 + (−1)2 + (−1) + 1

=−1+1−1+1=0

Hence, x + 1 is a factor of this polynomial.

(ii) If (x + 1) is a factor of p(x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1, then p (−1) must be zero, otherwise

(x + 1) is not a factor of p(x).

p(x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1

p(−1) = (−1)4 + (−1)3 + (−1)2 + (−1) + 1

= 1 − 1 + 1 −1 + 1 = 1

As p(− 1) ≠ 0,

Therefore, x + 1 is not a factor of this polynomial.

(iii) If (x + 1) is a factor of polynomial p(x) = x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1, then p(−1) must be 0,
otherwise (x + 1) is not a factor of this polynomial.

p(−1) = (−1)4 + 3(−1)3 + 3(−1)2 + (−1) + 1

=1−3+3−1+1=1

As p(−1) ≠ 0,

Therefore, x + 1 is not a factor of this polynomial.

(iv) If(x + 1) is a factor of polynomial p(x) = , then p(−1) must be

0, otherwise (x + 1) is not a factor of this polynomial.

As p(−1) ≠ 0,

Therefore, (x + 1) is not a factor of this polynomial.

Question 2:

Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether g(x) is a factor of p(x) in each of the
following cases:

(i) p(x) = 2x3 + x2 − 2x − 1, g(x) = x + 1

(ii) p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = x + 2

(iii) p(x) = x3 − 4 x2 + x + 6, g(x) = x − 3

Answer:

(i) If g(x) = x + 1 is a factor of the given polynomial p(x), then p(−1) must be zero.

p(x) = 2x3 + x2 − 2x − 1

p(−1) = 2(−1)3 + (−1)2 − 2(−1) − 1

= 2(−1) + 1 + 2 − 1 = 0

Hence, g(x) = x + 1 is a factor of the given polynomial.

(ii) If g(x) = x + 2 is a factor of the given polynomial p(x), then p(−2) must

be 0.

p(x) = x3 +3x2 + 3x + 1

p(−2) = (−2)3 + 3(−2)2 + 3(−2) + 1

= − 8 + 12 − 6 + 1

= −1

As p(−2) ≠ 0,

Hence, g(x) = x + 2 is not a factor of the given polynomial.

(iii) If g(x) = x − 3 is a factor of the given polynomial p(x), then p(3) must

be 0.

p(x) = x3 − 4 x2 + x + 6

p(3) = (3)3 − 4(3)2 + 3 + 6

= 27 − 36 + 9 = 0

Hence, g(x) = x − 3 is a factor of the given polynomial.

Question 3:

Find the value of k, if x − 1 is a factor of p(x) in each of the following cases:

(i) p(x) = x2 + x + k (ii)

(iii) (iv) p(x) = kx2 − 3x + k

Answer:

If x − 1 is a factor of polynomial p(x), then p(1) must be 0.

(i) p(x) = x2 + x + k

p(1) = 0

⇒ (1)2 + 1 + k = 0
⇒ 2 + k = 0 ⇒ k = −2

Therefore, the value of k is −2.

(ii)

p(1) = 0

(iii)

p(1) = 0

(iv) p(x) = kx2 − 3x + k

⇒ p(1) = 0

⇒ k(1)2 − 3(1) + k = 0

⇒k−3+k=0

⇒ 2k − 3 = 0

Therefore, the value of k is .

Question 4:

Factorise:
(i) 12x2 − 7x + 1 (ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3

(iii) 6x2 + 5x − 6 (iv) 3x2 − x − 4

Answer:

(i) 12x2 − 7x + 1

We can find two numbers such that pq = 12 × 1 = 12 and p + q = −7. They are p = −4
and q = −3.

Here, 12x2 − 7x + 1 = 12x2 − 4x − 3x + 1

= 4x (3x − 1) − 1 (3x − 1)

= (3x − 1) (4x − 1)

(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3

We can find two numbers such that pq = 2 × 3 = 6 and p + q = 7.

They are p = 6 and q = 1.

Here, 2x2 + 7x + 3 = 2x2 + 6x + x + 3

= 2x (x + 3) + 1 (x + 3)

= (x + 3) (2x+ 1)

(iii) 6x2 + 5x − 6

We can find two numbers such that pq = −36 and p + q = 5.

They are p = 9 and q = −4.

Here,

6x2 + 5x − 6 = 6x2 + 9x − 4x − 6

= 3x (2x + 3) − 2 (2x + 3)

= (2x + 3) (3x − 2)

(iv) 3x2 − x − 4

We can find two numbers such that pq = 3 × (− 4) = −12

and p + q = −1.

They are p = −4 and q = 3.

Here,

3x2 − x − 4 = 3x2 − 4x + 3x − 4

= x (3x − 4) + 1 (3x − 4)

= (3x − 4) (x + 1)

Question 5:

Factorise:

(i) x3 − 2x2 − x + 2 (ii) x3 + 3x2 −9x − 5

(iii) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20 (iv) 2y3 + y2 − 2y − 1

Answer:

(i) Let p(x) = x3 − 2x2 − x + 2

All the factors of 2 have to be considered. These are ± 1, ± 2.

By trial method,

p(−1) = (−1)3 − 2(−1)2 − (−1) + 2

= −1 − 2 + 1 + 2 = 0

Therefore, (x +1 ) is factor of polynomial p(x).

Let us find the quotient on dividing x3 − 2x2 − x + 2 by x + 1.

By long division,

Exercise 2.4
Question 1:

Use suitable identities to find the following products:

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)
(v)

Answer:

(i) By using the identity ,

(ii) By using the identity ,

(iii)

By using the identity ,

(iv) By using the identity ,

(v) By using the identity ,

Question 2:
Evaluate the following products without multiplying directly:

(i) 103 × 107 (ii) 95 × 96 (iii) 104 × 96

Answer:

(i) 103 × 107 = (100 + 3) (100 + 7)

= (100)2 + (3 + 7) 100 + (3) (7)

[By using the identity , where

x = 100, a = 3, and b = 7]

= 10000 + 1000 + 21

= 11021

(ii) 95 × 96 = (100 − 5) (100 − 4)

= (100)2 + (− 5 − 4) 100 + (− 5) (− 4)

[By using the identity , where

x = 100, a = −5, and b = −4]

= 10000 − 900 + 20

= 9120

(iii) 104 × 96 = (100 + 4) (100 − 4)

= (100)2 − (4)2

= 10000 − 16

= 9984

Question 3:

Factorise the following using appropriate identities:

(i) 9x2 + 6xy + y2

(ii)
(iii)

Answer:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Question 4:

Expand each of the following, using suitable identities:

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

(v) (vi)

Answer:

It is known that,

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

Question 5:

Factorise:

(i)

(ii)
Answer:

It is known that,

(i)

(ii)

Question 6:

Write the following cubes in expanded form:

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

Answer:

It is known that,

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

(vi)

Question 7:

Evaluate the following using suitable identities:

(i) (99)3 (ii) (102)3 (iii) (998)3

Answer:

It is known that,
(i) (99)3 = (100 − 1)3

= (100)3 − (1)3 − 3(100) (1) (100 − 1)

= 1000000 − 1 − 300(99)

= 1000000 − 1 − 29700

= 970299

(ii) (102)3 = (100 + 2)3

= (100)3 + (2)3 + 3(100) (2) (100 + 2)

= 1000000 + 8 + 600 (102)

= 1000000 + 8 + 61200

= 1061208

(iii) (998)3= (1000 − 2)3

= (1000)3 − (2)3 − 3(1000) (2) (1000 − 2)

= 1000000000 − 8 − 6000(998)

= 1000000000 − 8 − 5988000

= 1000000000 − 5988008

= 994011992

Question 8:

Factorise each of the following:

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

(v)

Answer:

It is known that,
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)
Question 9:

Verify:

(i)

(ii)

Answer:

(i) It is known that,

(ii) It is known that,

Question 10:

Factorise each of the following:

(i)

(ii)

[Hint: See Question 9.]

Answer:

(i)

(ii)

Question 11:

Factorise:

Answer:
It is known that,

Question 12:

Verify that

Answer:

It is known that,

Question 13:

If x + y + z = 0, show that

x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz.

Answer:

It is known that,

Put x + y + z = 0,
Question 14:

Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of each of the following:

(i)

(ii)

Answer:

(i)

Let x = −12, y = 7, and z = 5

It can be observed that,

x + y + z = − 12 + 7 + 5 = 0

It is known that if x + y + z = 0, then

= −1260

(ii)

Let x = 28, y = −15, and z = −13

It can be observed that,

x + y + z = 28 + (−15) + (−13) = 28 − 28 = 0

It is known that if x + y + z = 0, then

Question 15:

Give possible expressions for the length and breadth of each of the following rectangles,
in which their areas are given:

Answer:

Area = Length × Breadth

The expression given for the area of the rectangle has to be factorised. One of its
factors will be its length and the other will be its breadth.

(i)

Therefore, possible length = 5a − 3

And, possible breadth = 5a − 4

(ii)

Therefore, possible length = 5y + 4

And, possible breadth = 7y − 3

Question 16:

What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of the cuboids whose volumes
are given below?
Answer:

Volume of cuboid = Length × Breadth × Height

The expression given for the volume of the cuboid has to be factorised. One of its
factors will be its length, one will be its breadth, and one will be its height.

(i)

One of the possible solutions is as follows.

Length = 3, Breadth = x, Height = x − 4

(ii)

One of the possible solutions is as follows.

Length = 4k, Breadth = 3y + 5, Height = y − 1

It is known that,
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

∴ x3 − 2x2 − x + 2 = (x + 1) (x2 − 3x + 2) + 0

= (x + 1) [x2 − 2x − x + 2]

= (x + 1) [x (x − 2) − 1 (x − 2)]

= (x + 1) (x − 1) (x − 2)

= (x − 2) (x − 1) (x + 1)

(ii) Let p(x) = x3 − 3x2 − 9x − 5

All the factors of 5 have to be considered. These are ±1, ± 5.

By trial method,

p(−1) = (−1)3 − 3(−1)2 − 9(−1) − 5

=−1−3+9−5=0

Therefore, x + 1 is a factor of this polynomial.

Let us find the quotient on dividing x3 + 3x2 − 9x − 5 by x + 1.

By long division,

It is known that,

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

∴ x3 − 3x2 − 9x − 5 = (x + 1) (x2 − 4x − 5) + 0
= (x + 1) (x2 − 5x + x − 5)

= (x + 1) [(x (x − 5) +1 (x − 5)]

= (x + 1) (x − 5) (x + 1)

= (x − 5) (x + 1) (x + 1)

(iii) Let p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20

All the factors of 20 have to be considered. Some of them are ±1,

± 2, ± 4, ± 5 ……

By trial method,

p(−1) = (−1)3 + 13(−1)2 + 32(−1) + 20

= − 1 +13 − 32 + 20

= 33 − 33 = 0

As p(−1) is zero, therefore, x + 1 is a factor of this polynomial p(x).

Let us find the quotient on dividing x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20 by (x + 1).

By long division,

It is known that,

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20 = (x + 1) (x2 + 12x + 20) + 0

= (x + 1) (x2 + 10x + 2x + 20)

= (x + 1) [x (x + 10) + 2 (x + 10)]

= (x + 1) (x + 10) (x + 2)

= (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 10)

(iv) Let p(y) = 2y3 + y2 − 2y − 1

By trial method,

p(1) = 2 ( 1)3 + (1)2 − 2( 1) − 1

= 2 + 1 − 2 − 1= 0

Therefore, y − 1 is a factor of this polynomial.

Let us find the quotient on dividing 2y3 + y2 − 2y − 1 by y − 1.

p(y) = 2y3 + y2 − 2y − 1

= (y − 1) (2y2 +3y + 1)

= (y − 1) (2y2 +2y + y +1)

= (y − 1) [2y (y + 1) + 1 (y + 1)]

= (y − 1) (y + 1) (2y + 1)
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

02 POLYNOMIAL
MIND MAP
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