The Subject of the Project

Single Node Architecture

Name of the Student

Department

University Roll No.

Date of Submission
 Table of Contents

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Main Topic
4. Reference
Abstract
As the name suggests, a single node instance contains only one node and allows direct access
to that node.
Complementing cluster and replica set architectures, single-node architectures are useful for
enterprise R&D, testing, and non-core data storage. Although not as robust as replica sets,
single-node architectures are a more cost-effective way to visualize O&M and provide
flexible scaling. It can be used for various purposes such as disaster management, security
management, and crisis management in various places such as schools, hospitals, buildings,
and roads.
Introduction
Building a wireless sensor network requires the development of a configuration node. These
nodes should meet the needs of your specific application. They should be small, inexpensive,
energy-efficient, and have good sensors, memory resources, and good communication
options. A basic sensor node includes five main components shown in the diagram.
 Controller: to process all relevant data;
 Storage: to store programs and intermediate data;
 Sensors and Actuators: The actual interface to the physical world for observing or
controlling physical parameters of the environment.
 Communications Device: A device for transmitting and receiving information over
wireless channels.
 Power Source: Some type of battery is required to provide power and somehow
recharge by harvesting power from the environment.
Main Topic
Here we detail all the hardware components of our simple single sensor node architecture.
Controller: The controller is the heart of the wireless sensor node. This is the node's central
processing unit (CPU). It collects data from sensors, processes this data, receives data from
other sensor nodes, and determines actuator behavior. A variety of programs need to be
executed, from time-sensitive signal processing and communication protocols to application
programs. These different processing tasks can be performed with different controller
architectures that represent trade-offs between flexibility, performance, power efficiency, and
cost. Microcontrollers are well suited for WSNs because they can reduce power consumption
by entering sleep states where only part of the controller is active. One of the main
differences from general-purpose systems is that microcontroller-based systems do not
contain a memory management unit. For example, protected memory and virtual memory are
difficult. A wireless sensor node can use a DSP to process incoming data. However, WSN
nodes do not need the benefits of DSP and are generally not used. Another option for
controllers is to use Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) or Application Specific
Integrated Circuits (ASICs) instead of microcontrollers. FPGAs can be reprogrammed in the
field to adapt to changing requirements, but this can be time-consuming and labor-intensive.
ASICs are specialized processors designed for specific applications such as high-speed
routers and switches. The typical trade-off here is a loss of flexibility for significantly better
power efficiency and performance.
Memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) is required to store intermediate sensor
readings, packets from other nodes, etc. RAM is fast but loses its contents when the power is
turned off. The program code can be stored in read-only memory (ROM) or electrically
erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) or flash memory.
Flash memory also serves as a temporary storage facility for data when power is lost for a
period of time. Long read and write access latencies and high energy requirements of flash
memory must be considered.
Sensors and Actuators: Sensors can be divided into three categories:
1. Passive omnidirectional sensors: physical quantities can be measured at the point of the
sensor node without manipulating the environment through active probing. They get their
energy directly from the environment - energy is only needed to amplify analog signals.
These measurements have no "direction". Typical examples are thermometers, light sensors,
vibration, microphones, humidity, chemical sensors, etc.
2. Passive narrow beam sensor: Passive, but with a well-defined measurement direction. A
typical example is a camera that can "scale" in a certain direction, but needs to be rotated if
necessary.
3. Active sensors: probe the environment, such as sonar and radar sensors, and some seismic
sensors that produce shock waves with small explosions.
The first choice is the transmission medium, usually radio frequency, optical communication,
and ultrasonic. Radiofrequency (RF) based communication is a key requirement for most
WSN applications. It offers high data rates over long distances, acceptable error rates with
reasonable power consumption, and does not require line-of-sight between transmitter and
receiver. In a real wireless RF-based system, carrier frequencies need to be chosen carefully.
Wireless sensor networks use communication frequencies between approximately 433 MHz
and 2.4 GHz.
2. Transceiver: The actual communication requires both a transmitter and a receiver inside
the sensor node to convert the bit stream sent by the microcontroller into radio waves. Such
composite devices are called transceivers. Half-duplex operation is usually implemented
because simultaneous transmission and reception in the wireless medium are not practical in
most cases. A variety of low-cost transceivers are available that contain all the necessary
circuitry for transmitting/receiving, modulation, demodulation, amplifiers, filters, mixers, etc.
3. Transceiver Tasks and Characteristics: The following points are some of the key
characteristics of transceivers to consider. Higher Layer Services, Power Consumption, and
Energy Efficiency, Carrier Frequency and Multiple Channels Transmit Power Control, Data
Rate, Modulation, Noise Figure, Power Efficiency, and Frequency Stability, etc. 4.
Transceiver State: There are 4 different states:
a) Transmit state: The transmit part of the transceiver is active and the antenna is radiating
energy.
b) Receive State: The receiving part is active.
c) Idle State: A transceiver that is ready to receive but is not currently receiving anything is
called idle.
d) Idle state: critical parts of the transceiver are turned off. There are transceivers that offer
several different idle states.
Power: Sensor node power comes in many forms.
1. Traditional Batteries: Sensor nodes are powered by batteries, either non-rechargeable
(primary batteries) or rechargeable (secondary batteries) if the nodes have energy harvesting
devices. • Batteries are a form of electrochemical energy storage. Chemistry greatly
influences battery technology.
2. Energy Drainage: Some unconventional energy sources, such as fuel cells, micro heat
engines, and radioactivity, convert energy from stored secondary forms to electricity more
easily than ordinary batteries. • The entire energy supply is stored within the node itself. If
the fuel supply runs out, the node will fail. • Energy must be extracted from the node's
environment and made available to the node. Energy scavenging should be done.
3. Solar Power: Solar cells can be used to power sensor nodes. Available power depends on
whether the node is used outdoors or indoors and the time of day. The resulting power is 10
mW/cm2 indoors to 15 mW/cm2 outdoors. Since the output voltage of a single cell is stable
at around 0.6V, solar cells are used to charge secondary batteries.
 4. Temperature Gradient: Temperature difference can be converted directly into electrical
energy. In theory, even a small difference, say 5K, can generate significant power, but real
devices are well below the theoretical limit.
5. Vibration: Building walls and windows vibrate when cars and trucks pass through the
street. Machines often have low-frequency vibrations, and ventilation can also cause
vibrations. The available energy depends on the amplitude and frequency of the vibration,
and is between 0.1 mW/cm3 and 10,000 mW/cm3 in extreme cases.

Figure 1: Single Node Architecture

Reference
[1] T. Hayes and F.H. Ali. 2016. "Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications and
Routing Protocols". Handbook of Research on Next Generation Mobile Communications
Systems. IGI Global.
[2] R. Velmani, and B. Kaarthick, 2015. An Efficient Cluster-Tree Based Data Collection
Scheme for Large Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 15
[3] 6. Dynamic Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks, Amit Sinha and Anantha
Chandrakasan, IEEE Design & Test of Computers, Vol. 18, No. 2, March–April 2001