KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONAL COUNCIL 2010

MARKING SCHEME
HISTORY PAPER 2
SECTION A (25 marks)

1. State the scientific theory that explains the origin of

human beings.
- The Evolution theory/Darwin 1
x 1 = 1 mark

2. State two uses of stone tools by early people during the Old
Stone Age period.
i) For skinning animals after hunting.
ii) For digging uproots
iii) For cutting meat
iv) For sharpening one/wood
v) For scraping animals skins/softening
vi) For killing animals during hunting
vii) For protecting/defence
any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

3. Identify the method used to plant cereal crops when early

agriculture began.
- The broadcasting method 1
x 1 = 1 mark

4. Name two metals that were used as currency in pre-

colonial Africa.
 i) Iron
ii) Gold
iii) Copper
iv) Silver
v) Bronze

4. State one advantage of using the pipeline over vehicles in

transporting oil.
i) The pipeline delivers oil faster than vehicles.
ii) It is safer to transport oil by pipeline than vehicles
iii) The pipeline ensures regular/continuous supply of oil to
required areas/depots.
iv) It is easier to maintain the pipeline than vehicles.
1 x 1 = 1 mark

5. Give the two main items of the Trans-Saharan trade.

i) Gold
ii) Salt

6. Give tow social functions of the ancient city of Athens in

Greece.
i) It was a cultural centre/music/art/theatre
ii) It was an educational centre
iii) It was a sports centre
iv) It was a religious centre Any 2
x 1 = 2 marks
7. Name any chartered company that was used to administer
Tanganyika during the process of colonisation.
- The German East Africa Company
1 x 1 = 1 mark

8. Which was the main factor that unified the communities of

the Shona Kingdom during the pre-colonial period?
- The Mwari religious cult/Mlimo/religion
1 x 1= 1 mark

9. State two functions of the Lukiko in Buganda Kingdom

during the 19th Century.
i) It advised the Kabaka.
ii) It represented the wishes of the people.
iii) It assisted in settling disputes/acted as final court of appeal.
iv) It directed the collection of taxes/how the wealth of the
kingdom would be spent.
v) It was the law formulating body in the Kingdom.
vi) It assisted/no general/administration
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

10. Give one economic reason which made European

Countries to scramble for colonies in Africa.
i) To obtain raw materials for the industries.
ii) To search for markets for the manufactured goods.
iii) To acquire areas to invest their surplus capital
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark
12. State one way in which the Ndebele benefited after the
British-Ndebele War of 1893 to 1896.
i) The Ndebele Indunas were made headmen.
ii) The Shona police were removes from Matebeleland.
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark

13. Identify two economic results of the First World War.

i) European governments spent huge sums of money.
ii) There was massive destruction of property.
iii) It led to economic
depression/employment/starvation/unemployment. Any 2 x 1
= 2 marks

14. Give two principal organs of the United Nations.

i) The General Assembly
ii) The Security Council
iii) The Economic and Social Council
iv) The Secretariat
v) The Trusteeship Council
vi) The international Court of Justice
Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

15. Identify two ways in which Mwalimu Julius Nyerere

promoted the development of Education in Tanzania after
independence.
i) He established the universities of Dar-es-Salaam and
Sokoine
ii) He made Kiswahili the medium of instruction in schools.
 iii) He made education to be free and compulsory from
primary school to university.
iv) He popularized the philosophy of “Education for self
reliance”
v) He introduced Adult education. Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

16. State one condition that a country should fulfill in order

to become a member of the Non-aligned Movement.
i) A country should be independent.
ii) A country should not be a member of either NATO or
WARSAW pact military.

17. Identify one parliamentary duty of the Monarch in

Britain.
i) Summons parliament after a general election.
ii) Prologues parliament
iii) Dissolves parliament
iv) Assents bills of parliament
v) Nominates members to the House of Lords.
Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark

SECTION B = (45 marks)

18. a) State five reasons why early people domesticated crops
and animals during the Neolithic period.
i) Due to increased Human population more food was
required.
ii) There was competition for food between human beings
and animals.
iii) Over hunting developed stocks of animal on which human
beings relied on for food.
iv) Hunting and gathering had become tiresome/insecure.
v) Calamities such as bush fire/floods destroyed
vegetation/drove away animals.
vi) Some crops and animals had economic value.
vii) Animals were domesticated to provide security.
viii) There was a change in climate which caused
aridity/weather sometimes hindered gathering and hunting.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks
b)Explain five causes of food shortages to Africa today.
i) Many parts of Africa experience little or no rain at all over
several years leading to crop failure and hence food
shortages/natural hazards.
ii) The rapid population growth rate has overtaken food
production rate resulting into food shortages.
iii) Inadequate/food storage facilities had contributed to
food wastages as farmers cannot store store food for a long
period.
iv) Poor state of roads in many African countries hinders
transportation of food from the areas of surplus to those of
deficit.
v) Low prices of food stuff has discouraged many farmers
who may have invested so much capital leading to food
shortages.
vi) Many farmers in Africa lack enough capital to buy
required farm inputs.
vii) Due to crop diseases and pest, a lot of food is destroyed
either on the farms or in stores resulting to food shortages.
viii) The emphasis on cash crop farming at the expense of
food crops has contributed to low food production leading
to food shortages.
ix) Environmental degradation through
deforestation/overgrazing of animals had led to soil erosion
leading to wasteland, hence low food
production/desertification.
x) Civil wars in many African countries have displaced
people from their farms and therefore diverted their
attention from farming resulting in food shortages.
xi) Poor food policies have discouraged farmers as they are
not given enough incentives incase of crop failure/poor
economic planning.
xii) The young-able bodied persons migrate to urban centres
thus leaving farming to the aged who are not able to
contribute much towards food production.
xiii) HIV and AIDS pandemic has impacted negatively on the
labour force in food production.
xiv) Poor land tenure system/land fragmentation has reduced
the acreage that would have been used for production
scarcity.
xv) Over reliance/dependence on famine relief food/other
forms of aid has made people not to look for permanent
solutions to food shortages.
xvi) Lack of modern farming methods her led to low food
production. Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks
19. a) Give three problems faced by factory workers in
Europe during the industrial revolution.
i) They were paid low wages/salaries
ii) They worked for long hours
iii) They were exposed to accidents
iv) Accidents victims were laid off without compensation.
v) Inadequate housing made them live in slums.
vi) They suffered from diseases due to poor
sanitation/pollution. Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks

b)Explain six factors that have promoted industrialization

in South Africa.
i) The availability of many sources of energy to provide the
required power of industrialization.
ii) The existence of varied mineral resources to sustain the
process of industrialization.
iii) The presence of well developed transport
network/infrastructure to facilitate the movement of raw
materials and finished industrial goods to the market.
iv) The availability of both internal and external markets for
their manufactured goods.
v) The availability of both skilled and unskilled manpower
required for industrialization.
vi) The availability of capital generated from South Africa
trade in other goods has enabled her to set up industries.
 vii) The government’s sound industrial policies which
encouraged both local and foreign investors to boost
industrialization.
viii) The high quality of goods has led to increased demand for
South Africans manufactured goods.
ix) The political instability in the country since the end of
apartehid era has created a conducive environment
for industrial development.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks

20. a) Give three methods used by European powers to

establish colonial rule in Africa.
i) Military conquest/expenditions
ii) They signed treaties/agreements with African
rulers/diplomacy/collaboration
iii) Deception/treachery/luring Africans with European
goods.
iv) Chartered trading companies
v) Playing off communities against each other in order to
weaken.

b)Explain results of the collaboration between the

Buganda Agreements of 1900.
i) It led to the loss of independence.
ii) Introduction of Christianity and European influence in
buganda.
iii) Islamic influence declined.
 iv) Buganda got protection from the British against their
traditional economic e.g Bunyoro.
v) Kabakas power were reduced in the peace of the growing
educated member of the Lukiko.
vi) Kabaka gained recognition and was referred to as his
luglilness.
vii) Buganda an administration position in the colonial
administration and was used to conquer other communities.
viii) Buganda advanced more economically than other
communities as it acquired European manufactured goods
e.g cloth, guns.
ix) Buganda benefited from Western Education and medicine.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks

21. a) State three ways used by nationalists in ghana to fight

for independence.
i) They formed political parties.
ii) They used boycotts/demonstrations/strikes/go-slows.
iii) They organized political rallies to mobilise mass support.
iv) They used newspapers to articulate their views.
v) They used the legislative council
vi) They composed songs/poems to attack colonialism.
vii) They used trade unions.
viii) They used international forum.
Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks

b)Explain six factors that led to the development of

African Nationalism in Ghana.
i) Inadequate African representation in the Legislative council
based discontent among the Ghanaians.
ii) Loss of powers by the traditional African chiefs created
discontent against the colonial government.
iii) The need to guard against possible land alienation by the
British united the Africans.
iv) Introduction of taxation by the colonial government was
resented by Ghanaians.
v) The meagre earnings by Africans from the sale of cocoa
to Europeans created discontent among them.
vi) The order by the colonial government that farmers uproot
their crops due to prevalence of the “swollen shoot” disease
upset them.
vii) Then involvement of the ex-servicemen in the Second
World War inspired them to fight for their independence.
viii) The attainment of independence by India/Pakistan in
1947 encouraged the Ghanaians to demand for their right to
govern themselves.
ix) The existence of young educated Ghanaians who had
understood the ideals of democracy/freedom who inspired
the masses towards a worthy cause.
x) High rate of unemployment among the Africans created
resentment/discontent.
xi) The United Nations Charter’s declaration of the
importance of political independence for all people inspired
the Ghanaians and other leaders.
 xii) The charismatic leadership provided by Kwame Nkrumah
united the people in their struggle against colonial
domination.
xiii) The selective granting of trading licenses to Europeans
traders while denying the same to the Africans created
discontent. Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks

SECTION C (30 Marks)

22. a) Give three conditions which one had to fulfil in order
to become a French Citizen in Senegal.
i) Literate/able to read and write in French.
ii)Able to speak in French
iii) Be a Christian
iv) One must have worked in the French Civil service/be loyal
in the French government/military service.
v) Practice monogamy Any 3
x 1 = 3 marks

b) Explain six differences between the use of British

indirect rule and the French assimilation policy.
i) The British used traditional rulers as chiefs while the
French appointed assimilated whereas chiefs to become
chiefs.
ii) African traditional rulers under British rule retained most
of their powers whereas chiefs under French rule had
limited powers.
 iii) British colonies were administered as separate territories
while French colonies were administered as provinces of
France.
iv) Most French administrators were represented in the French
Chamber of Deputies in France while in British colonies
Laws wee made by the Colonial Legislative Assemblies.
v) Africans in French colonies were military officers while the
British administrators were both as provinces and non-
professionals.
vi) Laws used to govern French colonies were made in the
chamber of Deputies in France while British colonies Laws
were made by the Colonial Legislative Assemblies.
vii) Assimilated Africans in French colonies became full
French citizens while in the British colonies, educated
Africans remained colonial subjects.
viii) British indirect rule preserved African cultures while
assimilation undermined African culture.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks

23. a) State the role played by United States of America in

ending the Second World War.
i) The U.S.A provided modern military equipment to the allied
forces.
ii) She gave financial support to the allied forces.
iii) She provided military personnel to the allied powers.
iv) U.S.A blockaded the Panama Canal against the central
powers.
v) She dropped atomic bombs at Horishoma and Nagasaki
which forced Japan to surrender.

b)Explain six causes of the Cold War after 1945.

i) The disagreements between the Soviet Union and the United
States of America over reduction of arms led to arms race.
ii) The occupation of Eastern Europe by Soviet Union
caused fear among U.S.A and its allies in Western
Europe/Iron curtain policy by the USSR.
iii) The ideological differences pursued by the U.S.A and
U.S.S.R created mistrust/suspicion among them leading to
hostility.
iv) The domination of United Nations by United States of
America and her allies was checked by U.S.S.R through the
use of her veto power thus increasing the tension.
v) The involvement of both United States of America and
U.S.S.R in European conflicts in the late 1940s created
tension among them.
vi) America’s Marshal plan to revive European economies
after the war made U.S.S.R to counteract by arming a
similar one/comical thus enhancing tension.
vii) Formation of military alliances/N.A.T.O by United States
of America and her allies led to U.S.S.R and her allies to
form a similar alliance/Warsaw pact thus intensifying the
rivalry.
viii) Construction of the Berlin wall by U.S.S.R in Germany to
block Western after the Second World War.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks
25. a) Identify three duties performed by the Secretary
General of the new East African Community established
in 2001.
i) Is the head of secretariat.
ii) Authorizes expenditure on behalf of the members.
iii) Is the secretary to the summit/take minutes
iv) Keep records of the proceedings.
v) Implements decisions adopted by East African
Community Summit.
vi) Prepares agenda for the meeting
any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
b)Explain six benefits of the new East African Community
established in 2001 to its members.
i) There is wider market for different types of goods produced
by each member states.
ii) The citizens of member states buy goods at fair prices due
to low tariffs levied on goods.
iii) Opening of border closed establishing a common
visa/East African passport has boosted free movement of
people within the region.
iv) The community provides a forum for heads of states to
discuss issues harmoniously thus promoting mutual
understanding/co-operation/friendship.
v) There are employment opportunities for people of
member countries in the established common services.
vi) Establishment of the common market create room for
enhanced economic development of member countries/spurs
greater industrial growth.
vii) The member countries are working together towards
establishing East African Federation in order to apply
common laws.
viii) There is improvement in transport and communication
network to facilitate the movement of people and goods.
Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks