NAME:…………….……………………………………………….CLASS:………..

……………………………
DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL
FIRST TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

CLASS: JS 2 (BASIC 8)

FIRST TERM
WEEK TOPICS
1. Whole numbers: (a) Whole numbers in standard form (b) Decimal numbers in
standard form. (c) Changing from standard form to ordinary numbers (d) Indices.
2. Whole Numbers: (e) Revision: Prime factors, LCM and HCF (f) Squares and
square roots (g) Quantitative reasoning.
3. Approximation: (a) Approximation of numbers: Decimal places, Significant figures
(b) Quantitative Reasoning.
4. Fractions: (a) Expressing fractions as decimals (b) Percentages: Percentages of
quantities; expressing one quantity as a percentage of the other; percentage increase
and decrease. (c) Ratios (d) Rates and Proportions; (e) Word problems.
5. Transactions in the Homes and Offices: Household Arithmetic (budget, savings,
rents, taxes, bills, water rate).
6. Transactions in the Homes and Offices: Commercial Arithmetic (simple interest,
profit and loss, discount, commission, VAT, hire purchase); Exchange rate.
7. Mid-term break.
8. Basic operations on directed numbers: (a) Addition and subtraction of directed
numbers (Revision) (b) Multiplication and division of directed numbers. (c) Inverse
and identity.
9. Tables, Charts and Schedules: (a) Square and Square root tables. (b) Charts,
records and schedules (tabulated data, flight schedules and timetables)
10. Revision.
11. Examination.

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WEEK 1

WHOLE NUMBERS

CONTENTS

 Whole numbers in standard form

 Decimal numbers in standard form
 Changing from standard form to ordinary numbers
 Indices

WHOLE NUMBERS IN STANDARD FORM

A number is said to be in standard form if it is expressed in the form of A x 10n.
Where 1< A<10 and n is an integer (positive or negative whole numbers). Standard form is very
useful in field of sciences and social sciences for easy presentations and analysis. Examples of
numbers in standard form includes: 4 x 109, 5.8 x 102, 5.62 x 104, etc
Examples:
1. Write the following in standard form:
(a) 90 000 000 (b) 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 (c) 34256.189 (d) 879.45
Solutions
(a). 90 000 000 = 9 x 10 000 000 = 9 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 9 x 107
(b). 6 x 1000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x
10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 6 X 1018
(c). 34256.189 = 3.4256189 x 10 000 = 3.4256189 x 104
(d). 879.45 = 8.7945 x 100 = 8.7945 10 x 10 = 8.7945 x 102
2. Express each of the following in ordinary forms or full figures:
(a). 7.879 x 105 (b). 6.209 x 104 (c). 4.231 x 106
Solutions:
(a). 7.879 x 105 = 7.879 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 7.879 x 100 000 = 787900
(b). 6.209 x 104 = 6.209 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 6.209 x 10 000 = 62090
(c). 4.231 x 106 = 4.231 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 4.231 x 1 000 000 = 42310000

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Express the following numbers in standard forms
(a) 50130002 (b) 0.0000032901 (c) 3518 x 1000000
(d) 0.000400254 (e) 0.000000000235 ÷ 1000000
2. Rewrite each of the following in ordinary forms
(a) 5.00009 x 105 (b) 8.543 x 10-4 (c) 6.653 x 10-6

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DECIMAL NUMBERS IN STANDARD FORM
Decimal fractions can be expressed in standard form using negative powers of ten (10).
This means that, the values of n when a decimal number is expressed in standard forms are
negative. To do this, we move the decimal point to Right Hand Side (RHS) in tenth.
Examples:
1) Express each of these numbers in standard form.
(a). 0.0008 (b). 0.0000 000 7 (c). 0. 000 036
Solutions:
8 8
(a). 0.0008 = 8 ÷ 10000= = =8 x 1/104 = 8 x 10-4
10000 10 x 10 x 10 x 10
7
(b). 0.000 00 7 = 7 ÷ 1000 000= =¿ 7 x 1/10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 7 x 10-6
1000000
36
(c). 0. 000 036 = 36 100000 = 100000 =¿ 36 x 1/ 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 3.6 x 106
2) Write the following as decimal fractions and standard forms:
(a) 16 thousandths (b) 60 millionths
Solutions:
(a) 16 thousandths = 1 thousandth x 16 = 0.001 x 16 = 0.0016
In standard form: 0.0016 = 1.6 x 10-3
(b) 60 millionths = 1 millionth x 60 = 0.00000 x 60 = 6 x 10-5
Class activity
1) Rewrite each of the following numbers in figures and put them in standard forms.
(a) 7 thousands (b) two and one quarter billion (c) 35 thousandths (d) 783 millionths
2) Express the following in standard form
a) 0. 00000027 b) 0. 000765 c) 0.0000000000000098

CHANGING FROM STANDARD FORM TO ORDINARY NUMBERS

Examples:
Express each of the following in ordinary forms or full figures:
(a). 7.879 x 105 (b). 6.209 x 104 (c). 4.231 x 106
Solutions:
(a). 7.879 x 105 = 7.879 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 7.879 x 100 000 = 787900
(b). 6.209 x 104 = 6.209 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 6.209 x 10 000 = 62090
(c). 4.231 x 106 = 4.231 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 4.231 x 1 000 000 = 42310000

INDICES
10x 10 x 10 = 103 is in index form, where 3 is the index or power of 103.
Similarly, p5 is short for p x p x p x p x p. 5 is the index of p in the expression p 5. We often say
this as ‘p to the power of 5’. The plural of index is indices.
The following are the laws of indices:
Multiplication: Xa x Xb = Xa + b
Example: Multiply the following

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 a) m3 x m5 b) 102 x 107 c) 5y5 x 3y3

Solutions:
a) m3 x m5
By expansion,
m3 x m5 = m x m x m x m x m x m x m x m = m 8
By adding index,
m3 x m5 = m3 + 5 = m8.
b) 102 x 107
= 102 + 7 = 109
c) 5y5 x 3y3
= (5 x 3) x y5 + 3
= 15 x y8
= 15y8
Division: Xa Xb = Xa – b
Example: solve the following
a) a7 a3 b) 10a8 5a6 c) 18x5 9x4
Solution
a) a7 a3
by expansion, we have
a7 a3 = a x a x a x a x a x a x a
axaxa
= a4
By subtracting index,
a7 a3 = a7 – 3 = a4
b) 10a8 ÷ 5 a6
= (10 ÷ 5) x a8 – 6
= 2 x a2
= 2a2
c) 18x5 ÷ 9x4
= (18 ÷ 9 ¿ x ( x5 – 4)
= 2 x x1
= 2x
Zero and negative power: any number to the power of zero is 1 and any number having a
negative power becomes a fraction. X0 = 1, X-a = 1/xa
Example: simplify the following
a) 10-2 b) x5 x x-2 c) r7x r7 d) 2a-1 x 3a2
Solution
a) 10-2 = 1/10
b) X5 x X-2
= X5 + (-2)
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 = X5 – 2
= X-3
= 1/x3
c) r7 ÷ r7
= r7-7 = r0
= 1.

d) 2a-1 x 3a2
= ( 2 x 3) x a-1 + 2
= 6a1
= 6a.
CLASS ACTIVITY: simplify the following
1) 2e4 x 5e10 2) 51m9 ÷ 3m 3) (3.6 x 107) ÷ (1.2 x 103) 4) (2a)-1 x 3a2 5) (1/3)-2

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1) Express the following in standard form:
a) 0.000 0004 b) 720 000 000 c) 0.000 000 052 d) 85 000 000 000
2) Express the following in ordinary form
a) 3 x 108 b) 2.6 x 107 c) 4.4 x 109 d) 3.4 x 105
3) Express the following to decimal fractions
a) 4.5 x 10-3 b) 2.4 x 10-4 c) 8.8 x 10-5
4) Express the following decimals in standard form
a) 0.000 005 b) 0. 0008 c) 0.000 000 005
5) Simplify the following:
a) a11 ÷ a9 b) 3 x 106 x 5 x 103 c) 2a-1 x (3a)2

ASSIGNMENTS
1) express each of the following in standard form
a) 7540058 b) 720 000 000 c) 9 400 000 000
2) Express the following decimals in standard form
a) 0.05872 b) 0.00489 c) 0.000 005
3) Write the following in ordinary form
a) 5.342 x 103 b) 9.58 x 104
4) The number 0.000 000 000 000 448 2 in standard form is
5) Simplify the following
a) 28z12 ÷ 4z10 b) 5 x 106 x 2 x 104 c) y8 ÷ (1/y)5

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WEEK 2
WHOLE NUMBERS
CONTENTS
 Revision: Prime factors, LCM and HCF
 Squares and square roots
 Quantitative reasoning.

Prime factors, LCM and HCF

Prime factors of numbers.
Prime factors of a number are the factors of that number which are not divisible by any other
number except that number and 1. For example, the prime factors of 30 are 2,3 and 5 because out
of all the factors of 30 (1,2,3,5,6,10,15 and 30), it is only 2,3 and 5 that are not divisible by any
other number except themselves and 1.
Examples:
Write the factors of the following numbers and state the prime factors, hence express each
number as a product of its prime factors.
(a) 22 (b) 50 (c) 63 (d) 42
Solutions:
(a) 22
Factors of 22 are 1, 2, 11, 22
The prime factors of 22 are 2 and 11
Product of its prime factors of 22 = 2 x11
(b) Factors of 50 are 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50
The prime factors of 50 are 2 and 5
Product of its prime factors of 50 = 2 x 5 x 5 = 2 x 52
(c) Factors of 63 are 1, 3, 7, 9, 21 and 63
The prime factors of 63 are 3 and 7
Product of its prime factors of 63 = 3 x 3 x 7 = 32 x 7
(d) Factors of 42 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 42
The prime factors of 42 are 2, 3 and 7
Product of its prime factors of 42 = 2 x 3 x 7

Prime factorization
Examples
Express the following as a product of their prime factors in index form.
(a) 27 (b) 104 (c) 116
Solutions:
Divide each of the numbers by the prime factors in turns until it will not divide any further.
(a) 27
3 27

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 3 9
3 3

∴27 = 3 x 3 x 3 = 33
(b) 104
2 104
2 52
2 26
13 13
1
∴ 104=¿ 2 x 2 x 2 x 13 = 23 x 13
(c) 116
2 116
2 58
29 29
1
∴ 116=¿2 x 2 x 29 = 22 x 29

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. For each of the following numbers: 39, 53, 72 and 56
(a) Write their factors (b) state which factors are prime numbers
(c) Express the numbers as product of its prime factors
2. Show that 61 is a prime number
3. Express each number as a product of its prime factors in index form: 117, 200, 98, 52
and 174

THE LEAST COMMON MULTIPLES (LCM) OF NUMBERS

The LCM of two or more quantities is the smallest common multiple they have.
For example:
The multiple of 2: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12…
The multiple of 3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15…
Notice that 6 and 12 are the common multiples of 2 & 3
But the Least Common multiple (LCM) is 6.
Example: Find the LCM of 22, 30 and 40
Method: Express each number as a product of its prime factors.
22 = 2 x 11
30 = 2 x 3 x 5
40 = 2 x 2 x 2 x5 = 23 x 5
The prime factors of 22, 30 and 40 are 2, 3, 5, and 11.
The highest power of each prime factor must be in the LCM.
These are 23, 3, 5 and 11
Thus, LCM = 23 X 3 X 5 X 11
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 = 8 X 3 X 5 X 11
= 1320

Alternative method
2 22 30 40
2 11 15 20
2 11 15 10
3 11 15 5
5 11 5 5
11 11 1 1
1 1 1

Thus, LCM = 23 X 3 X 5 X 11 = 1320

CLASS ACTIVITY:- Find the LCM of the following:

1. 18, 30 and 48
2. 8, 10 and 12

THE HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF) OF NUMBERS

14 is the highest common factor (HCF) of 28 and 42. It is the greatest number which will divide
exactly into both 28 and 42.
Example 1
Find the HCF of 504 and 588.
Method: express each number as a product of its prime factors.
2 504 2 588
2 252 2 294
2 126 3 147
3 63 7 49
3 21 7 7
7 7 1
1

504 = 23 x 32 x 7 588 = 22 x 3 x 72
Find the common prime factors
504 = (22 x 3 x 7) x 2 x 3
588 = (22 x 3 x 7) x 7
The HCF is the product of the common prime factors.
HCF = 22 x 3 x 7
=4X3X7
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 = 84

CLASS ACTIVITY
Find the HCF of the number 36, 54 and 60

SQUARE ROOTS OF PERFECT SQUARES BY FACTOR METHOD

SQUARE:
72 = 7 X 7
In words ‘the square of 7 is 49’. We can turn this statement round and say, ‘the square root of 49
is 7’.
In symbols, √ 49 = 7, to find the square root of a number, first find its factors.
Examples
1) Find √ 11025.
Method: try the prime number, first find its factors.

3 11025
3 3675
5 1225
5 245
7 49
7 7
1

11025 = 32 X 52 X 72
= (3X5X7) X (3 X 5 X 7)
= 105 X 105
Thus √ 11025 = 105
It is not always necessary to write a number in its prime factors.
Perfect Squares:
A perfect square is a whole number whose square root is also is also a whole number. i.e. 9, 25,
225, 9216 are perfect squares because their square roots are whole numbers.
It is possible to express a perfect square in factors with even indices. For example:
9216 = 962 = 32 x 322
= 32 x 42 x 82
= 32 x 210
2) Find the smallest number by which 540 must be multiplied so that the product is a
perfect square.
2 540
2 270
3 135
3 45
3 15
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5 5
1

540 = 22 x 33 x 5
The index of 2 is even.
The indices of 3 and 5 are odd.
one more 3 and one more 5 will make all the indices even. The product will then be a perfect
square.
∴The number required = 3 x 5 = 15.

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Find by factors the square roots of the following: i. 484 ii. 2500
2. Find the smallest numbers by which the following must be multiplied so that their
products are perfect squares. (a) 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 (b) 23 x 34 x 56 x 72 x 132

QUANTITATIVE REASONING
Sample A 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,...
2, 4, 6, 8, 10,…
6, 12, 18, 24, 30, …
Supply the missing numbers in 16, 20, _____, 28, _______
The set are multiples of 4 because 4 can divide all the given numbers without remainder,
so successive addition of 4 gives 16 + 4 = 20, 20+ 4 = 24; 24 + 4 = 28; 28+ 4 = 32
Fill in the gaps.
1. 15, 30, _____, 60, ___
2. 4, 6, __, __, 12, 14

Sample B
9 6 16 12 4 2
3
4 2

12 15 20 24 6 8

(a.) (b.) (c.)

10 ? 24 21 33 ?
? 11
15 5 20 27 30 44 55

5 ? 11

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1) Find the L.C.M of the following: a) 12, 15 and 18 b) 20, 28 and 30 c) 216 and 168
2) Find the HCF of the following: a) 72, 108 and 54 b) 36, 54 and 60 c) 54 and 105
3) Find the factors of the square roots of the following:
a) 1 936 b) 2 025 c) 2 916 d) 3 136 e) 1 225
4) What must the multiplied to 240 to make it a perfect square?
5) Express 11 664 as a product of its factors in index form

ASSIGNMENTS
1) Using the product of prime factors, find the square root of i) 400 ii) 750
2) What is the smallest number by which 90 must be multiplied to obtain a perfect square?
3) Find the square root of the following by factorization method
i) 5 184 ii) 46 565 iii) 7 744 d) 2 916 e) 41 209
2
4) A square plank has an area of 116.64cm . What is the length of its sides?
5) A pile of nuts can be shared equally between 8 boys, between 9 boys and between 10 boys.
What is the least number of nuts in the pile?
6) How many five-digit numbers are divisible by 11, If the first digit is 1, the third digit is 3
and the fifth digit is 5?
7) Express 38 as a product of two prime numbers.
8) Factorize and so find the square root of 64, 81, 144, 256, 729, 1600

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WEEK 3
APPROXIMATION
CONTENT
 Approximation of numbers: Decimal places, Significant figures
 Quantitative Reasoning

Approximation of numbers
To approximate a number means to write a number near the original number that is a
number not exactly the original number. It may be a bit more or less than the original. Whole
numbers can be approximated to the nearest ten, hundred, thousand, million, etc.
Let’s consider the table below:
NUMBE APPROXIMATED
R
186 190 to the nearest ten
1586 1600 to the nearest hundred
346 300 to the nearest hundred
1481 1480 to the nearest ten
687.4 687 to the nearest unit
4225 4000 to the nearest thousand
69685.42 69690 to the nearest ten
2.634 2.630 to the nearest thousandth
0.214 0.214 to the nearest thousandth

From the above table, we can see that when numbers are approximated, they do not give
the exact result expected. In approximation, we only consider the next figure we are
approximating. If it is up to 5 and above, we take it as one (1) and add the (1) to the figure we are
approximating to. If it is less than 5, we make it zero (0) and add zero to the figure.
Examples:
1. Sum 48, 226 and 592 and approximate your answer to the nearest hundred.
Solution:
48 + 226 +592 = 866.
To the nearest hundred 866 = 900
2. Simply 1984 −689−800+215
Solution:
1984+ 215−( 689+ 800 )=2199−1489=710
To the nearest hundred = 700
3. The heights of three educators are 1.45m, 3m and 2.11m. Calculate the total height and
approximate to the nearest hundredth.
Solution:
1.45m + 3.00m + 2.11m = 6.56m.
To the nearest hundredth, 6.56m is the answer.

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Note that in the example above, the answer is exactly the as the number approximated, which is
6.56m.

NOTE: Correcting numbers to the nearest ten (10) means leaving your answer with only
one zero at the back of your answer (the unit position), while to the nearest hundred (100)
and thousand (1000) means leaving two zeros and three zeros at the back respectively
Example:
Write 7822 to the (a) nearest ten (b) nearest hundred (c) thousand
Solutions:
(a) 7822 =7820 to the nearest ten because 7822 is nearer to 7820 than 7830
(b) 7822 =7800 to the nearest ten because 7822 is nearer to 7800 than 7900
(c) 7822 =8000 to the nearest ten because 7822 is nearer to 8000 than 7000
Significant Figures
Numbers could be rounded up to a given significant figures. Significant figures are obtained by
counting the number of digits in a given number.
When rounding up or down a number to given significant figures we count the digits of the
number from left hand side to the required significant figures, then we consider the next digit to
do the rounding up or down. If the digit is less than 5, we round down the number to zero and if
it is equal to or greater than 5, we round it to one (1)

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 Example:
Round off:
(a) 456.36 (b) 0.03278 to:
(I) 2 significant figures
(II) 3 significant figures
Solution:
a. (i) 456.36 = 460 (2 s.f)
(ii) 456.36 = 456 (3 s.f)
b. (i) 0.03278 = 0.03 (2 s.f)
(ii) 0.03278 = 0.033 (3 s.f)

Class Activity:
1. Approximate (a) 2.517 (b) 0.497 to the nearest whole, tenth and hundredth
2. In 2011 Nigeria general election, there were 22.8 million registered male and 25.12 million
registered female voters. How voters were there altogether correct to 3 significant figures?
3. Round off :
(a) 468.3907 (b) 0.009896 to:
(i) 3 significant figures
(ii) 4 significant figure and state in each case the type of rounding off.

Decimal places
The number of digit(s) after the decimal point in any given number is called its Decimal
places.
Example:
Correct the following to i) 1 decimal place ii) 2 decimal places iii) 3 decimal places
a) 0.10775 b) 0.08017 c) 2.1359
Solution

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 a) 0.10775
0.10775 = 0.1 to 1d.p
0.10775 = 0.11 to 2d.p
0.10775 = 0.108 to 3d.p
b) 0.08017
0.08017 = 0.1 to 1dp
0.08017 = 0.08 to 2dp
0.08017 = 0.080 to 3dp
c) 2.1359
2.1359 = 2.1 to 1dp
2.1359 = 2.14 to 2dp
2.1359 = 2.136 to 3dp

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 Class Activity
Write the following numbers correct to 1, 2 and 3 decimal places
a) 0.2176 b) 0.7487 c) 16.074 d) 22. 3262 e) 0.007749

QUANTITATIVE REASONING
Sample A:
237
+ 561
798 → 800
420
+ 513
933→ 930
Class Activity
Study the samples and then use it to answer the following:
1. 243
- 115
358 → ?

2. ?
- 316
621 → 620

3. 512
- 242 ? → 750

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Sample B:
267.167 // 267.17
107.224 // 107.22
Class Activity
Solve the following:
1. 7.872 // ? 2. 100.248 // ? 3. ? // 0.89 4. ? // 0.03

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1) Write each of the following numbers correct to 1, 2 and 3 significant figures
a) 66.57 b) 2.0079 c) 0.0187 d) 4 766
2) Write each of the following numbers correct to 1, 2 and 3 decimal places
a) 0.05144 b) 2.1359 c) 159.82
3) Round off 2453.738 to: i) 2 decimal places ii) 3 significant figures
4) Approximate 0.0025349 to 4 significant figures
5) A room is 18.8m by 9.8m. Calculate correct to 2 decimal places the perimeter of the
room.
ASSIGNMENT
1) Round off each of the following to: i) 2 decimal places ii) 3 significant figures
a)0.90907 b) 0.9997 c) 15.09624
2) A packet of biscuits has a mass of 205g. if there are 28 biscuits in the packet, what is the
approximate mass of 1 biscuit correct to 5 decimal places?
3) A woman’s pace is about 70cm long. She takes 2858 paces to walk from her home to the
market. Find the distance from her home to the market correct to 4 significant figures.
4) The perimeter of a school compound is 1 616m. In the perimeter of the fence, there are
203 fence posts equally spaced. Find, approximating to 3 decimal places, the distance
between two posts?
5) A nautical mile is 1.853km long. Calculate to: i) 2 dp ii) 2 s.f, how many kilometres are
there in 243 nautical miles.

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WEEK 4

FRACTIONS

CONTENT

 Expressing fractions as decimals

 Percentages: Percentages of quantities; expressing one quantity as a percentage of
the other; percentage increase and decrease.
 Ratios
 Rates and Proportions
 Word problems

EXPRESSING FRACTIONS AS DECIMALS

There are two methods of doing this conversion. There is the general method which can
be used any time and on any type of vulgar fraction. There is also another method where the
denominator of the fraction contains power/powers of ten.
In this second case, the given fraction can first be converted to an equivalent fraction.
Examples :
1. Convert the following common fractions to decimal fractions (decimal numbers).
2 3 144
, , .
5 4 225
Solutions:
First: we can use the equivalent fractions method, before the general method.
2 2 2× 2 4
 Write as = = =0.4
5 5 5× 2 10
2
= 0.4
5
3 3 3 ×25 75
 Write as = = =0.75
4 4 4 × 25 100
3
∴ = 0.75
4
144 144 144 × 4 576
 Write as = = = 0.576
225 225 225 ×4 1000
144
∴ = 0.576
225
Second: the general method (for all condition) is used when the denominator of the given
fraction does not contain power(s) of 10. This is by dividing the numerator by the denominator
mentally or via long-division previously learnt by students in their Primary School days.
Teacher to demonstrate this approach to students as an alternative.

Conversion of decimals to fractions.

Examples:
1. Convert 0.65 to a common fraction.

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Solution:
To do this, we simply multiply the given decimal fraction by 100 and at the same time divide it
by 100.
0.65 ×100
Write 0.65 as 0.65 = . If we carefully notice the expression, we will see that what we
100
100
are doing is just multiplying 0.65 by unity (1). Because =¿1.
100

⇒
0.65 ×100 65 13
= = , (when further reduced to the lowest term).
100 100 20
13
∴0.65 = .
20
2. Convert 0.6 to a common fraction.
Solution:
To do this we simply multiply the given decimal fraction by 10 and at the same time divide it
by 10.
0.6 ×10 6 3
Write 0.6 as 0.6 = = = .
10 10 5
3
∴0.6 = .
5
3. Convert 0.125 to a common fraction.
Solution:
To do this we multiply the given decimal fraction by 1000 and at the same time divide it by 1000
0.125 ×1000 125 25 5 1
to have 0.125 = = = = = (when fully simplified to its lowest
1000 1000 200 40 8
form).
CLASS ACTIVITY:
1. Change the following common fractions to decimal fractions.
9 1 2 17 123
, , , , .
15 19 23 3 341
2. Change the following decimal fractions to the vulgar or common fractions.
i) 0.56 ii) 0.0015 iii) 5.35 iv) 0.222 v) 1.98

PERCENTAGES
This is a number expressed as a fraction of 100. The symbol for percentage is %. 1%
means 1 out of 100. This can be written as a fraction 1/100, 100 is the denominator.
Example
2
1. Express as percentage.
15
Solution:
There are two possible ways to answer the question.
METHOD 1:
2 2 200 1
Write as ×100= =13 %.
15 15 15 3
Copyright: Deeper Life High School, Mathematics Department, 2017. Page 19
 2 1
= 13 %in percentage.
15 3
METHOD 2:
2
2 2 40 1
2 3 ×20 13 1
Write as = 3 = 3 = 3 = 3 = 13 % in percentage
15 15 3
5 5 ×20 100 100
3

2. Express 65% as fraction.

Solution:
65 13
Write 65% as 65% = = .
100 20
13
65% = 20 .
3. Express 24% as fraction.
Solution:
24 6
Write 24% as 24% = = .
100 25
6
∴ 24% =
25
Class activity
1) Express each of the following fractions as percentage.
5 17 9 1
, , , .
8 20 25 90
2) Express each of the following percentages as fraction.
64%, 45 %, 0.125 %, 0.17 % .
Percentage of quantities
Examples: find the value of the following
1) 20% of 400 yams
2) 121/2% of 2000km
Solution:
1) 20% of 400yams
20
/100 x 400
= 20 x 4
= 80 yams
2) 121/2 of 2000km
= 25/2 x 2000
= 25 x 1000
= 25 000km
Expressing one quantity as a percentage of the other
Examples:

Copyright: Deeper Life High School, Mathematics Department, 2017. Page 20

 1) What percentage of 21/4 hours is 45 minutes
2) A farmer found 24 out of 100 tubers of yam bad, what percentage of the yam is bad.
Solution
1) 21/4 hours = 9/4 x 60/1 = 9 x 15 = 135 minutes
Thus, 45 minutes as a percentage of 135 minutes
= 45/135 x 100/1
= 1/3 x 100 = 100/3
= 33 1/3%
2) Total yam = 100
Bad yams = 24
Percentage of bad yams
= 72/100 x 100/1
= 72%

Percentage increase and decrease

Percentage increase represents a rise or appreciation of a given number, amount or
quantity while Percentage decrease represents a reduction or depreciation of a given number,
amount or quantity. It is the opposite of percentage increase.
Example:
1) Increase $210 by 30%
2) Find the percentage increase from 250 to 350
3) Reduce £650 by 10%
4) A tank containing kerosene is three-quarter full. If 20% of the kerosene is removed, find
the amount of kerosene left in the tank.
Solution: Method 1
1) Amount = $210
Percentage increase = 30%
Total amount (30% of 210)
= 30/100 x 210
= $63
Increasing $210 by $63 = $210 + $ 63 = $273
Therefore, total amount = $273
Method 2
Percentage increase = 30%
Total percentage = 100% + 30% = 130%
Amount to be increased = $210
Required amount = 130/100 x 210
=13 x 21
= $273
2) First, we subtract 250 from 350, then we express the difference over 250 and multiply by
100:

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 Thus, 350 – 250 = 100
= 100/250 x 100
= 4 x 10
= 40%
3) 10% of £650
10
/100 x 650 = 1 x 65
= £65
Decreasing £650 by £65 = £650 - £65
= £585
Therefore, the required amount = £585
4) Present level of kerosene = 3/4
Total decrease = 20%
Total percentage after decrease
= 100 – 20 = 80%
Level of kerosene left = 80/100 x 3/4
= (20 x 3 ) ÷ 100
= 3/5
Therefore the level of kerosene left in the tank is 3/5 of the tank.
Class Activity
1) Increase the following by 25%
i) 420kg ii) 16 000kg
2) A trader sells water melon, tomatoes and onions. Their prices are £250, £1 450 and £4
500 respectively. If each of the price was increased by 20%, find the price of water
melon, tomatoes and an onion.
3) Reduce 75 litres of water by 15%
4) The prize of a shirt was slashed from £1 500 to £1 250. Find the percentage decrease
in the price of the shirt.
RATIO
Ratio compares two or more quantities or amounts of the same kind. It can be expressed
as a fraction, e.g. 2:3 = 2/3. It can be expressed in its simplest or lowest term by cancelling, and it
does not contain a fraction or decimal in its lowest term. In other words, Ratio is a type of
measure of the relative size of two or more quantities expressed as a proportion
Example:
1) If Honesty spent N224.00 on buying a story book, Sandra spent N70.00 Bobo drink. Find
the ratio of the amount spent by Honesty to that of Sandra
2) Express 49.00 as a fraction and as ratio of 84.00
3) In a school of 720 students the ratio of boys to girls is 7:5. Find the number of boys and
girls respectively.
Solution
1) Honesty N 224.00, Sandra N 70.00
amount spent Honesty 224 32
Then = =
amount spent by Sandra 70 10

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 ∴ the ratio of amount spent by Honesty to the amount spent by Sandra = 224:70 =
32:10.
Reducing it to its lowest term = 16:5.

N 49 7
2) As a fraction: =
N 84 12
As a ratio: N 49 : N 84 = 7:12

3) Ratio of boys to girls = 7:5

Total ratio = 7+5 = 12
7 7 720
Number of boys = of 720 = x = 7 x 60 = 420 boys
12 12 1
5 720
Number of girls = = x= = 5 x 60 = 300girls
12 1
Class Activity
1. 120,000 dollars is shared between 2 students who are on scholarship in Deeper Life High
School in the ratio 36:28. How much does each student gets?
2. If the ratio of a number to 4 is equal to the ratio 3:2, find the number.

Rate
74km/hr, $8 000/day, 9km/hr are all examples of rates.
 The first rate tells the distance gone in1 hour
 The second rate tells how much money is made in 1 day
 The third rate tells the distance travelled in 1hour.
Example:
A car travels 126km in 11/2 h. Find its rate in km/h.
Solution:
In 11/2h, the car travels 126km
In 1 h, the car travels 126 ÷ 11/2
= 126 ÷ 3/2
= 126 x 2/3
= 42 x 2
= 84km/h
Proportion
This is the relation of one part to another or to the whole with respect to quantity
There are two types which is Direct and Inverse Proportion.
When a quantity increases in relation to another quantity is Direct Proportion. On the other
hand, an increase in a quantity in relation to a decrease in another quantity (or vice-versa) is
called Indirect Proportion.
Example:
1) A man gets #8 000 for 5hours work. How much does he get for 14 hours?
2) A bag of rice feeds 15 students for 7 days. How long would the same bag feed 10
students.

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Solution
1) 5 hours = #8 000
1 hour = #8 000 ÷ 5
= #1 600
For 14 hours now,
14 x #1 600
= #22 400
2) 15 students = 7 days
1 student = 15 x 7
= 105 days
For 10 students we have,
= 105 ÷ 10
= 105/10
= 101/2 days.
Class Activity
1) It takes four people 3 days to dig a small field. How long would it take three people to do
the same work?
2) A bag of corn can feed 100 chickens for 12 days. For how many days would the same
feed 80 chickens?
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1) Express the following in decimal
2 3 144
, ,
5 4 225
2) Change the following decimals to fraction
i) 0.0075 ii) 0.0006 iii) 0.55
3) A boy scored 15 out of 25 marks in a mathematics test. Calculate the score in percentage.
4) Change the following to ratios in their lowest term
i) 30 minutes to 2 hours
ii) 110cm to 250mm
iii) #225 to #145
iv) 105litres to 81 decilitre
5) 80 machines can produce 4 800 electric bulbs in 25 minutes. Express the proportion of
machines. Electric bulbs and time in ratio.
6) Three children are to share 936 biscuits in the ratio 2:3:4. How many will each receive.

ASSIGNMENTS
1) Find the value of x and y in the following ratios
i) 3:5 = x:20
ii) 11:35 = 66: y
2) In a village of 375 children under the age of 10. If 68% of them have had malaria, how
many children have escaped the disease?
3) Five buses need 3 trips to take 450 students to the stadium to watch a concert. How many
trips would the 3 buses need to take the same number of students?

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 4) The ratio of girls to boys in a boarding school is 2:7. If there are 1 251 students in the
school:
a) How many of the students are girls?
b) What percentage of the students are boys?
5) An old carpet which now costs #1 000, was sold for #1 400 when new. Calculate the
percentage decrease.
6) The cost of petrol is #65 per litre. What is the percentage increase if it is sold for #105 per
litre by a dealer during fuel scarcity?

WEEK 5
TRANSACTIONS IN THE HOMES AND OFFICES
CONTENT
 Household Arithmetic (budget, savings, rents, taxes, bills, water rate)
Household budgeting: this is the process of planning how to spend an amount of money or family
income that is available to avoid wastage. It guides in aligning expenditure with income.
Example:
The monthly income of a family is #140 000. They plan to spend the income as follows:
#6 000 for house rent, #44 000 for food, #15 000 for transport, #3 000 for electricity bill, #2 500 for water
bill, #10 000 for dependent relatives and #8 000 for the house keeper. Find the total expenditure of the
family and determine whether they will have some money for other emergencies or expenses.
Solution
Total monthly income = #140 000
Expenditure:
House rent = #6 000
Food = #44 000
Transport = #15 000
Electricity bill = #3 000
Water bill = #2 500
Dependent relatives = #10 000
House keeper = #8 000
Total expenses = sum of all the expenditure = #88 000
Excess amount
= monthly income – total expenditure
= #140 000 - #88 000
= #52 000
Hence, the amount of money left for other expenses is #52 000
Class Activity
Copyright: Deeper Life High School, Mathematics Department, 2017. Page 25
A corps member plans to spend his monthly allowance as follows: 30% on food, 5% on clothing, 2% on
entertainment, 3% on transport, 21/2% on electricity and 20% on savings. If the income per month is £19
800.
a) Find his total expenses for the month.
b) Calculate the amount of money left for emergencies.

Savings: this refers to a part of an income that is kept aside for future use, such as during retirement or
when money may not be readily available. It can be fixed or a percentage of the family income or
earnings in a month or a given period of time.
Example
A trader saves 5% of her weekly income of #15 000
a) How much will she be able to save in 12 weeks?
b) What will be her savings in one year?
c) What fraction of the income per week saved?
Solution
a) Percentage savings = 5%
Income per week #15 000
Total savings in a week = 5% of #15 000
5
= /100 x 15 500/1
= # 750
Savings for 12 weeks = #750 x 12
= #9 000
b) Savings for one year ( a year has 52 weeks)
= #750 x 52
= #39 000
c) Fraction of savings to income per week
= 750 ÷ 15 000
= 1/20
Class Activity
The wedding expenses of a man is estimated at #85 986. If the man saves 12% of his
monthly income of #42 150, in how many months will he have saved enough for his wedding?
Rents
Rent refers to the amount of money paid for occupying a place like a house, a shop or a
park that does not belong to a person for a period of time.
Example:
The monthly rent for a shop in a village is #2 000. If this amount is increased by 20%,
calculate the new rent for the room.
Solution
Monthly rent = #2 000
Percentage increase = 20%
Total percentage = 100 + 20 = 120%
New rent = 120/100 x 1500
= 12 x 15

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 = # 1800
Therefore the new rent that will be paid is #1 800
Class activity
1) The cost of renting a two-bedroom flat in a town for a year is #160 000. If this amount is
increased by 20%, what will be the rent?
2) Find the rent as a percentage of the total income if a man pays #1 500 per week for a shop
that generates a weekly income of #20 000.
Taxes
These are charges against a citizen, a person, property or activities to support the
government. It is a means of generating revenue by the government for the purpose of providing
services such as education, road construction, water supply and security for the public.
Example
1) A shop owner pays #5 400 in taxes, which is 15% of his gross earnings in a year. What is
his annual income?
Solution
Let the annual income be Y
15% of Y = #5 400
15
/100 x Y = #5 400
15 x Y = #5 400 x 100
15Y = #540 000
Y = 540 000 ÷ 15
Y = #36 000
2) A rented piece of land has a rateable value of #871. If the land is assessed and the rate at
54k in the naira is satisfied, find the rate to the nearest naira.
Solution
Rateable value of the land = #871
Annual rate is 54k per naira = 54 x #871
= 47 034k
= #470.34
Therefore the rate = #470 to the nearest naira.
Class Activity
1) The rateable value of a company is #25 660. How much will the owner pay when the rate
in the naira is reduced by 10% from 70k in the naira and the rateable value is increased
by 5%?
2) The rate at 551/2k in the naira of a shop is 134 643k. Find the rateable value of the shop.

BILLS
This is the amount that is paid when a service is rendered. There are many types of bills
but we shall consider just two, namely; Electricity bills and Telephone bills.
Example
1) An electricity bill contains 15 000 units for previous reading and 16 000 units as the
present reading. Calculate the amount of energy consumed. If the charging rate is #1.00
Copyright: Deeper Life High School, Mathematics Department, 2017. Page 27
 per unit, the demand charge is #50 per month and VAT is 5% charge per month, calculate
the electricity bill for the month.
2) A teacher made 50 minutes of local calls at the rate of #15 per minute and 15 minutes of
international calls at the rate of #20 per minute. If the rental charge is #50 in a month plus
5% VAT, calculate the telephone bill of the student in a month.
Solution
1) Previous reading = 15 000
Present reading = 16 000
Amount of energy consumed
= present reading – previous reading
= 16 000 – 15 000
= 1000 units
Cost of 1000 units at #1.00 per unit
= 1000 x 1.00
= #1000.00
Demand charge = #50
Total charge = #1000.00 + #50.00
= #1050.00
VAT is 5% of #1050.00
= 5/100 x #1050
= 1/2 x 105
= #52.5
Electricity bill for the month = Total charges + VAT
= #1050 + #52.5
= #157.5
2) Time spent on local calls = 50 minutes
Cost at #15 per minute = 50 x 15
= #750
Time spent on international calls = 15 minutes
Cost at #20 per minute = 15 x 20 = #300
Rental charge = #50
Total telephone charges
= #750 + # 300 + #50
= #1 100
VAT at 5% of total telephone charges,
i.e 5% of #1 100 = 5/100 x 1 100
= #5.00
Telephone bill for the month
= #1 100 + #5.00
= #1 105
Class Activity

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 1) A family’s income is #84 600. If 5% of the income is spent on telephone bills at the
rate of #36 per minute including VAT, calculate the family’s telephone bill in a
month.
2) Calculate the electricity bill of a tenant if the meter reading changed from 40 193 to
45 612 in a quarter of a year and a VAT is 5% for the period, the energy charge is
#1.80 per unit, and the demand charge is #60 per month.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1) If the cost of transport is reduced by 10% and added to the cost of school fees, what
will be the amounts for school fees and transport?
2) A clerk wants to save some amount of money towards his retirement. If his monthly
income #24 800, and he is left with affixed amount of #8 000 to save a month:
a) In how many months will he be able to save #2 400 000?
b) What is the percentage of his savings to his income per month?
3) The cost of renting a video shop was reduced by 12% to encourage customers to rent
it. Find the cost of renting the shop originally marked #72 000 per annum
4) The present meter reading for water is 14 334. Calculate the previous reading of the
meter after 2 005 units of water is consumed in a month.
5) The rateable value of a poultry farm is #6 256. Find how much the owner will pay
when the rate of 54k in the naira is increased in the ratio 3:2 and the rateable value is
increased in the ratio 2:1
ASSIGNMENT
1) A man saves 12% of his monthly income and spends the rest on feeding and
entertainment. Calculate the man’s monthly savings if his salary is #38 250 per month.
2) Calculate the amount of rent that should be paid on a house of #96 500 given at a
discount of 15% per annum for two years.
3) To raise sufficient income for development, a city declared a rate of 72k in the naira on
#16 750 000 income. Find the rateable value of the house.
4) Calculate the water bill for a company whose meter reading changed from 24 151 to 30
169 in two months at a fixed charge #65 per month if #1.20 per unit of water is charged
plus 5% VAT
5) A woman made local calls at the rate of #36 per minute for 2 hours 16 minutes and
international calls at the rate of #39 per minute for 1 hour 12 minutes in a month. If the
rental charge is #60, plus 5% VAT per month, find the woman’s telephone bill in a month
and the amount of money the government will receive.

Copyright: Deeper Life High School, Mathematics Department, 2017. Page 29

WEEK 6
TRANSACTIONS IN THE HOMES AND OFFICES
CONTENT
 Commercial Arithmetic (simple interest, profit and loss, discount, commission,
VAT, hire purchase)
 Exchange rate

COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC
Simple Interest
If you save your money with a bank, you will be paid some extra money called interest.
On the other hand, if you borrow money from a bank you pay interest to the bank. The original
money invested or borrowed is known as the principal or capital. The interest rate is often given
in percentage and quoted as a rate per annum. For example, 5% rate means that the interest paid
or received every year is 5% of the principal.

Example 1:

If you save N20000, then at the end of the year you will have your original money
(principal) plus the interest

N20 000 + 5% of N20 000 = N20 000 + N1000

= N21 000

The interest is N1000 and the amount you now have in your saving account is N21 000

Note that (Amount = principal + interest).

Example 2:
Copyright: Deeper Life High School, Mathematics Department, 2017. Page 30
 Mr. Ogbeha saves N50 000 with a bank for 1 year with interest at 5 ½ % per annum.

a. Calculate the interest he will receive at the end of the year.

b. Calculate the simple interest for 4 ½ years.
c. What is the total amount he will save at the end of 4 ½ years

Solution:

a. Interest = 5 ½% of N50 000

1
5
= 2 5.5
× N 50 000= × N 50 000
100 100
= 0.055 X 50 000 = N 2750
b. Interest for 1 year = N 2750
Interest for 4 ½ years = N 2750 X 4 ½
= N 2750 X 4.5
Simple interest = N 12 375

Amount saved = principal + interest = N 50 000+ N 12 375 = N 62 375

Class Activity

Find the simple interest of the following:

1. 10000 for 1 year at 4% per annum
2. 15000 for 2years at 6% per annum
3. 20000 for 1year at 4 1 ½ per annum
Profit and loss
The cost at which a trader obtains his goods is called Cost Price (C.P). the price at which
the trader sells the goods is called the selling price (S.P).
When the selling price is greater than the cost price, a profit is said to be made and
Profit = selling price – cost price
If the selling price is less than the cost price, a loss is said to be made and
Loss = cost price – selling price
Sometimes, the word gain is used in place of profit.
Example

1) A trader buys a kettle for and sells it at a profit of 15%. Find his actual profit and the
selling price.

Solution:

15
Profit ¿ 15 % of N 800= × N 800=N 120
100
Copyright: Deeper Life High School, Mathematics Department, 2017. Page 31
 Selling price = N 800 + N 120

= N 920

2) A hat is bought for N 250 and sold for N 220. What is the loss per cent?

Solution

Actual loss = N 250 - N 220 = N 30

The ratio, loss: cost = N 30: N 250 = 30: 250

30
¿
250

30
t h us t h e loss is of t h e cost price
250

30
Percentage loss = ×100=12 %
250

Class Activity

1. A farmer buys a cow for N40000 and sells it for N33 000. What is the percentage loss?
2. A trader bought some compact disc for N350 each. She sold them at a 12% profit. What
was the selling price?

Discount
A discount is a reduction in price. Discounts are often given for paying in cash.

Example

1) A trader sells packets of tissues at N140 each or four for N440. How much is saved by
buying four packets at once instead of separately?

Solution

I packet of tissues = N140

4 packets = 4 X N140 = N560

Discount price of 4 packets = N440

Savings = N560 - N440

= N120

2) A radio costs N5400. A 12 ½ % discount is given for cash. What is the cash price?

Solution

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Method 1:

Discount = 12 ½ % of N5 400

= 12 ½ /100 of N5 400

25 1
¿ × of N 5 400
2 100

1
¿ × N 5 400=N 675
8

cas h price=N 5 400−N 675

= N4725

Method 2:

( 1
)
cas h price= 100 %−12 % of N 5 400
2

1
=87 % of N 5 400
2

1
87
= 2 7
× N 5400= × N 5 400=N 4 725
100 8

Class Activity

1. The selling price of a chair is N14000. The trader gives a 25% discount for cash. What is
the cash price?
2. Find the discount price if a discount price of:
a. 10% is given on a cost price of N430
b. 12 ½ % is given on a cost price of N280

Commission
Commission is payment for selling an item. For example insurance agents get
commission for selling insurance. The more insurance they sell, the more commission they
get. Likewise the sales representatives often receive a proportion of the value of the goods
they sell. This proportion is their commission.

Example

1) A sales representative works for an electric fan company. He gets a commission of 14k in
the naira. In one week he sells four table fans at N10 500 each and nine small fans at
N5400 each. Calculate his commission.

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Total sales = 4 x N10 500 + 9 x N5400

= N42 000 + N48 600

= N90 600

He gets 14k for every naira.

Commission = 90600 x 14k

= 1 268 400k

= N12 684

2) A bank charges 2 ½ % commissions for issuing a Bank Draft to its customers. If a

customer obtained a Bank draft for 84000 from the bank, calculate the total cost of the
Bank Draft.

Solution

Commission paid to the bank

= 2 ½% of N84 000

1
=2½x × N 84 000
100

5
= × N 84 000
200

= N 2100

Total cost of Bank Draft = value of Bank Draft + commission

= N84000 + N 2100

= N 86 100

Class Activity

1. A rent collector’s commission is 4 ½ of his takings. In one month he collects N 842 800
in rent. How much money does he get?
2. A car salesman gets 1k in the naira commission. Calculate his commission if he sells N 5
238 000 worth of cars in a month.

Value Added Tax (VAT)

A proportion of the money paid for certain goods and services is given to the
Government. The part which is given to the Government is called Value Added Tax (VAT), the
goods and services are called VATable items.

Example:
Copyright: Deeper Life High School, Mathematics Department, 2017. Page 34
 1) An advertisement for a table says that its price is N15 300 plus 5% VAT. how much does
the customer pay?

Solution

Amount paid by customer = 105% of N15 300

105
= N15 300 X
100

= N16 065

Note: The difference between N16 065 and N15 300 is N765. The Government receives N765 as
Vat

2) One year a company paid a N94500 telephone bill to NITEL. The bill included VAT at
5%. Calculate how much money the Government receives as VAT on the bill.

Solution

Since N94500 includes 5% VAT, then N94500 is 105% of the actual telephone bill. The VAT is
5% of the actual telephone bill.
N94 500
1% of actual bill = /105
= N900

5% of actual bill = N900 X 5

= N 4 500

The government receives N 4500 as VAT

Class Activity

Find the amount of money that the Government receives as VAT on each item in the
following advertisement:

COMFORT FURNISHING

a. Small tables N5670

b. Mattresses N9240
c. Beds N21630
d. 3-piece suites N31290
e. Kitchen tables N6930

All prices include 5% VAT

Copyright: Deeper Life High School, Mathematics Department, 2017. Page 35

Hire purchase

An instalment is a part payment. Many people find it easier to buy expensive items by
paying instalments.

Buying by instalment is called hire purchase. The buyer hires the use of an item before
paying for it completely. This is why hire purchase is more costly than paying in cash.

Example

The cost of a DVD player is either #34 000 in cash or deposit of #4 000 and 12 monthly
payments of N2750. Find the difference between the instalment price and the cash price.

Solution

Instalment price = deposit + instalment

= N4000 + 12 x N2750

= N4 000 + N33 000

= N37 000

Price difference = #37 000 - N34 000

= N3 000

Class Activity

The hire purchase price of a computer is N84000. 25% is paid as a deposit. The rest is spread
over 12 equal monthly instalments.

a. Calculate the amount of the deposit.

b. Calculate the remainder to be paid.
c. Find the amount of each monthly instalments

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1) What is the simple interest on #12, 000 at the rate of 3% per annum for 6 years?
2) The price of a car is #2 500 000. If 5% VAT is payable on the purchase. How much does
a prospective buyer pay?
3) An estate agent got 12% as commission on rental of #450 000. How much did he get?
4) A customer deposits a cheque for #50 000. Her bank charges 2% commission for clearing
the cheque. Calculate how much money is credited to her account.
5) By selling goods for #5 350 a trader makes a profit of 7%. She reduces her prices to #5
150. What is her percentage profit now?

Copyright: Deeper Life High School, Mathematics Department, 2017. Page 36

 6) A television set costs either #49 400 cash or weekly payments of #1 145. How much
more does the television set cost when paid for weekly?

ASSIGNMENT

1) A market trader asks #2500 for some cloth. A woman offers #1 200. After bargaining,
they agree a price half-way between the two starting prices.
a) How much does the woman pay?
b) What discount did she get by bargaining?
2) The cash price of a used car is #897 060. To pay by hire purchase requires a 10% deposit
and 36 monthly payments of #24 420
3) A bicycle can be bought either in cash for #24 700 or by paying 52 weekly payments of
#540.
4) A history book costs #850. The writers of the book get 10% of the price of each books
sold. How much will they get if it sells 15 628 copies in one year?
5) A villager bought 11 goats for #76 000. A year later he sold them at a profit of 32%.
What was the average selling price per goat?

WEEK 8
TOPIC: BASIC OPERATIONS ON DIRECTED NUMBERS
CONTENT:
 Addition and subtraction of directed numbers (Revision)
 Multiplication and division of directed numbers.
 Inverse and identity.

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF DIRECTED NUMBER LINE (REVISION)

Addition: to add using the number line, we move to the right (forward) of the number line
counting each step till the addition is complete. The number at the end is the result of the
addition.

Subtraction: to subtract using the number line, we move to the left (backwards) of the number
line counting each step till the subtraction is complete. The number at the end is the result of
the subtraction.

Try out the exercises on this worksheet using the first representation as an example:

1.

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2

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MULTIPLICATION OF DIRECTED NUMBERS
Multiplication is a short way of writing repeated additions. For example,
3 x 4 = 3 lots of 4
=4+4+4
= 12
With directed numbers,
(+4) + (+4) + (+4) = 3 lots of (+4)
= 3 X (+4)
The multiplier is 3. It is positive. Thus,
(+3) X (+4) = (+4) + (+4) + (+4) = +12
(+3) X (+4)
1 X (+4)

0 +4 +12
START
The illustration above shows 1 x (+4) and (+3) x (+4) as movement on the number line. The
movements are in the same direction from 0.
Similarly,
(-2)+ (-2) + (-2) + (-2) + (-2)
= 5 lots of (-2)
= 5 X (-2)
The multiplier is 5. It is positive.
Thus, (+5) x (-2)
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 = (-2)+ (-2) + (-2) + (-2) + (-2)
= -10
This is illustrated below:

-10 -2 0

START
In general, (+a) x (+b) = + (a x b)
(+a) x (-b) = - (a x b)
(+a) ÷ (-b) = - (a ÷ b ¿
(-a) ÷ (-b) = + (a ÷ b ¿
Example1:
i. (+9) x (+4) = + (9 x 4) = +36
ii. (+17)x (-3) = - (17 x 3) = - 51
1 1 +1
iii. (+ ½ ) x (+ ¼ ) = + ( x ) =
2 4 8
iv. 3 x (-1.2) = -(3 x 1.2) = -3.6

NOTE: Teachers should give more illustrations especially on (negative multiplier)

i. Negative multiplier
In general: (-a) x (-b) = -(a x b)
(-a) x (-b) = + (a x b)

Example 2:
Simplify the following:
a. (-7) x (+4) = -(7 x 4) = -28
b. (-5) x (-18)= + (5 x 18) = 90
−1 +2 1 2 2
c. ( ¿ x ( )= - ( x ¿ = -
3 5 3 5 15
d. (-4) x (-2.2) = + (4 x 2.2) = +8.8
CLASS ACTIVITY
Simplify the following:
−1
(i) (-8) × ( ) × (-30)
2
(ii) (-9) × (-5) × (-3)

DIVISION WITH DIRECTED NUMBER

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The rule involved in multiplying directed numbers is equally applicable for division. In division,
note that: i. Two like signs give a positive result
ii. Two unlike signs give a negative result.

EXAMPLE1
Divide: a) -63 by 7
b) 125 by 5
c) -6 by -18
Solution:
−63
a) -63 ÷ 7 = = -9
+7
+ 125
b) 125 ÷ 5 = = + 25
+5
−6 1
c) -6 ÷ -18 = =+
−18 3
Example 2
( – 6 ) X (−5 )
simplify
−10
( – 6 ) X (−5 )
Solution
−10

¿
(−6 ) X (−5 ) + 30
−10
=
−10 ( )
=−
30
10
=−3

CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Divide these expressions:
a) -3 by 24
b) 4 by -32
c) 28 by 7
d) -20 by -4
4 x (−3)
2. Simplify
−2 x −6

INVERSE AND IDENTITY

ADDITIVE INVERSE

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Additive identity is the value obtained when a number is added to its inverse. Thus additive
identity is 0.
MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE

Multiplicative identity is 1.
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. State the additive identity of:
a) +14; b) -23 c) – ½
2. State the multiplicative inverse of:
a) +5; b) – ¼; c) + 2/7
ASSIGNMENT
1. Copy and complete the multiplication table in the figure below.
Second number

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 X -6 -4 -2 +2 +4 +6
+6
+4
First number +2
0
-2
-4
-6

2. Copy and complete the division table in the figure below.

Second number
÷ -6 -4 -2 +2 +4 +6
+6
+4
First number +2
0
-2
-4
-6

WEEK 9

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TOPIC: TABLES, CHARTS AND SCHEDULES
CONTENT:
 Square and Square root tables.
 Charts, records and schedules (tabulated data, flight schedules and timetables)

Square and Square root tables.

The statistical/four figure table can be used to find the squares and square roots of four-digit
numbers.
Example:
1. With the use of tables, evaluate:
a) 33.622 b) 0.362
Solution:
a) 33.622
33.62 lies between 30 and 40. Therefore 33.622 lies between 302 and 402
302 = 900
402 = 1600
Thus, 33.622 lies between 900 and 1600.
Locate 33 under the letter x. Move to the right and locate the number under 6. This number is
1129. Locate the number under difference 2.
This number is 1. Add 1 to 1129 to give 1130.
Therefore, 33.622 = 1130
b) 0.36 = 3.6 x 10-1
0.362 = (3.6 x 10-1)2
= 3.62 x 10-2
3.6 is between 3 and 4
32 = 9
42 = 16
Therefore 3.62 is between 9 and 16.
From the table of squares of numbers
3.62 = 12.96
Thus,
0.362 = 12.96 x 10-2
= 0.1296
EXAMPLE2: Use tables to find:
a) √ 3.8; b) √ 38; c) √ 380
Solution:
a) √ 3.8
Look for 3.8 under x in the four figure table. Locate the four-digit number under 0.
The required number is 1.949
b) 38 lies between 36 and 49. Therefore, √ 38 lies between 6 and 7.

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Look for 38 under x. Locate the four digit number under 0, the required number is 6.164. Thus
√ 38 = 6.164
c) 380 = 3.8 x 102
√ 380 = √ 3.8 x √ 102
= √ 3.8 x √ 100
= √ 3.8 x 10
From (a)
√ 3.8 = 1.949
Thus,
√ 380 = 1.949 x 10
= 19.49
CLASS ACTIVITY
Use four figures table to evaluate
1. a) 5.232 b) 3.72 c) 0.562
2. a) √ 5.4 b) √ 37.62 c) √ 0.463

Charts, records and schedules (tabulated data, flight schedules and timetables)
Use of tables are the most convenient and concise way of presenting numerical data. Tables
have a wide range of uses.
They are used to convey a large amount of information.
EXAMPLE: Monthly rainfall chart

J F M A M J J A S O N D
Sokoto O O O 10 48 91 155 249 145 15 15 0
Jos 3 3 28 56 203 226 330 292 213 41 3 3
Ibadan 10 23 89 137 150 188 160 84 178 155 46 10
Port 66 109 155 262 404 660 531 318 518 460 213 81
harcourt

Use the table to find the average rainfall for the following
1. Use the table to find the average rainfall for the following;
(i) Sokoto in January
(ii) Jos in May
(iii) Ibadan in july
2.For each town ,name the month which has the highest rainfall.
3. For each town , name the month(s) with the lowest rainfall.
Solution
1 (i) 0mm
(ii)203mm

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 (iii) 160mm
2. For sokoto August has the highest rainfall with 249mm
For Jos , July has the the highest rainfall with 330mm
For Ibadan, June has the highest rainfall with 188mm
For Port Harcourt, has the highest rainfall with 660mm
3. For sokoto ,January, February,March and December have the lowest rainfall
For Jos , January, February,November and December have the lowest rainfall
For Ibadan , January and December have the lowest rainfall
For Port Harcourt , January has the lowest rainfall.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The Social Services Department (SSD) of a large city has fixed budget . Table bellow shows
how the SSD allocates its budget for raising public awareness in four key areas for the year 2008
to 2010
Resource allocation
Public awareness areas 2008 2009 2010
Out-of school children 25% 20% 15%
HIV/AIDS prevention 60% 60% 60%
Parenting skill 5% 5% 5%
Substance abuse 10% 15% 20%
Total 100% 100% 100%

Social Service allocation

a. What appears to be the greatest priority for the SSD?
b. What appears to be the lowest priority?
c. What appears to be a growing area of concern over the period?
2. Find the square roots of the following using table:
a) 63; b) 7.3; c) 720
3. Find the square of the following using tables:
a) 3.85 b) 2.4 c) 135.

THE END OF FIRST TERM.

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