Place value

 The place value of each column is shown below. Working from the right, each column has a place
value 10 times as great as the one before it.

 Numbers can be written in expanded notation by breaking them up into their place values.
 We can use the abbreviation K to represent 1000? For example, $50 000 can be written as $50 K.

Example1. Write the following numbers in expanded notation.

a) 59 176 = 50 000 + 9000 + 100 + 70 + 6 b) 108 009 = 100 000 + 8000 + 9
Example2. Write the following numbers in descending order.
858 58 85 8588 5888 855
Exercise
1. Write the following numbers in expanded notation.
a) 925 b) 1062 c) 28 469 d) 502 039 e) 1 080 100
2. Write the following numbers in words.
a) 765 b) 9105 c) 90 450 d) 100 236
3. Write the numeral for each of the following.
a) Four hundred and ninety-five.
 b) Two thousand, six hundred and seventy.
c) Twenty-four thousand.
d) One hundred and nine thousand, six hundred and five.
4. In each of the following, state the place value of the digit shown in red.
a 497 b) 9284 c) 1 342 729 d) 259 460
5. In each of the following, write the numbers in descending order.
a) 8569, 742, 48 987, 28, 647 b) 47 890, 58 625, 72 167, 12 947, 32 320
c) 6477, 7647, 7476, 4776, 6747 d) 8088, 8800, 8080, 8808, 8008, 8880
6. In each of the following, write the numbers in ascending order.
a) 58, 9, 743, 68 247, 1 258 647 b) 78 645, 58 610, 60 000, 34 108, 84 364
c) 9201, 2910, 1902, 9021, 2019, 1290 d) 211, 221, 212, 1112, 222, 111
7. a) What amounts do each of the following represent?
i) $6 K ii) $340 K iii) $58 K
b) Write the following using K as an abbreviation.
i) $430 000 ii) $7000 iii) $800 000

Estimating and rounding

Often, a good estimate is enough to answer a question and it’s not necessary to find an exact
answer. In such cases we use rounding to help. For example, the approximate total cost of
18 truckloads of soil at $54 per load could be estimated as 20 × 50 = 1000.
Estimates or approximations can be found by rounding numbers to the nearest 10, 100, 1000 etc.
–– If the next digit is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, then round down.
–– If the next digit is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, then round up.
■ Leading digit approximation rounds the first digit to the nearest 10 or 100 or 1000 etc.
e.g. For 932 use 900
For 968 use 1000
■ The symbol ≈ means ‘approximately equal to’.
Do the following Exercise:
Q1. Have these numbers been rounded up or down?
a 59 ≈ 60 b 14 ≈ 10 c 137 ≈ 140
d 255 ≈ 260 e 924 ≈ 900 f 1413 ≈ 1000
Q2. The following numbers are to be rounded to the nearest 10. Should they be rounded up or down?
a 19 b 37 c 21 d 14 e 72 f 33 g 45 h 95
i 132 j 176 k 288 l 304
Q3. The following numbers are to be rounded to the nearest 100. Decide if they would be rounded up
or down.
a 103 b 201 c 195 d 186 e 172 f 131 g 427 h 552
i 956 j 349 k 198 l 359
Q4. Round these numbers as indicated.
a 59 (nearest 10) b 32 (nearest 10) c 124 (nearest 10) d 185 (nearest 10)
e 231 (nearest 100) f 894 (nearest 100) g 96 (nearest 10) h 584 (nearest 100)
i 1512 (nearest 1000) j 1492 (nearest 1000) k 7810 (nearest 1000) l 10 200 (nearest 1000)
Q5. Round these numbers using leading digit approximation. (Round to the first digit)
a 21 b 29 c 136 d 857
e 241 f 729 g 98 h 962
i 5600 j 92 104 k 9999 l 14
Example: Using leading digit approximation
Estimate the answers to these problems by rounding each number to the leading digit.
a 42 × 7 b 95 × 326 c 302 ÷ 29
Solution
a 42 × 7 ≈ 40 × 7 = 280

b 95 × 326 ≈ 100 × 300 = 30 000

c 302 ÷ 29 ≈ 300 ÷ 30 = 10

Q6. Use leading digit approximation to estimate the answer.

a 29 × 4 b 124 + 58 c 232 – 106 d 61 ÷ 5
e 103 ÷ 11 f 32 × 99 g 59 × 21 h 279 ÷ 95
i 394 ÷ 10 j 97 × 21 k 1390 + 3244 l 999 - 888
Q7. You purchase 59 tickets at $21 each. Give an estimate for the total cost of the tickets.
Q8. A digger can dig 29 scoops per hour and work 7 hours per day. Approximately how many scoops can be
dug over 10 days?
Q9. Most of the pens at a stockyard are full of sheep. There are 55 pens and one of the pens has 22 sheep.
Give an estimate for the total number of sheep at the stockyard.
Q10. A whole year group of 159 students is roughly divided into 19 groups. Estimate the number in each
group.
Answers

Exercise 1G
1 a up b down c up d up e down f down
2 a up b up c down d down e down f down g up h up i down j up k up l down
3 a down b down c up d up e up f down g down h up i up j down k up l up
4 a 60 b 30 c 120 d 190 e 200 f 900 g 100 h 600 i 2000 j 1000 k 8000 l 10 000
5 a 20 b 30 c 100 d 900 e 200 f 700 g 100 h 1000 i 6000 j 90 000 k 10 000 l 10
6 a 120 b 160 c 100 d 12 e 10 f 3000 g 1200 h 3 i 40 j 2000 k 4000 l 100
7 $1200
8 ≈ 2100 scoops
9 ≈ 1200 sheep
10 ≈ 8 people
 Factors and Multiples of whole numbers
Factor A whole number that will divide into another number exactly
Factors of a number divide exactly into that number.
For example, 20 ÷ 4 = 5 exactly, so 4 is a factor of 20.
 Factors of 20 listed in pairs: 1 × 20 = 20, 2 × 10 = 20, 4 × 5 = 20
 Factors of 20 in ascending order: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

Multiple A multiple of a number is the product of that number and any other whole number.
For example, the multiples of 5 in ascending order are 5, 10, 15, 20, .

3. Copy and complete:

a. Some multiples of 5 are 5, __, 15, __, 25, __
b. Some multiples of 10 are 10, __, 30, __, __, __
c. Some multiples of 7 are 7, __, __, 28, __, 42
4. Copy and complete:
a. Some even numbers are: 2, __, 6, __, 10, __, 14, __
b. An even number is a multiple of __.
c. Odd numbers do not have __ as a factor.
d. Some odd numbers are: 1, __, 5, __, 9, __, 13, __

5. Copy and complete:

a. 7 × 6 = 42 so 7 and 6 are _____________ of 42.
b. To make multiples of 6, multiply 6 by whole numbers. For example:
1 × 6 = 6, ---- × 6 = 12, --- × 6 = 18, ---- × 6 = 24
c. Some multiples of 6 are: 6, , 18, ,
d. Counting in sixes gives _____________ of 6.
e. If you start with 6 and then keep adding 6, you will produce a list of _____________ of 6.
Example 3
Example: Finding factors:
Find the complete set of factors for each of these numbers.
a 15 b 40
Solution:
a. Factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, 15. 1 × 15 = 15, 3 × 5 = 15
b. Factors of 40 are: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, and 40.
1 × 40 = 40, 2 × 20 = 40
4 × 10 = 40, 5 × 8 = 40
6. List the complete set of factors for each of the following numbers.
a. 10 b. 24 c. 17
d. 36 e. 60 f. 42
g. 80 h. 12 i. 28

Example: Listing multiples

Write down the first six multiples for each of these numbers.
a 11 b 35
Solution:
a 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66
The first multiple is always the given number. Add on the given number to find the next
multiple. Repeat this process to get more multiples.

b 35, 70, 105, 140, 175, 210

Start at 35, the given number, and repeatedly add 35 to continue producing multiples.

7. Write down the first six multiples for each of the following numbers.
a. 5 b. 8 c. 12
d. 7 e. 20 f. 75
g. 15 h. 100 i. 37
8. Fill in the gaps to complete the set of factors for each of the following numbers.
a. 18:1, 2, __ , 6, 9,__.
b. 25:1,___ , 25
c. 72:__ , 2, 3,__ ,___ , 8,___ ,___ , 18,___ , 36, 72
d. 120: 1, 2,___ ,___ ,___ , 6,__ , 10,___ ,___ , 20,___ , 30,___ , 60,___.
 Highest common factor (HCF)
The largest number that is a factor of all the given numbers
For example: Find the HCF of 24 and 40.
Factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24.
Factors of 40 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20 and 40.
HCF = 8.

Lowest common multiple (LCM)

The smallest number that two or more numbers divide into evenly
For example: Find the LCM of 20 and 12.
Multiples of 20 are 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 …
Multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 …
LCM = 60.

Example: Listing common factors to find the HCF

The factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4, 8. The factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20.
a What are the common factors of 8 and 20?
b What is the HCF of 8 and 20?
Solution:
a. 1, 2, 4
8: 1, 2, 4, 8
20:1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20
Circle common (shared) factors.
b. HCF = 4 Largest circled number is the HCF.

1. The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.

The factors of 16 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.
a. What are the common factors of 12 and 16?
b. What is the HCF of 12 and 16?

2. Copy and complete to find the HCF of 18 and 30:

Factors of 18 are 1,__ , 3,___ ,___ , 18.
Factors of 30 are 1,___ ,___ , 5,___ , 10,___ , 30.
HCF = ___.

Listing common multiples to find the LCM

The first six multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18.
The first six multiples of 2 are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12.
a What are two common multiples of 2 and 3?
b What is the LCM of 2 and 3?

Solution:
a 6, 12 3, 6 , 9, 12, 15,18

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Circle common (shared) multiples.
b. LCM = 6
The first circled number is the LCM.
3. The first 10 multiples of 8 are 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80.
The first 10 multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60.
a. What are two common multiples of 8 and 6?
b. What is the LCM of 8 and 6?

4. Copy and complete to find the LCM of 9 and 15:

Multiples of 9 are 9, 18,___ , 36,____ ,____ ,___ ,___ , 81, .
Multiples of 15 are___, 30, ___, 60, 75, ___, ____, 120.
LCM = ______.

5. Find the HCF of the following numbers.

a. 4 and 5 b. 8 and 13 c. 2 and 12

d. 3 and 15 e. 16 and 20 f 15 and 60

g 20, 40 and 50 h 12, 15 and 30

6. Find the LCM of the following numbers.

a. 4 and 5 b. 3 and 7 c. 5 and 6

d. 8 and 10 e. 4 and 6 f. 5 and 10

g. 2, 3 and 5 h. 3, 4 and 5 i. 2, 3 and 7

Prime and composite numbers

 A prime number is a whole number which has exactly two factors, itself and 1.
For example 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19.................
 A composite number is one which has more than two factors.
For example 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15............
 The number 1 is not a prime number or a composite number.

Example1. List all the prime numbers between 20 and 40.

Example2. State whether the following numbers are prime or composite.

a) 45 b) 37 c) 86 d)59

Exercise
1. Find all prime numbers between 0 and 20.

2. Can you find four prime numbers that are even? Explain.

3. State whether each of the following numbers is prime or composite.

a) 9 b) 13 c) 27 d) 55
 e) 41 f) 64 g) 49 h) 93
4. Answer true (T) or false (F) for each of the following.
a) All odd numbers are prime numbers.
b) No even numbers are prime numbers.
c)1, 2, 3 and 5 are the first four prime numbers.
d)A prime number has two factors only.

5. Twin primes are pairs of primes which are separated from each other by one even number. For
example, 3 and 5 are twin primes. Find two more pairs of twin primes.

Special groups of numbers

 Square numbers are numbers that can be arranged to form a square. Each square
number is found by multiplying the position of the square number by itself.

 Triangular numbers are numbers that can be arranged to form a triangle. Each triangular
number is found by adding the numbers from 1 up to the position of the triangular
number.

Exercise
Q1. Find each of the following square numbers.
a) fifth b) seventh c) fourth d) one hundredth

Q2. From the list below select the numbers that are square numbers.
12 16 20 25 30 40 64 81 100 200 300 400 640
1000

Q3. Use your knowledge of square numbers to find the value of:
a) 82 b) 112 c) 152 d) 302

Q4. The fourth square number is 16. Find the position of the following square numbers.
a) 9 b) 49 c) 144 d) 2500

Q5. Find the first ten triangular numbers.

Q6. Find each of the following triangular numbers.

a) Third b) seventh c) Fifth d) fourth

Four operations of Whole Numbers

Adding and subtracting whole numbers
Example 1. Arrange these numbers in columns, and then add them.
1462 + 78 + 316
Example 2. Evaluate:
a) 6892 − 467 b) 3000 − 467
Exercise
1. Add these numbers, setting them out in columns as shown.
a) 34 b) 65 c) 86
+ 65 + 77 + 95
d) 482 e) 123 f) 1418
+ 517 + 89 + 2765
2. Arrange these numbers in columns, and then add them.
a) 137 + 841 b) 723 + 432
c) 149 + 562 + 55 d) 47 + 198 + 12
e) 376 + 948 + 11 f) 8312 + 742 + 2693
g) 8 + 12 972 + 59 + 1423
3. Find:
a) 98 – 54 b) 167 – 132 c) 47 836 − 12 713
d) 149 – 63 e) 642 803 − 58 204 f) 3642 − 1811
g) 664 – 397 h) 12 900 – 8487 i) 69 000 − 3561
4. Hayden received a box of 36 chocolates. He ate 3 on Monday, 11 on Tuesday and gave 7 away on
Wednesday. How many did he have left?
5. What is the missing digit in these problems?

6. Find the missing digit in these sums and difference.

Multiplication
The multiplication of two numbers represents a repeated addition.
For example, 4 × 2 could be thought of as 4 groups of 2 or 2 + 2 + 2 + 2.
4 × 2 could be thought of as 2 groups of 4 or 2 × 4 or 4 + 4.
■■ Finding the product of two numbers involves multiplication. We say, ‘the product of 2 and 3 is 6’.
■■ a × b = b × a e.g. 2 × 3 = 3 × 2
––The order does not matter when you multiply numbers.
e.g. 2 × 3 = 3 × 2
5 × 11 = 11 × 5 These examples use the commutative law.

(2 × 3) × 4 = 2 × (3 × 4) This uses the associative law.

■■ To multiply by a single digit:
––Multiply the single digit by each digit in the other number, starting from the right.
––Carry and add any digits with a higher place value to the total in the next column.
■■ Mental strategies for multiplication include:
–Knowing your multiplication tables off by heart.
e.g. 9 × 7 = 63
12 × 3 = 36
––Changing the order.
e.g. 15 × 3 = 3 × 15 (3 lots of 15)
= 45
5 × 13 × 2 = 5 × 2 × 13
= 10 × 13
= 130
––Using the distributive law by making a 10, 100 etc. and then adjusting by adding or subtracting.
e.g. 6 × 21 = 120 + 6 =126
7 × 18 = 140 - 14

Do the following exercise:

1 Write the next three numbers in these patterns.
a 2, 4, 6, 8, __, __, __ b 3, 6, 9, 12, __, __, __ c 7, 14, 21, 28, __, __, __
d 4, 8, 12, 16, __, __, __ e 11, 22, 33, __, __, __ f 17, 34, 51, __, __, __
2 Write the missing number.
a 4 × 5 = 5 × __ b 2 × 7 = 7 × __ c 15 × 11 = __ × 15
d 3 × 2 × 6 = 6 × __ × 3 e 12 × 2 × 4 = 2 × 12 × __ f 7 × 3 × 9 = 9 × 3 × __
3 Use your knowledge of the multiplication tables to write the answer. Check your answers with
your calculator.
a 11 × 2 b3×9 c8×4 d7×8 e7×4
f 12 × 5 g 4 × 11 h 11 × 7 i 12 × 9 j9×8
k3×7 l6×9 m6×5 n 10 × 11 o 12 × 12
p8×5 q7×7 r9×7 s 11 × 12 t 12 × 6
u 5 × 11 v 2 × 11 w4×6 x 12 × 8 y6×6

Example: Using mental strategies for multiplication

Multiplying whole numbers
 When you multiply by 10, 100, 1000.......... add that number of zeros to right of number.
Example1. a) 68 × 10 = 680 b) 68 ×100 =6800 c) 68 ×1000 = 68000
Example 2. Calculate 1456 × 5

Example 3. Calculate 1456 × 132 using long multiplication.

Exercise
1. Calculate this using short multiplication.
a) 16 × 8 b) 29 × 4 c) 137 × 9 d) 857 × 3
e) 4920 × 5 f) 15 984 × 7 g) 7888 × 8 h) 472 × 4
i) 2015 × 8 j) 10 597 × 6 k) 34 005 × 11 l) 606 × 12
2. Calculate this using long multiplication.
 a) 52 × 44 b) 97 × 31 c) 59 × 28 d) 16 × 57
e) 173 × 41 f) 850 × 76 g) 407 × 53 h) 47 × 2074
3. Find each of the following.
a) 400 × 10 b) 10 × 700 c) 600 × 800
d) 90 × 80 e) 120 × 400 f) 1100 × 5000
g) 900 000 × 7000 h) 120 000 × 1200 i) 800 × 7000
4. Chris is buying some generators. The generators cost $12 000 each and she needs 11 of them. How much
will they cost her?
5. Jason is saving money to buy a camera. He is able to save $75 each month.
a) How much will he save after 9 months?
b) How much will he save over 16 months?
c) If Jason continued to save at the same rate, how much will he save over a period of 3 years?
6. A car can travel 14 kilometres using 1 litre of fuel. How far could it travel with 35 litres?
7. Narissa does a paper round each morning before school. She travels 2 kilometres each morning on her
bicycle delivers 80 papers and is paid $35. She does her round each weekday.
a) How far does she travel in 1 week?
b) How much does she get paid in 1 week?
c) How far does she travel in 12 weeks?
d) How much would she be paid over 52 weeks?
e) How many papers would she deliver in 1 week?
f) How many papers would she deliver in 52 weeks?
Dividing whole numbers
 When you divide by 10, 100, 1000...subtract that number of zeros from right of number.
Example1. Calculate 89 656 ÷ 8.

Example2.Calculate 48 000 ÷ 600

Exercise
1. Evaluate these divisions without using a calculator.
 a) 24 ÷ 6 b) 24 ÷ 8 c) 36 ÷ 9 d) 72 ÷ 8
e) 49 ÷ 7 f) 96 ÷ 8 g) 18108 ÷ 9 h) 7056 ÷ 7
i) 160 ÷ 10 j) 2800 ÷ 100 k) 4000 ÷ 100 l) 280000 ÷ 100
m) 160 ÷ 40 n) 2800 ÷ 70 0) 2400 ÷ 20 p) 2800 ÷ 40
Example 10
Example: Using short division

2. Use the short division algorithm to find the quotient and remainder.
a 3)71 b 7)92 c 2)139 d 6)247

e 5)217 f 4)506 g 3)794 h 9)814

i 4)2173 j 3)61 001 k 5)4093 l 9)90009

3. Write the missing digit in each of these divisions.

4. If 117 food packs are divided equally among nine families, how many packs does each family receive?
5. Spring Fresh Company sells mineral water in packs of six bottles. How many packs are there in a truck
containing 744 bottles?
6.If 117 food packs are divided equally among nine families, how many packs does each family receive?
7. Spring Fresh Company sells mineral water in packs of six bottles. How many packs are there in a truck
containing 744 bottles?
8. A bricklayer earns $1215 in a week. a How much does he earn per day if he he works Monday to Friday?
b How much does he earn per hour if he he works 9 hours per day Monday to Friday?
9. A straight fence has two end posts as well as as other posts that are divided evenly along the fence 4
metres apart. If the fence is to be 264 metres long, how many posts are needed, including the end posts?
10. Friendly Taxis can take up to four passengers each. How many taxis are required to transport 59 people?

Order of operations
When combining the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, a special order needs to
be followed. Multiplication and division sit higher in the order than addition and subtraction. This affects
how we might make sense of simple mathematical problems put into words
B
I
D
M
A
S
Do the following exercise:
1 Which goes first?
a addition or multiplication
b brackets or division
c subtraction or brackets
d multiplication or subtraction

2 Which operation (addition, subtraction, multiplication or division) is done first in these problems?
a2+5-3 b5÷5×2 c2×3÷6
d5×2+3 e7÷7-1 f (6 + 2) × 3
g (8 ÷ 4) - 1 h4+7×2 i 8 - 10 ÷ 5
j 10 - 2 + 3 k6+2×3-1 l 5 × (2 + 3 ÷ 3) - 1