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 RC + CR 2 – Live Session
You must have solved each of the questions extremely thoroughly before the first live class

Also, check the Answerkey, and think hard on each question

RC Session 2
Passage 1 1. The primary purpose of the
passage is to
Until recently, zoologists believed that all species of phocids (true seals), a pinniped family, use a A. present evidence that several
different maternal strategy than do otariids (fur seals and sea lions), another pinniped family. phocids species use the
Mother otariids use a foraging strategy. They acquire moderate energy stores in the form of maternal fasting strategy
blubber before arriving at breeding sites and then fast for 5 to 11 days after birth. Throughout B. explain why the maternal
the rest of the lactation (milk production) period, which lasts from 4 months to 3 years strategy typically used by
depending on the species, mother otariids alternately forage at sea, where they replenish their phocids is different from the
fat stores, and nurse their young at breeding sites. Zoologists had assumed that females of all maternal strategy used by
phocids species, by contrast, use a fasting strategy in which mother phocids, having accumulated otariids
large energy stores before they arrive at breeding sites, fast throughout the entire lactation C. argue that zoologists current
period, which lasts from 4 to 50 days depending on the species. Recent studies on harbor seals, a understanding of harbor seals'
phocids species, surprisingly found that lactating females commenced foraging approximately 6 maternal strategy is complete
days after giving birth and on average made 7 foraging trips during the remainder of their 24- D. describe an unexpected
day lactation period. behavior observed in harbor
seals and offer a probable
The maternal strategy evolved by harbor seals may, however, have to do with their small size explanation for that behavior
and the large proportion of their fat stores depleted in lactation. Harbor seals are small E. present evidence concerning
compared with other phocids species such as grey seals, northern elephant seals, and hooded the maternal strategy of the
seals, all of which are known to fast for the entire lactation period. Mother seals of these species harbor seal and suggest that the
use respectively 84 percent, 58 percent, and 33 percent of their fat stores during lactation. By harbor seal belongs to the
comparison, harbor seals use 80 percent of their fat stores in just the first 19 days of lactation, otariid rather than to the phocid
even though they occasionally feed during this period. Since such a large proportion of their fat family
stores is exhausted despite feeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannot support all of lactation
using only energy stored before giving birth. Though smaller than many other phocids, harbor
seals are similar in size to most otariids.
Passage 2 2. The primary purpose of the
passage is to
This passage is excerpted from material published in 1997. A.present several theories
that could account for a
Is there a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way? Well, all the particular phenomenon
available evidence is dynamical, and hence inconclusive. This dynamical evidence B.argue that a certain
argues for an extremely compact object with a mass three million times the mass of question needs to be
our Sun. Seemingly this should be a black hole, but the relative lack of energy reframed in light of new
radiating from the galactic center presents a serious problem in confirming this evidence
hypothesis. A black hole's gravity attracts surrounding matter, which swirls around C.resolve an apparent
the black hole, emitting energy as the matter is engulfed (the energy equivalent of inconsistency between two
its mass according to the equation E=mc2). But when the energy coming from the lines of evidence
galactic center is measured and compared to the expected value of how much D.explain why a certain issue
energy should be coming out as per the assumed mass that is being engulfed by the remains unresolved because of
center of the dense object, there is a discrepancy (lack of energy) by a factor of a inconclusive evidence
thousand, thus presenting us with the serious problem. E.present conclusive evidence
that calls into question certain
fundamentals of a current
theory
Is there a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way? 3. The “serious problem” referred to in the
Well, all the available evidence is dynamical, and hence inconclusive. highlighted texts could be solved if which of
This dynamical evidence argues for an extremely compact object with a the following were true? (CR question in
mass three million times the mass of our Sun. Seemingly this should be RC)
a black hole, but the relative lack of energy radiating from the galactic A. Current assumption about how much matter a
center presents a serious problem. A black hole's gravity attracts black hole would engulf proved to be a
surrounding matter, which swirls around the black hole, emitting thousand times too high.
energy as the matter is engulfed (the energy equivalent of its mass B. Current assumptions about how much matter
according to the equation E=mc2). But when the energy coming from a black hole would engulf proved to be a
the galactic center is measured and compared to the expected value of thousand times too low.
how much energy should be coming out as per the assumed mass that C. The object at the center of
is being engulfed by the center of the dense object, there is a the Milky Way turned out to be far denser than
discrepancy (lack of energy) by a factor of a thousand, thus presenting it is currently estimated to be.
us with the serious problem. D. The object at the center of the Milky Way
turned out to be far more massive than it is
currently estimated to be.
E. Matter being engulfed by a black hole radiated
far more energy than is currently assumed.
Passage 3 4. According to the passage,
which of the following most
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, passed in 1868, accurately indicates the
prohibits the American government from denying citizens the “equal protection of the sequence of the events listed
laws.” The Fourteenth Amendment thus provided a constitutional warrant for the below?
Congressional Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed the citizenship to all persons I. Civil Rights Act of 1866
born in the United States. The Civil Rights Act, which was echoed in the text of the II. Dred Scott v. Sandford Case
Fourteenth Amendment, was designed primarily to challenge the Supreme Court’s III. Fourteenth Amendment
ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied IV. Veto by President
citizenship. The Civil Rights Act was unjustifiably vetoed by President Andrew Johnson
Johnson, an action that forced the Congress to put the contents of the Civil Rights Act
into the Fourteenth Amendment, thus ensuring constitutional foundations of the Act A. I, II, III, IV
and also ensuring indemnity for the Act against any future President’s whims. B. I, IV, II, III
C. I, IV, III, II
D. II, I, IV, III
E. III, II, I, IV
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, passed in 1868, 5. The author implies that the
prohibits the American government from denying citizens the “equal protection of Fourteenth Amendment might
the laws.” The Fourteenth Amendment thus provided a constitutional warrant for not have been enacted if
the Congressional Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed the citizenship to all A. Congress’ authority with regard to
persons born in the United States. The Civil Rights Act, which was echoed in the text Civil Rights Act had not been
of the Fourteenth Amendment, was designed primarily to challenge the Supreme challenged by the president
Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States could B. the framers of the constitution
be denied citizenship. The Civil Rights Act was unjustifiably vetoed by President had canceled the Court’s ruling in
Andrew Johnson, an action that forced the Congress to put the contents of the Civil Dred Scott v. Sandford
Rights Act into the Fourteenth Amendment, thus ensuring constitutional C. the framers of the constitution
foundations of the Act and also ensuring indemnity for the Act against any future had believed that it would be used
President’s whims. in deciding cases of discrimination
involving non-racial groups
D. most state governments had been
willing to protect citizens’ civil
rights
E. its essential elements had not
been implicit in the Thirteenth
Amendment
Passage 4 6. In the last sentence of the passage,
the author implies that which of
Because the framers of the United States Constitution (written in 1787) believed that
the following was the reason that
protecting property rights relating to inventions would encourage the new nation’s economic
growth, they gave Congress—the national legislature—a constitutional mandate to grant the proportion of verdicts in favor
patents for inventions. The resulting patent system has served as a model for those in other of patent-applicants began to
nations. Recently, however, scholars have questioned whether the American system helped increase after 1830?
achieve the framers’ objective. These scholars have contended that from 1794 to 1830, A. The number of cases in favor of
American inventors were unable to enforce property rights because judges were “antipatent” patent-applicants began to increase
and routinely invalidated patent- applications for arbitrary reasons. This argument is based after 1836.
on examination of court decisions in ‘patent-granting’ cases before 1830. In the 1820s, for B. Judges became less prejudiced after
instance, a huge percentage of verdicts were decided against the patent-applicants. The 1830.
proportion of verdicts in favor of the patent-applicants began to increase in the 1830s,
C. Patent laws enacted during the
suggesting to these scholars that judicial attitudes toward patent-granting began shifting
then. 1830s better defined patent rights.
D. After 1830, litigated cases became
However, the increase in the rate of verdicts in favor of patent-applicants cannot be used less representative of the population
to gauge changes in judicial attitudes. If early judicial decisions were prejudiced against of the patent-granting cases.
patent-applicants, one might expect that subsequent courts—clearly more supportive of E. Patent applications brought in front
patent rights—would reject the former legal precedents. But pre-1830 cases have been of the judges after 1830 were more
cited as frequently as later decisions, and in some cases even more frequently, and they likely to adhere closely to patent
continue to be cited even today, clearly suggesting that the early decisions provided a lasting
law.
foundation for patent law, and that the judges had been dispassionate right from the
beginning. The proportion of judicial decisions in favor of patent-applicants began to
increase after 1830 because of a change in the underlying population of cases brought in
front of the judges. This change was due to an 1830 revision to the patent system: an
examination procedure, still in use today, was instituted in which each application is
scrutinized for its adherence to patent law.
Because the framers of the United States Constitution (written in 1787) believed that 7. The passage implies that the
protecting property rights relating to inventions would encourage the new nation’s economic scholars mentioned in the
growth, they gave Congress—the national legislature—a constitutional mandate to grant
highlighted text would agree with
patents for inventions. The resulting patent system has served as a model for those in other
nations. Recently, however, scholars have questioned whether the American system helped which of the following criticisms
achieve the framers’ objective. These scholars have contended that from 1794 to 1830, of the American patent system
American inventors were unable to enforce property rights because judges were “antipatent” before 1830?
and routinely invalidated patent- applications for arbitrary reasons. This argument is based A. Its definition of property rights
on examination of court decisions in ‘patent-granting’ cases before 1830. In the 1820s, for relating to inventions was too vague
instance, a huge percentage of verdicts were decided against the patent-applicants. The to be useful.
proportion of verdicts in favor of the patent-applicants began to increase in the 1830s, B. Its criteria for the granting of
suggesting to these scholars that judicial attitudes toward patent-granting began shifting patents were vague.
then.
C. It may not have achieved the new
However, the increase in the rate of verdicts in favor of patent-applicants cannot be used nation’s economic growth to the
to gauge changes in judicial attitudes. If early judicial decisions were prejudiced against extent anticipated by the framers.
patent-applicants, one might expect that subsequent courts—clearly more supportive of D. It made it excessively more difficult
patent rights—would reject the former legal precedents. But pre-1830 cases have been for inventors to receive patents
cited as frequently as later decisions, and in some cases even more frequently, and they compared to the previous era that
continue to be cited even today, clearly suggesting that the early decisions provided a lasting existed before 1787.
foundation for patent law, and that the judges had been dispassionate right from the E. It led to excessively large number of
beginning. The proportion of judicial decisions in favor of patent-applicants began to
suits involving patent disputes.
increase after 1830 because of a change in the underlying population of cases brought in
front of the judges. This change was due to an 1830 revision to the patent system: an
examination procedure, still in use today, was instituted in which each application is
scrutinized for its adherence to patent law.
Because the framers of the United States Constitution (written in 1787) believed that 8. It can be inferred from the
protecting property rights relating to inventions would encourage the new nation’s economic passage that the frequency with
growth, they gave Congress—the national legislature—a constitutional mandate to grant
which pre-1830 cases have been
patents for inventions. The resulting patent system has served as a model for those in other
nations. Recently, however, scholars have questioned whether the American system helped cited in court decisions is an
achieve the framers’ objective. These scholars have contended that from 1794 to 1830, indication that
American inventors were unable to enforce property rights because judges were “antipatent” A. judicial support for patent-granting
and routinely invalidated patent- applications for arbitrary reasons. This argument is based was weaker in the period before
on examination of court decisions in ‘patent-granting’ cases before 1830. In the 1820s, for 1830
instance, a huge percentage of verdicts were decided against the patent-applicants. The B. judicial bias against patent-
proportion of verdicts in favor of the patent-applicants began to increase in the 1830s, applicants didn’t persist after 1830
suggesting to these scholars that judicial attitudes toward patent-granting began shifting C. the number of verdicts in favor of
then.
patent-applicants increased after
However, the increase in the rate of verdicts in favor of patent-applicants cannot be used 1830
to gauge changes in judicial attitudes. If early judicial decisions were prejudiced against D. judicial support for patent-granting
patent-applicants, one might expect that subsequent courts—clearly more supportive of did not increase after 1830
patent rights—would reject the former legal precedents. But pre-1830 cases have been E. courts have not returned to judicial
cited as frequently as later decisions, and in some cases even more frequently, and they standards that prevailed before
continue to be cited even today, clearly suggesting that the early decisions provided a lasting 1830
foundation for patent law, and that the judges had been dispassionate right from the
beginning. The proportion of judicial decisions in favor of patent-applicants began to
increase after 1830 because of a change in the underlying population of cases brought in
front of the judges. This change was due to an 1830 revision to the patent system: an
examination procedure, still in use today, was instituted in which each application is
scrutinized for its adherence to patent law.
Because the framers of the United States Constitution (written in 1787) believed that 9. It can be inferred from the
protecting property rights relating to inventions would encourage the new nation’s economic passage that the author and the
growth, they gave Congress—the national legislature—a constitutional mandate to grant
scholars referred to in the
patents for inventions. The resulting patent system has served as a model for those in other
nations. Recently, however, scholars have questioned whether the American system helped highlighted text disagree about
achieve the framers’ objective. These scholars have contended that from 1794 to 1830, which of the following aspects of
American inventors were unable to enforce property rights because judges were “antipatent” the patent-granting suits before
and routinely invalidated patent- applications for arbitrary reasons. This argument is based 1830?
on examination of court decisions in ‘patent-granting’ cases before 1830. In the 1820s, for A. Whether the patents were granted for
instance, a huge percentage of verdicts were decided against the patent-applicants. The inventions that were genuinely useful
proportion of verdicts in favor of the patent-applicants began to increase in the 1830s, B. Whether the patents were actually
suggesting to these scholars that judicial attitudes toward patent-granting began shifting
necessary for the growth of the
then.
United States economy
However, the increase in the rate of verdicts in favor of patent-applicants cannot be used C. Whether the patents that were
to gauge changes in judicial attitudes. If early judicial decisions were prejudiced against granted were likely to be canceled by
patent-applicants, one might expect that subsequent courts—clearly more supportive of judges in the future
patent rights—would reject the former legal precedents. But pre-1830 cases have been D. Whether the patents were routinely
cited as frequently as later decisions, and in some cases even more frequently, and they invalidated for reasons that were
continue to be cited even today, clearly suggesting that the early decisions provided a lasting arbitrary
foundation for patent law, and that the judges had been dispassionate right from the E. Whether the number of patents
beginning. The proportion of judicial decisions in favor of patent-applicants began to
granted was significantly lower than
increase after 1830 because of a change in the underlying population of cases brought in
front of the judges. This change was due to an 1830 revision to the patent system: an the number in later suits
examination procedure, still in use today, was instituted in which each application is
scrutinized for its adherence to patent law.
Because the framers of the United States Constitution (written in 1787) believed that 10.The author of the passage cites
protecting property rights relating to inventions would encourage the new nation’s economic which of the following as evidence
growth, they gave Congress—the national legislature—a constitutional mandate to grant
challenging the argument referred
patents for inventions. The resulting patent system has served as a model for those in other
nations. Recently, however, scholars have questioned whether the American system helped to in the highlighted text?
achieve the framers’ objective. These scholars have contended that from 1794 to 1830, A. The number of cases that were
American inventors were unable to enforce property rights because judges were “antipatent” decided against patent-applicants in
and routinely invalidated patent- applications for arbitrary reasons. This argument is based the 1820s
on examination of court decisions in ‘patent-granting’ cases before 1830. In the 1820s, for B. The total number of patent cases that
instance, a huge percentage of verdicts were decided against the patent-applicants. The were brought to trial from 1794 to
proportion of verdicts in favor of the patent-applicants began to increase in the 1830s, 1830
suggesting to these scholars that judicial attitudes toward patent-granting began shifting
C. The fact that later courts drew upon
then.
the legal precedents from pre-1830
However, the increase in the rate of verdicts in favor of patent-applicants cannot be used patent cases
to gauge changes in judicial attitudes. If early judicial decisions were prejudiced against D. The fact that the number of judicial
patent-applicants, one might expect that subsequent courts—clearly more supportive of decisions in favor of patent-
patent rights—would reject the former legal precedents. But pre-1830 cases have been applicants began to increase during
cited as frequently as later decisions, and in some cases even more frequently, and they the 1830s
continue to be cited even today, clearly suggesting that the early decisions provided a lasting E. The constitutional rationale for the
foundation for patent law, and that the judges had been dispassionate right from the 1830 revision of the patent system on
beginning. The proportion of judicial decisions in favor of patent-applicants began to
part of the legislators
increase after 1830 because of a change in the underlying population of cases brought in
front of the judges. This change was due to an 1830 revision to the patent system: an
examination procedure, still in use today, was instituted in which each application is
scrutinized for its adherence to patent law.
CR Session 2
Concept 2 in CR

Keywords
Most / some etc.
Approach:

In such questions (applicable only in inference questions), the lines in the

passage with strong words (all, none, if-then conditionals, most) should be
checked first, and the options with mild words (some, few) should be checked
first; milder options are more likely to be correct than the stronger options.

All, None, Only, and if-then (conditional) – strongest (stronger than most)

Most – stronger than the milder words such as some / few

1. Most people invest in the stock market without doing any research of their own. Some people rely solely on
their broker’s advice, whereas some others make decisions based merely on hunches. Some people do some
research of their own. Nonetheless, a majority of investors in the stock market make a profit.
If the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true?
A. Most people who invest in the stock market either rely solely on their broker or make decisions based
merely on hunches.
B. All people who invest in the stock market without doing any research of their own make a profit.
C. Most people who rely solely on their broker rather than on hunches make a profit in the stock market.
D. All people who do investment research on their own, while just as often relying on their broker or on
hunches, make a profit in the stock market.
E. Some people who make a profit on their investments in the stock market do so without doing any research of
their own.
2. Numismatist: In medieval Spain, most gold coins were minted from gold mined in Senegal. The gold
mined in this region was the purest known. Its gold content of 92 percent allowed coins to be minted
without refining the gold, the process used to increase the purity of the gold. The mints also regularly
refined gold and produced other kinds of gold coins that had much purer gold content, but the
Senegalese gold was never refined.
Which one of the following inferences about gold coins minted in medieval Spain is most
strongly supported by the information the numismatist gives?
A. The source of some refined gold from which coins were minted was unrefined gold with a gold content
of less than 92 percent.
B. All coins minted from Senegalese gold contained the same weight, as well as the same proportion, of
gold.
C. All coins had the same monetary value even though they differed from each other in the percentage of
gold they contained.
D. All gold coins that were minted had a gold content of less than 92 percent.
E. The only unrefined gold from which coins could be directly minted was non-Senegalese gold.
Conditional Reasoning
Basic Concepts:

Original: If X, then Y

1. Mistaken Reversal: If Y, then X (invalid)

2. Mistaken Negation: If X not, then Y not (invalid)
3. Contrapositive: If Y not, then X not (valid)
4. X only if Y (valid)
5. Only Y is X (valid)
6. Unless Y, then X not (valid)
7. All X is Y (valid)
8. Any X is Y (valid)
9. X is a subset of Y (valid)
10. To be X / for X to happen, Y is a must.
11. Y is required for X
12. Y is a necessary condition for X
13. X is a sufficient condition for Y
Example: If you are an MBA (X), you are a Graduate (Y).
1. Y to X is wrong: If you are a Graduate (Y), then you are an MBA (X) Wrong
2. X Not to Y Not is wrong: If you are not an MBA (X Not), you are not a Graduate (Y Not) Wrong
3. Y not to X not is correct: If you are not a Graduate (Y Not), you are not an MBA (X Not) Correct
4. X only if Y is correct: You are an MBA only if you are a Graduate Correct
5. Only Y is X is correct: Only Graduates are MBAs Correct
6. Unless Y, then X not is correct: Unless you are a Graduate, you can’t be an MBA Correct
7. All X is Y is correct: All MBAs are Graduates Correct
8. Any X is Y is correct: Any MBA is a Graduate Correct
9. X is a subset of Y is correct: MBA is a subset of Graduate Correct
10. To be an MBA (X), you must be a graduate (Y). – MUST BE means necessary
11. Y (Graduate) is required / necessary for X (MBA) – REQUIRED means necessary
12. Y is a necessary condition for X (being a graduate is a necessary condition for being an MBA)
13. X is a sufficient condition for Y (being an MBA is a sufficient condition for being a graduate)
3. Mashika: We already know from polling data that some segments of the electorate provide support to Ms.
Puerta. If some of those segments also provide support to Mr. Quintana, then no segment of the electorate
that provides support to Mr. Quintana provides support to Mr. Ramirez.
Salim: But actually, as the latest polling data conclusively shows, some segments of the electorate do provide
support to both Mr. Quintana and Mr. Ramirez.
Among the following statements, which is it most reasonable to infer from the assertions by Mashika
and Salim?
A. Some segments of the electorate provide support neither to Mr. Quintana nor to Mr. Ramirez.
B. Some segments of the electorate provide support to Ms. Puerta but not to Mr. Quintana.
C. Each segment of the electorate provides support to Ms. Puerta.
D. Each segment of the electorate provides support to Mr. Quintana.
E. Each segment of the electorate provides support to Mr. Ramirez.
4. If a garden does not receive plenty of water and sunlight and is not planted in rich soil, then it will not
be productive. Patricia has located her garden in an area that is ideal for receiving water and sunlight,
and has made sure the soil is rich by adding fertilizer and compost. Hence, Patricia’s Garden will be
productive.
The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument
A. fails to specify adequately the meaning of the term “ideal”
B. infers that the sample used is wrong
C. confuses the meanings of terms in different contexts
D. takes a set of necessary conditions as sufficient
E. relies on a sample that is unlikely to be representative
5. Unless the residents of Glen Hills band together, the proposal to rezone that city will be approved. If it is
approved, the city will construct many apartment buildings. These buildings will attract new residents, and the
increased population will certainly result in roads so congested that new roads will be built. Neither new roads
nor additional schools can be built without substantial tax increases for the residents of Glen Hills. Which one
of the following can be properly concluded from the passage?
A. If the citizens of Glen Hills band together, developers will not build apartment houses.
B. If developers build apartment houses in Glen Hills, there will be substantial tax increases for the residents of
Glen Hills.
C. If the rezoning proposal does not pass, the taxes of the residents of Glen Hills will not increase substantially.
D. If developers do not build apartment houses in Glen Hills, the taxes of the residents of Glen Hills will not
increase substantially.
E. If developers do not build apartment houses in Glen Hills, the roads will not be congested.
6. Interior decorator: If a public place is uncomfortable, it is not well designed, and all comfortable public places
have spacious interiors. All coffeehouses and restaurants are public places. Most well-designed public places
feature artwork. If all of the interior decorator’s statements are true, then which one of the following
must be true?
A. Well-designed coffeehouses or restaurants have spacious interiors.
B. Any restaurant that has a spacious interior is comfortable.
C. Any coffeehouse that has a spacious interior is a well-designed public place.
D. All public places that feature artwork are well designed.
E. All coffeehouses that are well designed feature artwork.
7. None of the students taking literature are taking physics, but several of the students
taking physics are taking art. In addition, none of the students taking rhetoric are taking
physics. Which one of the following statements follows logically from the statements
above?
A. Some students are taking art but not literature.
B. There are some students who are taking both art and literature.
C. None of the students taking literature are taking art.
D. Students who are taking rhetoric are not taking literature.
E. None of the students taking rhetoric are taking literature.
8. A library currently has only coin-operated photocopy machines, which cost 10 cents per copy. Library
administrators are planning to refit many of those machines with prepaid card readers. The library will sell
prepaid copy cards that allow users to make a maximum of 50 copies at 9 cents per copy. No other type of prepaid
cards will be sold by the library. The number of copies made in the library will remain unchanged after the refit.
Which of the following conclusions about the effect of the refit is most strongly supported by the
information given?
A. No library patrons will increase their usage of the library's photocopy machines once the refit has been made.
B. The number of people using the library's photocopy machines over a given period will fall.
C. Revenues from photocopying will increase if all copy cards that are purchased are always, for whatever reason, used
to less than 90 percent of their capacity.
D. Library patrons will purchase a copy card only on days when they need to make 50 or more copies.
E. Revenues from photocopying will increase if none of the library patrons choose to use the remaining coin-operated
machines in preference to the card-reader equipped ones.
9. Editorial: To qualify as an effective law, as opposed to merely an impressive declaration, a command
must be backed up by an effective enforcement mechanism. That is why societies have police. The
power of the police to enforce a society’s laws makes those laws effective. But there is currently no
international police force. Hence, what is called “international law” is not effective law.
Which one of the following can be inferred by the editorial’s argument?
A. No one obeys a command unless mechanisms exist to compel obedience.
B. If an international police force were established, then so-called international law would become
effective law.
C. The only difference between international law and the law of an individual society is the former’s lack
of an effective enforcement mechanism.
D. The primary purpose of a police force is to enforce the laws of the society.
E. Only an international police force could effectively enforce international law.
 Answerkeys
RC CR
1. D 1. E
2. D 2. A
3. A 3. B
4. D 4. D
5. A 5. B
6. E 6. A
7. C 7. A
8. D 8. C
9. D
9. E
10. C
General Discussion + Agenda for the upcoming classes