BIDHAN CHANDRA COLLEGE

UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA
SESSION -2022-2023
(PYTHON PROGRAMMING ASSIGNMET-2023)

CU ROLL NO: 213611-22-0003

CU REGISTRATION NO: 611-1111-1093-21
COLLEGE ROLL NO: 689
SUBJECT: CMSG
PAPER CODE: CMSG (CC3)
SEMESTR: 3rd Semester
SECTION: B. Sc (General) 2nd Year

~1~
 INDEX
SL Program List Date Page no Teacher’s
No. signature
1. Write a program in python to calculate the average of five numbers. 04/01/23 4-5

2.
Write a program in python to create a basic calculator using switch 04/01/23 6-9
case.

3.
Write a program in python to check whether the given number is odd or 04/01/23 10-11
even.

4.
Write a program in python to check whether the given year is leap year 04/01/23 12-13
or not.

5. Write a program in python to find the sum of digit of a given number.

04/01/23 14-15

6.
Write a program in python to find the multiplication table of a given 04/01/23 16-17
number.

7.
Write a Python Program to read a number n and print and compute the 04/01/23 18-19
series “1+2+…+n=”.

8.
Write a Python Program to read a number n and print and compute the 04/01/23 20-21
series “1+4+7+10…+n=”.

9.
Write a Python Program to read a number n and print and compute the 04/01/23 22-23
series “5+10+15+…+n=”.

10. Write a program in python to calculate the factor of a given number.

04/01/23 24-25

11.
Write a program in python to check whether a given number is prime 04/01/23 26-27
or composite.

12.
Write a program in python to calculate the Prime factor of a given 04/01/23 28-29
number.

13.
Write a program in python to check whether a given number is perfect 04/01/23 30-31
number or not.

14.
Write a program in python to find the reverse of a given number and 04/01/23 32-33
also check the number is palindrome or not.

15.
Write a program in python to calculate the Prime number between 04/01/23 34-35
given range.

16.
Write a program that takes two numbers and prints the LCM of two 04/01/23 36-37
numbers.

17.
Write a program that takes two numbers and prints the GCD of two 04/01/23 38-39
numbers.

18. Write a program in python to find the factorial of a given number..

04/01/23 40-41

19. Write a program in python to generate Fibonacci series up to nth terms.

04/01/23 42-43

20. Write a program in python to check the number is amstrong or not.

04/01/23 44-45

21.
Write a program in python to calculate the perimeter in circle using 04/01/23 46-47
math.pi
Write a program in python to input three positive integers a, b, and c , using 04/01/23
22. Pythagorean triples formula ( a2+ b2 =c2.) to generate all Pythagorean triples
48-49
in a certain range.

~2~
23. Write a program in python to check the number is Krishnamurthy or not.
04/01/23 50-51
Write a program in python to print the pattern of given below: 04/01/23
24. 12345
52-53
1234
123
12
1
Write a program in python to print the pattern of given below: 04/01/23
25. *****
54-55
****
***
**
*
Write a program in python to print the pattern of given below: 04/01/23
26. 54321
56-57
4321
321
21
1

27. Write a program in python to print the floyed triangle.

04/01/23 58-59

28. Write a program in python to print the Pascal triangle.

04/01/23 60-61

29.
Write a program to take a string as input and counts the number of 04/01/23 62-63
vowels in a string.

30. Write a program to check whether a string is a palindrome or not.

04/01/23 64-65

31.
Write a program in python to accept three digits and print all possible 04/01/23 66-67
combination

32.
Write a program in python to check whether a number is Pythagorean 04/01/23 68-69
triplets or not.

33. Write a program in python to take three inputs from the user and print 04/01/23
the 1st one in reverse and the 2nd string converted to upper case and 70-71
the 3rd string converted to lower case.

34.
Write a program in python to ask user for two string and concatenate 04/01/23 72
them.

35.
Write a program in python to take two strings as input from the user 04/01/23 73-74
and print the 1st one twice and the other one thrice

36. Write a program in python to sort a list in Bubble sort method.

04/01/23 75-76

37. Write a program in python to sort a list in Selection sort method.

04/01/23 77-78

38.
Write a program in python to Use list comprehension to find all the odd 04/01/23 79-80
numbers and numbers divisible by 3 from a list of numbers.

~3~
ASSIGNMENT: 1. DATE:04/01/23

PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to

calculate the average of five numbers.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Initialize TOTAL and COUNTER

Step 2: While COUNTER < 5

Step 3: Input NUMBER

Step 4: Add NUMBER to TOTAL

Step 5: Increment COUNTER

Step 6: End-while

Step 7: Calculate AVERAGE = TOTAL / 5

Step 8: Print AVERAGE

Step 9: STOP

SOURCE CODE:
a=int(input("Enter the 1st number"))

b=int(input("Enter the 2nd number"))

c=int(input("Enter the 3rd number"))

d=int(input("Enter the 4th number"))

e=int(input("Enter the 5th number"))

total=(a+b+c+d+e)

average=(total)/5

print("The total is",total)

print("the average of five number",average)

~4~
OUTPUT:
Enter the 1st number10

Enter the 2nd number20

Enter the 3rd number30

Enter the 4th number40

Enter the 5th number50

The total is 150

the average of five number 30.0

OUTPUT:2
Enter the 1st number25

Enter the 2nd number45

Enter the 3rd number63

Enter the 4th number14

Enter the 5th number53

The total is 200

the average of five number 40.0

DISCUSSION:
The average value in a set of numbers is the middle value, calculated by dividing the total of
all the values by the number of values. When we need to find the average of a set of data,
we add up all the values and then divide this total by the number of values.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~5~
ASSIGNMENT: 2. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to
create a basic calculator using switch case.

ALGORITHM :
Step 1: Set different values for different operations to be executed.

Step 2: Now ask from user to choose the value corresponding to the operation
to be performed

Step 3: Now ask from user to enter two numbers

Step 4: Now using if-else condition, perform each of the operations

Step 5: Print the result.

SOURCECODE:
print("Calculator")

print("1.Add")

print("2.Substract")

print("3.Multiply")

print("4.Divide")

ch=int(input("Enter Choice(1-4): "))

if ch==1:

a=int(input("Enter A:"))

b=int(input("Enter B:"))

c=a+b

print("Sum = ",c)

elif ch==2:

~6~
 a=int(input("Enter A:"))

b=int(input("Enter B:"))

c=a-b

print("Difference = ",c)

elif ch==3:

a=int(input("Enter A:"))

b=int(input("Enter B:"))

c=a*b

print("Product = ",c)

elif ch==4:

a=int(input("Enter A:"))

b=int(input("Enter B:"))

c=a/b

print("Quotient = ",c)

else:

print("Invalid Choice")

OUTPUT:1
Calculator

1.Add

2.Substract

3.Multiply

4.Divide

Enter Choice(1-4): 1

Enter A:10

~7~
Enter B:20

Sum = 30

OUTPUT:2
Calculator

1.Add

2.Substract

3.Multiply

4.Divide

Enter Choice(1-4): 2

Enter A:20

Enter B:5

Difference = 15

OUTPUT:3
Calculator

1.Add

2.Substract

3.Multiply

4.Divide

Enter Choice(1-4): 3

Enter A:15

Enter B:10

Product = 150

~8~
OUTPUT:4
Calculator

1.Add

2.Substract

3.Multiply

4.Divide

Enter Choice(1-4): 4

Enter A:20

Enter B:5

Quotient = 4.0

OUTPUT:5
Calculator

1.Add

2.Substract

3.Multiply

4.Divide

Enter Choice(1-4): 5

Invalid Choice

DISCUSSION : This is a basic calculator, which asks from user to perform which
operation and then operate it.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~9~
ASSIGNMENT:3. DATE:

PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to

check whether the given number is odd or even.

ALGORITHM :
Step 1: START

Step 2: Take integer variable A

Step 3: Assign value to the variable

Step 4: Perform A modulo 2 and check result if output is 0

Step 5: If true print A is even

Step 6: If false print A is odd

Step 7: STOP

SOURCE CODE:
a=int(input("Please enter any number"))

n=a%2

if(n==0):

print("The number is even")

else:

print("The number is odd")

OUTPUT:1
Please enter any number10

The number is even

~ 10 ~
OUTPUT:2
Please enter any number3

The number is odd

DISCUSSION:
An even number is a number that can be divided into two equal groups. An odd number is a
number that cannot be divided into two equal groups.

__________________
~ 11 ~
TEACHER’SSIGNATURE

~ 12 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 4. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to check
whether the given year is leap year or not.

ALGORITHM :
Step 1: Enter a year

Step 2: If the year is divisible by 4 then go to Step 4 else go to Step 7

Step 3: If the year is divisible by 100 then go to Step 5 else go to Step 6

Step 4: If the year is divisible by 400 then go to Step 6 else go to Step 7

Step 5: Print "Leap year"

Step 6: Print "Not a leap year"

Step 7: Program finished

SOURCE CODE:
a=int(input("Please enter any year"))

if(a%400==0)or(a%100!=0)and(a%4==0):

print("The year is a leap year")

else:

print("The year is not a leap year")

OUTPUT:1
Please enter any year2004

The year is a leap year.

~ 13 ~
OUTPUT:2
Plese enter any year1900

The year is not a leap year

DISCUSSION : Source code to check whether a year entered by user is leap year or
not in Python programme. Python if else Statement.

A leap year is exactly divisible by 4 except for century years (years ending with 00). The
century year is a leap year only if it is perfectly divisible by 400. For example:- 2016 is a leap
year , 1900 is a not leap year , 2000 is a leap year.

__________________
TEACHER’SSIGNATURE

~ 14 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 5. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to find
the sum of digit of a given number.

ALGORITHM :
Step1: Take the value of the integer and store in a variable.
Step2. Using a while loop, get each digit of the number and add the digits to a
variable.
Step3. Print the sum of the digits of the number.
Step4. Exit..

SOURCE CODE:
n=int(input("Enter a number:"))

total=0

while(n>0):

dig=n%10

total=total+dig

n=n//10

print("The total sum of digits is:",total)

OUTPUT:1
Enter a number:12

The total sum of digits is: 3

OUTPUT:2
Enter a number:2154

The total sum of digits is: 12

~ 15 ~
DISCUSSION :
User must first enter the value and store it in a variable.The while loop is used and the last
digit of the number is obtained by using the modulus operator.The digit is added to another
variable each time the loop is executed.This loop terminates when the value of the number
is 0.The total sum of the number is then printed.

__________________
TEACHER’SSIGNATURE

~ 16 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 6. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to find
the multiplication table of a given number.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Enter any number

Step 2: Assign i=1

Step 3: Read a number, num

Step 4: Repeat step 5 until i=11 reach

Step 5: Print num*i

SOURCE CODE:
num = int(input("Enter the number: "))

print("Multiplication Table of", num)

for i in range(1, 11):

print(num,"X",i,"=",num * i)

OUTPUT:1
Enter the number: 5

Multiplication Table of 5

5X1=5

5 X 2 = 10

5 X 3 = 15

5 X 4 = 20

5 X 5 = 25

5 X 6 = 30

~ 17 ~
5 X 7 = 35

5 X 8 = 40

5 X 9 = 45

5 X 10 = 50

OUTPUT:2
Enter the number: 16

Multiplication Table of 16

16 X 1 = 16

16 X 2 = 32

16 X 3 = 48

16 X 4 = 64

16 X 5 = 80

16 X 6 = 96

16 X 7 = 112

16 X 8 = 128

16 X 9 = 144

16 X 10 = 160

DISCUSSION: In the program, user is asked to enter the number and the program
prints the multiplication table of the input number using for loop. The loops run from 1 to 10
and the input number is multiplied by the loop counter in each step to display the steps of
multiplication table.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
~ 18 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 7. DATE:

PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a Python Program to read a

number n and print and compute the series “1+2+…+n=”.

ALGORITHM:
Step1. Take a value from the user and store it in a variable n.
Step 2. Use a for loop where the value of i ranges between the values of 1 and
n.
Step 3. Print the value of i and ‘+’ operator while appending the value of i to a
list.
Step4. Then find the sum of elements in the list.
Step5. Print ‘=’ followed by the total sum.
Step6. Exit.

SOURCE CODE:
n=int(input("Please enter the lowerlimit"))

a=[]

for i in range(1,1+n):

print(i,sep="",end="")

if(1<n):

print("+",sep="",end="")

a.append(i)

print("=",sum(a))

print()

OUTPUT:1
Please enter the lowerlimit5

1+2+3+4+5= 15

~ 19 ~
OUTPUT:2
Please enter the lowerlimit10

1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10= 55

DISCUSSION: User must first enter the value and store it in a variable.The
while loop is used and the last digit of the number is obtained by using the modulus
operator.

The digit is added to another variable each time the loop is executed.This loop
terminates when the value of the number is 0. The total sum of the number is then
printed.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 20 ~
~ 21 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 8 . DATE:

PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a Python Program to read a

number n and print and compute the series “1+4+7+10…+n=”.

ALGORITHM:
Step1. Take a value from the user and store it in a variable n.
Step 2. Use a for loop where the value of i ranges between the values of 1 and
n.
Step 3. Print the value of i and ‘+’ operator while appending the value of i to a
list.
Step4. Then find the sum of elements in the list.
Step5. Print ‘=’ followed by the total sum.
Step6. Exit.

SOURCE CODE:
n=int(input("Please enter the lowerlimit"))

a=[]

for i in range(1,n+1,+3):

print(i,sep="",end="")

if(1<n):

print("+",sep="",end="")

a.append(i)

print("=",sum(a))

print()

OUTPUT:1
Please enter the lowerlimit15

1+4+7+10+13= 35
~ 22 ~
OUTPUT:2
Please enter the lowerlimit21

1+4+7+10+13+16+19= 70

DISCUSSION: User must first enter the value and store it in a variable.The
while loop is used and the last digit of the number is obtained by using the modulus
operator.

The digit is added to another variable each time the loop is executed.This loop
terminates when the value of the number is 0. The total sum of the number is then
printed.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 23 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 9. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a Python Program to read a
number n and print and compute the series “5+10+15+…+n=”.

ALGORITHM:
Step1. Take a value from the user and store it in a variable n.
Step 2. Use a for loop where the value of i ranges between the values of 1 and
n.
Step 3. Print the value of i and ‘+’ operator while appending the value of i to a
list.
Step4. Then find the sum of elements in the list.
Step5. Print ‘=’ followed by the total sum.
Step6. Exit.

SOURCE CODE:
n=int(input("Please enter the lowerlimit"))

a=[]

for i in range(5,n+1,+5):

print(i,sep="",end="")

if(1<n):

print("+",sep="",end="")

a.append(i)

print("=",sum(a))

print()

OUTPUT:1
Please enter the lowerlimit25

5+10+15+20+25+= 75

~ 24 ~
OUTPUT:2
Please enter the lowerlimit48

5+10+15+20+25+30+35+40+45+= 225

DISCUSSION: User must first enter the value and store it in a variable.The
while loop is used and the last digit of the number is obtained by using the
modulus operator.

The digit is added to another variable each time the loop is executed.This loop
terminates when the value of the number is 0. The total sum of the number is
then printed.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 25 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 10 . DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to
calculate the factor of a given number.

ALGORITHM:
Step-1: Start.

Step-2: Check with every number from 1 to n, whether it divides N completely

or not.
Step-3: Let, i be any number between 1 to n

● If(n % i == 0), then i is a factor of n

● If(n % i != 0), then i is not a factor of n

Step-4: End.

SOURCE CODE:
num=int(input("Enter a number: "))

factorial = 1

if num < 0:

print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negative numbers")

elif num == 0:

print("The factorial of 0 is 1")

else:

for i in range(1,num + 1):

factorial = factorial*i

print("The factorial of",num,"is",factorial)

~ 26 ~
OUTPUT:1
Enter a number: 7

The factorial of 7 is 5040

OUTPUT:1
Enter a number: 9

The factorial of 9 is 362880

DISCUSSION:
The numbers that are completely divisible by the given value (it means the remainder should
be 0) called as factors of a given number.

_________________________

TEACHER’SSIGNATURE

~ 27 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 11. DATE:
PROGRAMSTATEMENT: Write a program in python to check
whether a given number is prime or composite.

ALGORITHM:
Step-1: Start

Step 2: enter the range num1 and num2

Step-3: loop for the range.

Step-4: Set f=0

Step -5: For i=2 to n-1

Step-6: If n mod 1=0 then

Step-7: Set flag=1 and break

Step-8: Loop

Step-9: If flag=0 then

Print ‘The all the prime numbers

Step-10: End.

SOURCE CODE:
num=int(input("Enter any number : "))

if num>1:

for i in range(2, num):

if (num%i)==0:

print(num,"is NOT a prime number")

break

else:
~ 28 ~
 print(num,"is a PRIME number")

elif num==0 or 1:

print(num,"is a neither prime NOR composite number")

if(num%2)==0 and (num%i)==0:

print("the number is a composite number")

else:

print("The number is not composite number ")

OUTPUT:1
Enter any number : 4

4 is NOT a prime number

the number is a composite number

DISCUSSION:
A positive integer greater than 1 which has no other factors except 1 and the number itself is
called a prime number. In this program, variable num is checked if it’s prime or not in a range
between (50-100). Numbers less than or equal to 1 are not prime numbers.

___________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 29 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 12. DATE:
PROGRAMSTATEMENT: Write a program in python to calculate
the Prime factor of a given number.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Take the value of the integer and store in a variable.

Step 2: Using a while loop, first obtain the factors of the number.

Step 3: Using another while loop within the previous one, compute if the
factors are prime or not.

SOURCE CODE:
import math

def primefactors(n):

while n%2==0:

print (2),

n=n/2

for i in range(3,int(math.sqrt(n))+1,2):

while(n%i==0):

print(i)

n = n/i

if n>2:

print(n)

n=int(input("Enter the number for calculating the prime factors ="))

primefactors(n)

~ 30 ~
OUTPUT:1
Enter the number for calculating the prime factors =16

8.0

4.0

OUTPUT:2
Enter the number for calculating the prime factors =650

13

DISCUSSION: Prime factors are factors of a number that are, themselves, prime
numbers.. This program takes input from the user and computes the prime factors of the
integer.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
~ 31 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 13. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to
check whether a given number is perfect number or not.

ALGORITHM :
Step 1: Take in an integer and store it in a variable.
Step 2:. Initialize a variable to count the sum of the proper divisors to 0.
Step 3: Use a for loop and an if statement to add the proper divisors of the
integer to the sum variable.

Step4: Check if the sum of the proper divisors of the number is equal to the
variable.

Step 5:. Print the final result.

SOURCECODE:
n = int(input("Enter any number: "))

sum1 = 0

for i in range(1, n):

if(n % i == 0):

sum1 = sum1 + i

if (sum1 == n):

print("The number is a Perfect number!")

else:

print("The number is not a Perfect number!")

~ 32 ~
OUTPUT:1
Enter any number: 6

The number is a Perfect number!

OUTPUT:2
Enter any number: 15

The number is not a Perfect number!

DISCUSSION:
A perfect number n is defined as any positive integer where the sum of its divisors minus the
number itself equals the number. This program takes input from the user and checks
whether the number is perfect or not.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
~ 33 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 14. DATE:
PROGRAMSTATEMENT: Write a program in python to find
the reverse of a given number and also check the number is
palindrome or not.

ALGORITHM:
Step-1: Start

Step-2: Declare and initialize another variable reversed with 0, where reversed
an integer variable.

Step-3: Get the last digit of the given number by performing the modulo
division (%) and store the value in last_digit variable, likey last_digit= number %
10.

Step-4:Multiply reversed by 10 and add last_digit, like reversed = reversed*10 +

last_digit.

Step-5: Divide numbered by 10, like numbered/10.

Step-6: Repeat the steps 3 to 5 till numbered is not equal to (or greater than)
zero.

Step-7: If the reversed number is equal to the original number then it is a

palindrome number otherwise not a palindrome number.

Step-8: Stop

SOURCE CODE:
n=int(input("Please enter the number"))

t=n

rev=0

while(n>0):

d=n%10

~ 34 ~
 rev=(rev*10)+d

n=n//10

print("the reverse number is:",rev)

if(t==rev):

print("The number is palindrome number")

else:

print("not palindrome ")

OUTPUT:1
Please enter the number121

the reverse number is: 121

The number is palindrome number

OUTPUT:2
please enter the number145

the reverse number is: 541

not palindrome

DISCUSSION:
A palindromic number (also known as a numeral
palindrome or a numeric palindrome) is a number
(such as 16461) that remains the same when its digits
are reversed.
_________________
TEACHER'S SIGNATURE

~ 35 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 15. DATE:
PROGRAMSTATEMENT: Write a program in python to
calculate the Prime number between given range.

ALGORITHM:
Step-1: Start

Step 2: enter the range num1 and num2

Step-3: loop for the range.

Step-4: Set f=0

Step -5: For i=2 to n-1

Step-6: If n mod 1=0 then

Step-7: Set flag=1 and break

Step-8: Loop

Step-9: If flag=0 then

Print ‘The all the prime numbers

Step-10: End.

SOURCE CODE:
a=int(input("Please entr the lower limit"))

b=int(input("Please entr the upper limit"))

print("Prime numbers between",a,"and", b,"are:")

for num in range(lower, upper + 1):

if num > 1:

for i in range(2, num):

if (num%i)==0:
~ 36 ~
 break

else:

print(num)

OUTPUT:1
Prime numbers between 900 and 1000 are:

907

911

919

929

937

941

947

953

967

971

977

983

991

997

DISCUSSION:
A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller
natural numbers. To print the prime number between the two range was fully depended on
the first for loop for printing the range.

___________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
~ 37 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 16. DATE:
PROGRAMSTATEMENT:Write a program that takes two
numbers and prints the LCM of two numbers.

ALGORITHM :
Step 1: Initially, Get 2 Integer Inputs from the user using int(input()).

Step 2: Find the greater number by using an If condition and assign it to the
variable 'max'

Step 3: Within the while loop, Use an If condition to check whether the
remainder of (max% a) and (max% b) equals to zero or not.

Step 4: If true, Print max which is the LCM of 2 numbers,

Step 5: Otherwise, skip that value using a break statement

SOURCE CODE:
num1 = int(input("Enter first number:"))

num2 = int(input("Enter second number:“))

if(num1 > num2 ):

max= num1

else:

max= num2

while(True):

if(max % num1 == 0 and max % num2 == 0):

print(“The LCM of”,num1,”and”,num2,”is”,max)

break;

max= max+ 1

~ 38 ~
OUTPUT:
Enter first number: 54

Enter second number: 24

The L.C.M. is 216

DISCUSSION :
L.C.M of two numbers is the lowest number which is divisible by both the numbers. This
number takes two values from user and gives its L.C.M.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 39 ~
ASSIGNMENT:17. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program that takes two
numbers and prints the GCD of two numbers.

ALGORITHM :
Step 1: Enter two numbers a and b

Step 2: a and b must be greater than 0 and not equal to each other

Step 3: def gcd(a,b)

Step 4: if (a>b) , then gcd(a-b, b)

Step 5: print gcd

SOURCECODE:
a=int(input("Enter first number: "))

b=int(input("Enter second number: "))

def gcd(a, b):

if (a == 0):

return b

if (b == 0):

return a

if (a == b):

return a

if (a > b):

return gcd(a-b, b)

return gcd(a, b-a)

if(gcd(a, b)):
~ 40 ~
 print('GCD of', a, 'and', b, 'is', gcd(a, b))

else:

print('not found')

OUTPUT:
Enter first number: 98

Enter second number: 56

GCD of 98 and 56 is 14

DISCUSSION: G.C.D is the Greatest Common Divisor of two numbers, i.e. the largest
number, which divides both of the given numbers. This program takes two numbers from
user and calculates its G.C.D.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
~ 41 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 18. DATE:
PROGRAMSTATEMENT: Write a program in python to find
the factorial of a given number.

ALGORITHM :
Step-1: Start.

Step-2:Check with every number from 1 to n, whether it divides N

completely or not.
Step-3: Let, i be any number between 1 to n

● If(n % i == 0), then i is a factor of n

● If(n % i != 0), then i is not a factor of n

Step-4: End.

SOURCE CODE:
num=int(input("Enter a number: "))

factorial = 1

if num < 0:

print("Sorry, factorial does not exist for negative numbers")

elif num == 0:

print("The factorial of 0 is 1")

else:

for i in range(1,num + 1):

factorial = factorial*i

print("The factorial of",num,"is",factorial)

~ 42 ~
OUTPUT:
Enter a number: 5

The factorial of 5 is 120

DISCUSSION:
The numbers that are completely divisible by the given
value (it means the remainder should be 0) called as
factors of a given number.

_________________________

TEACHER’SSIGNATURE

~ 43 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 19 . DATE:

PROGRAMSTATEMENT:Write a program in python to

generate Fibonacci series up to nth terms.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Input the 'n' value until which the Fibonacci series has to be

generated

Step 2: Initialize sum = 0, a = 0, b = 1 and count = 1

Step 3: while (count <= n)

Step 4: print sum

Step 5: Increment the count variable

Step 6: swap a and b

Step 7: sum = a + b

Step 8: while (count > n)

Step 9: End the algorithm

Step 10: Else

Step 11: Repeat from steps 4 to 7

SOURCE CODE:
n = int(input("Enter the value of 'n': "))

a=0

b=1

sum = 0

count = 1

~ 44 ~
print("Fibonacci Series: ", end = " ")

while(count <= n):

print(sum, end = " ")

count += 1

a=b

b = sum

sum = a + b

OUTPUT:
Enter the value of 'n': 5

Fibonacci Series: 0 1 1 2 3

DISCUSSION:
Fibonacci series is a series in which each number is the sum of the preceding two numbers.
By default, the first two numbers of a Fibonacci series are 0 and 1. This program takes input
from user and gives a single line of output containing the Fibonacci series.

________________
TEACHER'S SIGNATURE

~ 45 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 20. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to check
the number is amstrong or not.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start

Step 2: Declare Variable sum, temp, n

Step 3: Read n from User

Step 4: Initialize Variable sum=0 and temp=n

Step 5: Repeat Until n>=0

• sum=sum + cube of last digit i.e [(n%10)*(n%10)*(n%10)]

•n=n/10

Step 6: IF sum==temp then it is a Armstrong no otherwise not a Armstrong no

Step 7: Stop.

SOURCE CODE:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

sum = 0

temp = num

while temp > 0:

digit = temp % 10

sum += digit ** 3

temp //= 10

if num == sum:
~ 46 ~
print(num,"is an Armstrong number")

else:

print(num,"is not an Armstrong number")

OUTPUT:1
Enter the number=576
Not an Armstrong number
OUTPUT:2
Enter the number=371
An Armstrong number
DISCUSSION:
Armstrong number is a number that is equal to the sum
of cubes of its digits. For example 0, 1, 153, 370, 371
and 407 are the Armstrong numbers.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
~ 47 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 21. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to
calculate the perimeter in circle using math.pi

ALGORITHM:
Area of Circle: It is the area occupied by the circle. Given by the formula,

Area = π*R*R

Value of π = 3.14, R is the radius of a circle.

Perimeter of Circle: Also known as the circumference. It is given by the formula,

Perimeter = 2*π*R

Value of π = 3.14, R is the radius of a circle.

We will use these formulas for finding the area and perimeter of the circle with a given
radius. The value of π can either be used directly or can be extracted using the pi value in
the math library in Python.

Program to find area and perimeter of a circle

SOURCE CODE:
PI = 3.14

R = float(input("Enter radius of the circle: "))

area = (PI*R*R)

perimeter = (2*PI*R)

print("The area of circle is", area)

print("The perimeter of circle is", perimeter)

OUTPUT:
Enter radius of the circle:4

The perimeter of circle is 25.12

~ 48 ~
DISCUSSION
In the above code, we have initialized the value of PI with 3.14. Then asked the user for an
input for the value of R. Using the formulas, we calculated the value of area and perimeter
and printed it.

We can also get the value of PI using the built-in value in Python's math library.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 49 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 22. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to input
three positive integers a, b, and c , using Pythagorean triples formula (
a2+ b2 =c2.) to generate all Pythagorean triples in a certain range.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1. Take three numbers and store it in three variable.

Step 2. Use an if statement to check if the numbers are Pythagorean

triplets or not.

Step 3. If the numbers are Pythagorean triplets then print the numbers are

Pythagorean triplets.

Step 4. If the numbers are not Pythagorean triplets then print the numbers

are not Pythagorean triplets.

SOURCE CODE:
a=int(input("enter 1st side:"))

b=int(input("enter the 2nd side:"))

c=int(input("enter the 3rd side:"))

if (a^2+b^2==c^2) or (b^2+c^2==a^2) or (a^2+c^2==b^2):

print("They are Pythagorean triplets")

else:

print ("They are not Pythagorean triplets")

OUTPUT:1
enter 1st side:3

enter the 2nd side:4

~ 50 ~
enter the 3rd side:5

They are Pythagorean triplets.

DISCUSSION:
In this program we check three numbers if they are Pythagorean

triplets or not .If the sum of the square of any two number is equal to

the square of third then they will be Pythagorean triplets.

___________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 51 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 23. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to check
the number is Krishnamurthy or not.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1. Start

Step 2. Read the number from the user

Step 3. Initialize the factorial sum of the digits, k= 0

Step 4. Save a copy of the original number, num= n

Step 5. Repeat WHILE num>0:

5.1: Extract the last digit by: x = num% 10

5.2: Initialize loop variable, I = 1

5.3: Initialize the factorial, f= 1

5.4: Repeat until I <=x

5.4.1: f = f * i

5.4.2: increase ‘i’ by 1

5.5: Calculate sum by: k= k + f

5.6: Remove the last digit from the number: n =n/10

Step6. If n= k then it is Krishnamurthy no otherwise not.

Step8. Stop

SOURCE CODE:
a=int(input("Enter any number: "))

g=a

fact=1
~ 52 ~
sum=0

while(a>0):

r=a%10

fact=1

for i in range(1,r+1):

fact=fact*i

sum=sum+fact

a=a//10

if(sum==g):

print("It is a Krishnamurthy number.")

else:

print("It is not a Krishnamurthy number.")

OUTPUT:1
Enter a Number145

145 is a Krishnamurthy Number

OUTPUT:2
Enter a Number435

435 is not a Krishnamurthy Number

DISCUSSION
Krishnamurthy number is another special number in Java. A number is said to be
Krishnamurthy if the factorial sum of all its digits is equal to that number. Krishnamurthy
number is also referred to as a Strong number.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
~ 53 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 24. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to print the
pattern of given below:

12345

1234

123

12

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Take the number of rows(N) of mirrored right

triangle as input from user using scan function.

Step 2: In any row, the sum of spaces and numbers are equal

To N. …

Step 3: In any row R, we will first print N-R-1 space l Characters then R+1
star characters.

Step 4: end.

SOURCE CODE:
n=int(input("enter the limit"))

for i in range (n+1,1,-1):

for j in range(1,i-1):

print(j)

print( )

~ 54 ~
OUTPUT:
Enter the limit:6

12345

1234

123

12

DISCUSSION:
Star patterns are a series of * or any other character used to create some pattern or any
geometrical shape.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 55 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 25. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to print
the pattern of given below:
*****
****
***
**
*

ALGORITHM :
Step 1: Take the number of rows(N) of inverted right

Triangle as input from user using scanf function.

Step 2: Number of stars in Kth row is equal to (N – K + 1). In

The pattern given above, N = 7. …

Step 3: We will use two for loops to print inverted right

Triangle star pattern.

Step 4: End.

SOURCE CODE:
n=int(input("enter the limit"))

for i in range (n+1,1,-1):

for j in range(1,i-1):

print(j)

print( )

~ 56 ~
OUTPUT:
Enter the limit:5

Enter the pattern:

*****

****

***

**

DISCUSSION:
Star patterns are a series of * or any other character used to create some pattern or any
geometrical shape.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATUR

~ 57 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 26. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to print
the pattern of given below:
54321
4321
321
21
1

SOURCECODE:
n = int(input('Enter number: '))

for i in range(n):

print(''.join(map(str,range(n-i,0,-1))))

OUTPUT:
Enter number: 5

54321

4321

321

21

DISCUSSION:
~ 58 ~
Pattern programs are patterns/designs/symbols consisting of
numbers, alphabets or symbols in a particular form. Pattern program
is the best way to check the your skill in loops.

_________________
TEACHER'S SIGNATURE

~ 59 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 27. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to print
the floyed triangle.

ALGORITHM:
Step-1: Start.

Step-2: Create variables that hold rows and column values as i and j. Take a
number to display the rows as num and set the variable k to 1as its initial value.

Step-3: Use nested for loops:

•Outer for loop starts its iteration i = 1 up to n rows.

•Inner for loop starts its iteration from j = 1 up to (j <=i).

Step-4: Print the values of k.

Step-5:Increment k by 1 or k = k + 1.

Step-6: Jump to newline after each iteration of the inner for loop.

Step-7: Stop.

SOURCE CODE:
row=int(input("please Enter the total Number of row:"))

number=1

print("Floyd's Triangle")

for i in range(1,row+1):

for j in range(1,i+1):

print(number,end=' ')

number=number+1

print( )

~ 60 ~
OUTPUT:
please Enter the total Number of row:5

Floyd's Triangle

23

456

7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15

DISCUSSION:
The Floyd’s triangle is a right-angled triangle that contains consecutive natural numbers. In
Floyd’s triangle, the number starts with 1 in the top left corner, and then it consecutive filling
the defined rows through the numbers.

_________________
TEACHER'SSIGNATURE
~ 61 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 28. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to print
the Pascal triangle.

ALGORITHM:
Step-1: Start.

Step-2:Declare variables i, j, n, c, z, s.

Step-3:Enter the limit.

Step-4:Insert the first loop from i=0 to n,then a z loop to print the space .

Step-5: calculate c and then print it.

Step-6: Repeat the process to n.

Step-7: Print the final required triangle.

Step-8: Stop.

SOURCE CODE:
n=int(input("Enter number of rows: "))

a=[]

for i in range(n):

a.append([])

a[i].append(1)

for j in range(1,i):

a[i].append(a[i-1][j-1]+a[i-1][j])

if(n!=0):

a[i].append(1)

~ 62 ~
 for i in range(n):

print(" "*(n-i),end=" ",sep=" ")

for j in range(0,i+1):

print('{0:6}'.format(a[i][j]),end=" ",sep=" ")

print()

OUTPUT:
Input number of rows: 6

1 1

1 2 1

1 3 3 1

1 4 6 4 1

1 5 10 10 5 1

DISCUSSION:
All values outside the triangle are considered zero (0). The first row is 0 1 0 whereas only 1
acquire a space in pascal’s triangle, 0s are invisible. Second row is acquired by adding (0+1)
and (1+0). The output is sandwiched between two zeroes. The process continues till the
required level is achieved.

_________________
TEACHER'S SIGNATURE

~ 63 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 29. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program to take a string as
input and counts the number of vowels in a string.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Take a string from the user and store it in a variable.

Step 2: Initialize a count variable to 0.

Step 3: Use a for loop to traverse through the characters in the string.

Step 4: Use an if statement to check if the character is a vowel or not and

increment the

count variable if it is a vowel.

Step 5: Print the total number of vowels in the string.

SOURCE CODE:
str=input("Enter the string: ")

vowels=0

for i in str:

if(i=='a' or i=='e' or i=='i' or i=='o' or i=='u' or i=='A' or i=='E' or i=='I' or i=='O' or

i=='U'):

vowels=vowels+1

print("Number of vowels are: ",vowels)

OUTPUT:
Enter the string: Computer Science

Number of vowels are: 6

~ 64 ~
DISCUSSION:
In this program counts the number of vowels (not necessary different) in a given string.

_________________
TEACHER'S SIGNATURE

~ 65 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 30. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program to check whether
a string is a palindrome or not.

ALGORITHM:
Step-1: Start

Step-2: Declare and initialize another variable reversed with 0, where reversed an integer
variable.

Step-3: Get the last digit of the given number by performing the modulo division (%) and
store the value in last_digit variable, likey last_digit= number % 10.

Step-4:Multiply reversed by 10 and add last_digit, like reversed = reversed*10 + last_digit.

Step-5: Divide numbered by 10, like numbered/10.

Step-6: Repeat the steps 3 to 5 till numbered is not equal to (or greater than) zero.

Step-7: If the reversed number is equal to the original number then it is a palindrome
number otherwise not a palindrome number.

Step-8: Stop

SOURCE CODE:
num=int(input("Enter a number: "))

string=input("Enter a string: ")

temp=num

rev=0

while (num>0):

dig=num%10

rev=rev*10+dig

num=num//10

if (temp==rev):

~ 66 ~
 print ("The number is palindrome.")

else :

print ("The number is not palindrome.")

if (string==string[ : : -1 ]):

print ("The string is palindrome.")

else :

print ("The string is not palindrome.")

OUTPUT:1
Enter an integer:454

Reversed number=454

The number is a Palindrome number

OUTPUT:2
Enter an integer:607

Reversed number=706

The number is not a Palindrome number

DISCUSSION:
A palindromic number (also known as a numeral palindrome or a numeric palindrome) is a
number (such as 16461) that remains the same when its digits are reversed.

_________________
TEACHER'S SIGNATURE

~ 67 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 31. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to
accept three digits and print all possible combination.

ALGORITHM:
Step- 1. Take in the first, second and third number and store it in separate
variables.
Step- 2. Then append all the three numbers to the list.
Step-3. Use three for loops and print the digits in the list if none of their
indexes are equal to each other.
Step- 4. Exit.

SOURCECODE:
a=int(input("Enter first number:"))

b=int(input("Enter second number:"))

c=int(input("Enter third number:"))

d=[]

d.append(a)

d.append(b)

d.append(c)

for i in range(0,3):

for j in range(0,3):

for k in range(0,3):

if(i!=j&j!=k&k!=i):

print(d[i],d[j],d[k])

~ 68 ~
OUTPUT:
Enter first number:12

Enter second number:45

Enter third number:10

12 45 10

12 10 45

45 12 10

45 10 12

10 12 45

10 45 12

DISCUSSION:
User must enter the first, second and third number. All the elements are appending into a
list for the ease of comparison. The for loops range from 0-2 which are basically the indexes
of the three elements in the list. If none of the indexes are equal to each other, the element
associated with the particular element in the list is printed.

_________________
TEACHER'SSIGNATURE

~ 69 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 32. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to check
whether a number is Pythagorean triplets or not.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1. Take three numbers and store it in three variable.

Step 2. Use an if statement to check if the numbers are Pythagorean

triplets or not.

Step 3. If the numbers are Pythagorean triplets then print the numbers are

Pythagorean triplets.

Step 4. If the numbers are not Pythagorean triplets then print the numbers

are not Pythagorean triplets.

SOURCE CODE:
a=int(input("enter 1st side:"))

b=int(input("enter the 2nd side:"))

c=int(input("enter the 3rd side:"))

if (a^2+b^2==c^2) or (b^2+c^2==a^2) or (a^2+c^2==b^2):

print("They are Pythagorean triplets")

else:

print ("They are not Pythagorean triplets")

OUTPUT:1
enter 1st side:3

enter the 2nd side:4

enter the 3rd side:5

~ 70 ~
They are Pythagorean triplets

OUTPUT:2
enter 1st side:6

enter the 2nd side:7

enter the 3rd side:8

They are not Pythagorean triplets

DISCUSSION:
In this program we check three numbers if they are Pythagorean

triplets or not .If the sum of the square of any two number is equal to

the square of third then they will be Pythagorean triplets.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 71 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 33. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to take
three inputs from the user and print the 1st one in reverse and
the 2nd string converted to upper case and the 3rd string
converted to lower case.

ALGORITHM :
Step 1: Take three inputs from the user.

Step 2: Take three variable to store them.

Step 3: 1st obtain the reverse of the 1st string using slice statement.

Step 4: Then convert the 2nd string into uppercase by taking string
variable.upper()

Step 5: Similarly convert the 3rd string to print string variable. Lower().

Step 6: Print them one by one.

SOURCECODE:
a=input("Enter the 1st string: ")

b=input("Enter the 2nd string: ")

c=input("Enter the 3rd string : ")

d=a[::-1]

e=b.upper()

f=c.lower()

print("The reverse of the 1st string is: ",d)

print("The upper case of the 2nd string is: ",e)

print("The lower case of the 3rd string is: ",f)

~ 72 ~
OUTPUT:
Enter the 1st string: Computer

Enter the 2nd string: python

Enter the 3rd string : EXAM

The reverse of the 1st string is: retupmoC

The upper case of the 2nd string is: PYTHON

The lower case of the 3rd string is: exam

DISCUSSION:
In this program we print three string into three different form in one program. We get the
String reverse using slice statement and converted string into uppercase and lower case.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
~ 73 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 34. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to ask
user for two string and concatenate them.

ALGORITHM :
Step 1: Take two string from user and store them in two different variable.

Step 2: Add this two strings and store it in a variable.

Step 3: Print the concatenate string

SOURCECODE:
var1=input("enter the 1st string: ")

var2=input("enter the 2nd string: ")

var3=var1+" "+var2

print("The concatenated word is",var3)

OUTPUT:
enter the 1st string: Hello

enter the 2nd string: World

The concatenated word is Hello World

DISCUSSION:
In this program we concatenate or add two strings, given by the user.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 74 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 35. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to take
two strings as input from the user and print the 1st one twice
and the other one thrice.

ALGORITHM :
Step 1.Take two string from the user as input and store them to two

different variable.

Step 2. Then multiply the 1st variable with 2 and store it in a different

variable.

Step 3. Multiply the 2nd variable with 3 and store it in a variable.

Step 4. Now 1st print the 1st multiplied variable.

Step 5. Then print the other multiplied variable.

SOURCECODE:
var1=input("enter the 1st string: ")

var2=input("enter the 2nd string: ")

var3=var1*2

var4=var2*3

print(var3)

print(var4)

OUTPUT:
enter the 1st string: Mango

enter the 2nd string: Banana

MangoMango

~ 75 ~
BananaBananaBanana

DISCUSSION:
This program takes two string from user and print the first one twice and second one thrice.

__________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 76 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 36. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to sort a
list in Bubble sort method.

ALGORITHM:
Step-1: Start

Step-2: Start at index zero

Step-3: compare the element with the next one (a[0] & a[1] (a is the name of
the array), and swap if a[0] > a[1]. ...

Step-4: Repeat step one but process array elements [0, n-2] because the last
one, i.e., a[n-1], is present at its correct position. ...
Step-5: Repeat this process n-1 times.
Step-6: Stop.

SOURCE CODE:
def bubbleSort(arr):

n = len(arr)

for i in range(n-1):

for j in range(0, n-i-1):

if arr[j] > arr[j + 1] :

arr[j], arr[j + 1] = arr[j + 1], arr[j]

arr = [64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90]

bubbleSort(arr)

print ("Sorted array is:")

for i in range(len(arr)):

print ("% d" % arr[i],end=" ")

~ 77 ~
OUTPUT:
enter the no of elements:
5
enter the element in array:
12
14
8
71
5
19
sorted array are:
5
8
12
14
71
19

DISCUSSION:
Bubble sort, sometimes referred to as sinking sort, is a
simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through
the list, compares adjacent elements and swaps them if
they are in the wrong order. The pass through the list is
repeated until the list is sorted.

___________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE
~ 78 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 37. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to sort a
list in Selection sort method.

ALGORITHM:
Step-1: Start

Step-2: Set min to the first location.

Step 3: Search the minimum element in the array.
Step 4: swap the first location with the minimum value in the array.
Step 5: assign the second element as min.
Step 6:stop.

SOURCE CODE:
import sys

A = [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]

for i in range(len(A)):

min_idx = i

for j in range(i+1, len(A)):

if A[min_idx] > A[j]:

min_idx = j

A[i], A[min_idx] = A[min_idx], A[i]

print ("Sorted array")

for i in range(len(A)):

print("%d" %A[i]),

~ 79 ~
OUTPUT:
Enter number of elements in array5

Enter the element of an array

12

48

14

78

Sorted Array:

5 12 14 48 78

DISCUSSION: The Selection sort algorithm is based on the idea of finding the
minimum or maximum element in an unsorted array and then putting it in its correct
position in a sorted array. Assume that the array A = [7, 5, 4, 2] needs to be sorted in
ascending order.

___________________
TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

~ 80 ~
ASSIGNMENT: 38. DATE:
PROGRAM STATEMENT: Write a program in python to Use
list comprehension to find all the odd numbers and numbers divisible
by 3 from a list of numbers.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Take two inputs of lower limit and upper limit.

Step 2: Use for loop to execute from lower limit to upper limit+1.

Step 3: Use if statement to check whether the numbers are divisible by 2

or not.

Step 4: If the remainder became 1 then the number is odd.

Step 5: Again use if statement and check whether the numbers are

divisible by 3 or not.

Step 6: If the remainder became zero then the numbers are divisible by 3.

Step 7: Print the numbers.

SOURCE CODE:
lower=int(input("Enter the lower limit for the range:"))

upper=int(input("Enter the upper limit for the range:"))

for i in range(lower,upper+1):

if(i%2!=0):

print(i)

if(i%3==0):

print(i)

~ 81 ~
OUTPUT:
Enter the lower limit for the range:1

Enter the upper limit for the range:5

DISCUSSION:
This program determines the list of all odd numbers in a given range which are divisible by 3.

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TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

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