MARKING SCHEME

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

311/1
SECTION A-25 MARKS
1.Identify two forms of oral traditions used as sources of information in history and government
(2mks)
Stories
Poems
Riddles
Tongue twisters Folktales
Legends
proverbs
2.Name the last stage in the evolution of man (1mk)
Homo sapiens sapiens
3.Identify the main economic activity of the plain Nilotes during the pre-colonial period in
Kenya (1mk)
Pastoralism/livestock keeping
4.Give two reasons why Kenyan communities fought each other during the precolonial period
(2mks)
Competition or land for cultivation/settlement
Competition for water/pasture
To demonstrate their military power
To raid cattle
5.Apart from fort Jesus, which other historical monument was built by the Portuguese (1mk)
Vasco da gama pillar
6.Give two factors that facilitated the spread of Christianity in Kenya(2mks)
Existing of trade routes /railway facilitated movement of missionaries
Translation of the bible into kiswahili and other local languages
Training of African catechists
Establishment of mission stations
7.Identify two limitations to freedom of movement (2mks)
Areas of state security eg state house
During state of emergency
When controlling spread of a disease
8.state two rights of a child contained in the constitution (2mks)
Rights to name and nationality
Right to free and compulsory education
Basic nutrition ,shelter and healthcare
To be protected from abuse,neglect ,harmful culturalpractices,inhuman treatment and
exploitation
To parental care and protection
9.Identify one advantages of indirect democracy as practiced in Kenya (2mks)
The people elected their own representatives
The supreme power is vested in the hands of the people
It is easy to make decisions
The elected leaders are accountable to the people
10. Name the company which administered Kenya on behalf of the British government up to
1895(1mk)
Imperial British east African company
11.Identify two ways in which the Maasai benefited from their collaboration with the British
(2mks)
British supported lenana against sendeyo in 1894 succession disputes
Maasai were protected against raids by their neighbors
Lenana was made the paramount chief
Maasai were rewarded with confiscated cattle
Maasai were employed as mercenaries by the british
12.Identify one reason why Africans were not allowed to grow cash crops before 1954 (1mk)
African grown crops would be prone to pests and diseases which would spread to European
farms
African s could lower the quality as they had neither knowledge or skills
To ensure they provide labor for European farms
To avoid unnecessary competition in cash crop farming
13. Identify two methods used by trade unionists to demand for their rights during the colonial
period in Kenya (2mks)
Strikes
Boycotts
Go-slows
Memoranda
demonstrations
14. Name the first African to be appointed as a minister in Kenya by the colonial government
(1mk)
B.A Ohanga
15.State two circumstances that may lead to a by-election in Kenya (2mks)
Death of a member
If a member is imprisoned for more than six months
Incase of resignation of a member
Incase a member ceases to be a Kenyan citizen
If a member misses 8 consecutive sitting without permission from the speaker

16. State two ways in which the rule of law is applied in Kenya (2mks)
By establishing an independent court system to try criminals
Ensuring criminals are tried in a court of law and if found guilty be sentenced
By empowering parliament to control excesses of executive and judiciary
By entitling any accused persons legal representation by a lawyer
By arresting criminals
By subjecting all citizens in the country to be governed by the same law
17. Give one way through which parliamentary supremacy in Kenya can be limited (1mk)
Increased powers of the president tends to over-rule parliament decision
It cannot make laws contrary by the constitution
It is also overshadowed by the international laws
By-laws are made by parliament without consulting the parliament
Customs and traditions of the people must be respected
SECTION B (45MARKS). ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
18.a) Identify 5 ways in which Kenyan communities interacted during the precolonial
period(5mks)
Through intermarriages
Through warfare
Through trade
During ceremonies
Through raids
b) Describe the social organization of the Nandi during the precolonial period (10mks)
 The family was the smallest social unit.
 They had age-sets; Maina, Korongoro, Sawe, Chumo, Kipkoimet, Kaplelach, Kimnyigei
and Nyongi
 Initiation was marked by circumcision for boys and girls, and thereafter the boys were
grouped in to age-sets.
 They had ceremonies to mark change from one stage to another.This was the saket
apeito (Slaughter of a bullock).
 Marriage was polygamous and exogamous.
 They believed in a creator God-Asis.
 They prayed to God through ancestral spirits.
 They had a class of specialists like prophets and medicine people.
 They had religious leaders, with Orkoiyot as the overall.
 Related families formed a clan
 They had sacred places of worshipping and offering sacrifices.
 Education was informal and the elders imparted knowledge in the youths.
19 a) State 3 factors that influenced Akamba to participate in the long distance trade(3mks)
Unsuitable environmental conditions as the region was dry and infertile.
They were strategically / centrally located between the coast and the interior.
Existence of entrepreneurs like Chief Kivoi who encouraged trading activities among his
people.
They had much experience in local and inter-community trade.
There was high demand for some of their commodities of trade.
They were skilled iron workers and hunters.
There existed well established trade or caravan routes.
There existed the items of trade.

b) Explain 6 social effects of Indian ocean trade on the people of the Kenyan coast up to 1500
AD(12mks)
1.Intermarriages between the E.African communities and the
Arabs, hence emergence of Swahili people.
2. Emergence of Swahili culture.
3. Construction of stone houses/Architecture/urbanization.
4. New ways of dressing as women wore buibui and men wore
kanzus.
5. Conversion of Africans to Islam and Christianity.
6. Depopulation of the coast/loss of lives/slavery
7. Change of social roles as families were separated.
8. Destruction of property.
9. Inter-community conflicts.
10. Some people became wealthy as a result of trade
20 a) State 5 ways in which the construction of kenya-uganda railway promoted economic
development in Kenya during the colonial period (5mks)

It provided of goods and services to and from the market.

 It enhanced the movement of labour/workers there by enabling them to access their
work places.
There was development of towns/trading centers/duka wallas developed along the
railway which generated revenue to the government.
It created job opportunities to many people who were employed to Man/maintain it
It opened up agricultural potential areas where both settler and Africans started
farming activities.
Minerals were exploited as there was access to the mines and transport of the
products.
Agriculture-related industries were established to mainly process agricultural raw
materials.
It promoted local trade as goods could be transported to areas where there was
demand.
It generated revenue for the government through charges levied on goods/people
transported,

b) Explain 5 problems encountered by the imperial British East Africa company in Kenya(10mks)
Shortage of funds to finance / capital to run its day to day activities.
Poor transport facilities infrastructure, which hampered trade between the interior and
the coast.
Co-ordination between colonial office in London & the offices on the spot was poor.
The company lacked experienced and trained administrators.
There was mismanagement of funds by the company officials / corruption.
Continuous resistance / rebellion by some Africans communities
Competition / rivalry from the German East Africa Company.
Hot and dry tropical climate with tropical diseases e.g. malaria.
The area was too vast for the few officials to manage.

21.a) Outline 5 grievances expressed by the kikuyu central association and presented by Jomo
Kenyatta to the colonial secretary in 1929 (5mks)
They were demanding for the removal of the 1915 Crown Land Ordinance that made
Africans mere tenants and not real owners of their land.
They were demanding for African representation in the Legislative Council.
They were opposed to forced labour.
They wanted free primary education as opposed to the colonial education system.
 Establishment of a secondary school, training facility for hospital workers and a school
for girls.
Removal of kipande system.
They demanded that all colonial laws be translated into Gikuyu Language so that all
members of the community could understand them.
They demanded for the appointment of a well-educated Paramount Chief elected by the
majority of the Agikuyu.
Wanted hut tax abolished and other taxes reduced
They advocated for the growing of coffee and other cash crops by Africans.
To work towards the restoration of alienated African land.
To pressurize the colonial government to abolish racial segregation.
Respect of African culture & customs e.g. Circumcision/polygamy
Agitating release of political prisoners e.g. Harry Thuku.

SECTION C(30MARKS). ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS

22.a) Identify 3 characteristics of human rights(3mks)
(a) They are Universal-Human rights apply equally to everyone by virtue of being a human
being.
(b) They are Indivisible-One right cannot be applied if the other does not exist. They are
inherent.
(c) Incase circumstance demand they can be suspended-For example during war, or during
disease outbreak like Ebola or other contagious diseases, one may be denied the right to
freedom of movement.
(d) Human rights have limitations-As people enjoy their rights, they should respect the
rights of others

b) Explain 6 social rights enjoyed by Kenyan citizens (12mks)

 health care which are of reasonable standard
 housing facility which is accessible and affordable
 adequate food which of good quality
 regular food supply which is clean and safe
 appropriate social security to persons who are unable to support themselves
 access to formal education
 to embrace a culture/language of one’s choice
 clean environment
23 a) Give three reasons why the constitution is important in Kenya (3mks)
 It provides a legal ground for making a country’s laws.
 It spells out powers of government and its relationship to the governed.
 Rights and duties of citizens are defined by the constitution.
 It ensures equality of all citizens.
 It is a symbol of unity.

b) Explain 6 challenges that Kenya faced in the realization of the new constitution in 2010
(12mks)
 Party differences have been transferred to the constitution making process e.g. the
NARC fallout, the ODM wrangles between Raila and Ruto. Etc.
 Sectarian interests based on tribe, religion, age, sex which is hard to satisfy. E.g in
relation to creation of counties, Kadhis court and land laws.
 Attempts to project personality, individual or group interests rather than national
interest into the process.
 Direct misinformation of the public and propaganda by politicians and other groups with
selfish interests.
 Illiteracy and ignorance of the electorate and therefore easily misled.
 Tension and sometimes violence marred the whole review process.
 Limited financial resources and personnel
 Lack of unity of purpose and co-operation among existing political parties hence
difficulty in hammering out compromise.
 Inadequate civic education/wrong civic education.
 Lack of consultation with all the interested stake holders.
 An attempt to tie the constitutional review process with election time-table, political
programs and interests.

24 a). Give three categories of Kenya defense forces (3mks)

The Kenya army
The Kenya air force
The Kenya navy
b) Discuss 6 circumstances that can make a registered voter to be denied right to vote in
Kenya(10mks)
When one is insane/ unsound mind
When one presents oneself in a constituency where one’s not registered
When one is discovered to have registered twice
When one does not have a voter’s card on the voting day
When one does not have a national identification Card on the voting day/ one has a
defective National Identification Card
When one’s name does not appear in the voters’ register
When one is time barred/ late