311/1

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

PAPER 1

2½ hours

MARKING SCHEME

1. Identify two ways through which archaeology is used to obtain information on the
history of Kenya. (2mks)
 Analysing and recording excavated materials
 Dating fossils

2. Mention the original homeland of the Eastern Cushites. (1mk)

 Ethiopia or Somalia
3. State the main use of Fort Jesus built by the Portuguese in the15 th century. (1mk)
 Security
4. State two economic benefit of the Omani rule along the Kenyan coast during the 19 th
century. (2mks)
 Expansion of trade
 Establishment of plantation agriculture
5. Indentify two circumstances under which citizenship acquired by birth can be
revoked. (2mks)
 If it is proven that citizenship was acquired through fraud or false representation.
 If it is discovered that a person was older than eight years when found in Kenya.
 If the nationality or parentage of a person becomes known and reveals that this
person was a citizen
6. Give two merits of the written constitution of Kenya. (2mks)
 It is not easy for politicians or other interest groups in society to alter it since the
procedure of amending it is clearly spelt out

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  In case of a crisis, the constitution provides a very clear procedure to be followed,
hence ensuring stability in the country
 Rigid- it recognizes that there exist some fundamentals in a state e.g. rights of
citizens, powers and duties of the president, among others which should not be
changed easily.
 It is fundamental for newly formed nations so as to take off in an orderly manner.
 It ensures that the identity of the various groups of people in the country are
preserved
 It unites the people in the nation since it requires recognition and acceptance from
the majority of the citizens.

7. What is direct democracy? (1mk)

 It is a type of democracy where the people are directly involved and participate in
decision making.

8. State one role of Mekatilili was Menza during the Agiriama resistance. (1mk)
 She administered oaths to unite the people
 She presented the grievances of the Agiriama to the colonial government
 She rallied the people together against a common enemy
 Her role highlighted the role of women in the struggle for independence in Kenya
9. Identify one method used by the British to administer Kenya colony between 1920
and 1963. (1mk)
 Direct rule
 Indirect rule
10. Give one result of the establishment of independent churches in Kenya during the
colonial period. (1mk)
 Accelerated the spread of Christianity
 They gave the African clergy leadership opportunities in the church
 African cultural practices were incorporated into Christianity
 They encouraged the spread of African nationalism

The Examiner 2 SET 6

11. Identify two features of early Political Association in Kenya. (2mks)
 They were led by mission educated young men
 There was a tendency towards inter regional cooperation
 Most of them were ethnic based
 Most of them had similar grievances
 Most of them did not attract large following

12. List two methods used by trade unionist to demand for workers rights during the
colonial rule. (2mks)
 Strikes and job boycotts
 They presented their grievances through the mass media e.g. the East African
Standard
 Formed associations which they used to negotiate with the colonial government

13. State two functions of the National Security Council of Kenya. (2mks)
 Integrates the domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to national security in
order to enable the national security organs to cooperate and function effectively
 Assesses and appraises the objectives, commitments, and risks to the Republic in
respect of actual and potential national security capabilities
 Reports annually to parliament on the state of the security of Kenya
 With the approval of parliament they deploy national forces outside Kenya for
regional or international peace, or approve the deployment of foreign forces in
Kenya

14. State one reason that can make the National Government suspend a county
Government in Kenya. (1mk)

The Examiner 3 SET 6

  If a county government is unable to perform its functions
 In case a county government does not operate a financial management system that
complies with the requirements prescribed by national legislations.

15. Give two reasons why African socialism was adopted in Kenya at
Independence. (2mks)
 The leaders wanted to create a new society, different from the colonial society, a
society free from socio-economic inequalities, racism, oppression and other social
injustices
 The leaders desired to create a just and humane society in which all were
considered equal before the law, recognizing the traditional practice of national and
social responsibility, equitable distribution of resources and freedom to own
property.
 The leaders desired a united and free Kenya where individual rights and freedoms
will be granted through a democratic political system.
16. Identify one way in which non-citizens can own land in Kenya. (1mk)
 Non- citizens can own land on the basis of leasehold tenure for duration of 99
years.

17. Identify one source of external revenue. (1mk)

 Bilateral aid
 Multilateral aid

SECTION B
18.a) Five causes of food shortage in Kenya. (5 marks)
i) Rapid population growth rate has put a lot of pressure on the available food.
ii) Poor farming methods/use of traditional farming methods which produce low yields.
iii) Poor and inadequate storage facilities.
iv) Over-emphasis of cash crops at the expense of food crops.
v) Destructive human activities like cutting down of trees leading to increased desertification
even in the formerly arable land.

The Examiner 4 SET 6

vi) Political instability witnessed in some provinces e.g. the Rift Valley and some coastal
regions.
vii) Rural – Urban migration especially among the young people.
viii) Inadequate funds to purchase the required farm inputs e.g. fertilizer, pesticides, farm
machinery, pay for labour.
xi) Poor land tenure system where some people own large tracts of land which are
underutilized while others have nothing.
x) Poor economic planning by government, where a lot of emphasis is put on industrial
projects at the expense of Agriculture.
xi) Over reliance on food aid and foreign relief food as well as other forms of aid which has
created a dependence attitude.
xii) Poor infrastructure which discourages farmers from increasing their production. Poor
transport systems also leads to food wastage.
xiii) Pest and diseases which destroy a lot of food crops and Agricultural animals. HIV & AIDs
which has led to the death of the productive workforce.
Eating habits where people prefer to eat foreign foods and have abandoned traditional
foods.
b) Five strategies adopted by the Government of Kenya to remedy the food situation in
the country. (2x5 = 10)
i) Control the rate of population growth through family planning.
ii) Introduced new farming methods that the farmers can increase their yield.
iii) The Government has subsidized fertilizer, seeds and farming machinery.
iv) Established agricultural training institutes to train Agriculture and veterinary experts,
horticultural experts in turn train the farmers.
v) The Government had encouraged extensive research in such institutions as KRI (Kenya
Agricultural Research Institute), ICIPE (International Center for Insect Physiology and
Ecology) as well as ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute).
vi) The Government has formulated a food security policy to enhance food products. It
ensures a certain minimum amount of cereals in government silos.

19.a) State five reasons for the migration and settlement of the Bantus in Kenya. (1x5)

The Examiner 5 SET 6

i) Population pressure
ii) External attacks
iii) Internal quarrels
iv) Drought and famine
v) Search for pasture for their livestock
vi) Search for land to cultivate
vii) Spirit of adventure

b) Political organization of the Luo during pre-colonial period. (2x5)

i) They had a decentralized form of government.
ii) They were organized into clans which consisted of families from the same ancestry.
iii) Several clans joined together to form a large territorial unit, Ngweng which was ruled by a
council of elders known as Doho.
iv) Several Gweng’s grouped together to form a sub-tribe called Oganda.
v) The council of elders of the Oganda was known as Buch Piny.
vi) The role of Buch Piny include selling major inter clan conflict, they admitted or expelled
strangers.
vii) The Luo had a class of warrior that defended the community.

20.a) Five ways in which the Government has attempted to preserve cultural heritage in
Kenya since independence. (2x5)
i) Encouraging theatre performance on Radio, T.V and Theatre.
ii) Promotion of indigenous films e.g. Saikati.
iii) Promotion of African crafts e.g. carving, sculpturing, pottery.
iv) Teaching African heritage in some subjects like CRE, History
v) Promotion of indigenous literature e.g. teaching vernacular in school.

b) Five challenges which have taken place in Kenya since the introduction of multi
party democracy. (1x5)

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i) It led to ethnic clashes in some parts of the country. This happened in areas where
politicians did not want it and hence incited their communities.
ii) Some members of the civil service took sides with the government and frustrated the
opposition.
iii) Leadership wrangles where politicians keep disagreeing and cause division in the political
parties and the citizens.
iv) The political parties that were formed were ethnic based and lacked a nationwide support.
v) Many greedy politicians were lured through bribes to defect from the opposition to KANU
further weakening the opposition.
vi) The KANU government controlled government machinery e.g. police, radio, Tv stations
and used them to their advantage.
vii) Inadequate civil education among many citizens because they were not aware of their
roles and the advantages of multipartism.
viii) Lack of funding by the state.
xi) The international community has continued to interfere in the running of the country.
Some diplomats side with certain political parties.
21.a) Five contributions of professor Wangari Maathai to the environmental conservation
efforts in Kenya.
i) She was a member later a chairperson of the board of environment liaison center which
facilitates NGOs in the work of the UNEP.
ii) She founded the Green Belt Movement under the auspices of Kenya.
iii) She among other members of the Green Belt Movement established a Pan African Green
Belt movement network. It involved other women in African in tree planting and in other
conservation efforts.
iv) Through the Green Belt Movement she mobilized women to plant more than 20 million
trees.
v) She prohibited the grabbing of Uhuru Park by KANU government.
vi) She attended local and international forums aimed at sensitizing people on environment
conservation.
b) Five contributions of Daniel Moi on social development in Kenya. (2x5)
i) He used ‘harambee’ as a strategy to expand schools, hospitals, dispensaries

The Examiner 7 SET 6

ii) He conducted harambee across the country to support needy cases e.g. for the physically
impaired persons in Kenya which raised 7.5m.
iii) Established Education commissions aimed at improving education in Kenya.
iv) He adopted 8.4.4 education system in 1985 which is more vocational oriented thus
equipping school leavers with the necessary skills.
v) Reduced adult illiteracy through establishment and strengthening of the development by
adult education.
vi) He supported the medical sector spearheading the building of Nyayo wards across the
country.
vii) He promoted culture and sports by encouraging Kenyans to participate in local and
international activities e..g athletics, soccer, volley ball, basket ball etc.
SECTION C
22. a) State 3 political causes of conflicts in Kenya
- Party differences
- Tribalism
- Failure to respect law and human rights
- Ideological differences
- Rigging of elections
(Any 3 relevant x 1 = 3mks)
b) Steps Kenya Government has taken to promote National integration since
independence
- Adoption of Kiswahili as a national language to enhance communication
- Education - students are subjected to the same syllabus and school curriculum
- Games and sports – made up of players from different communities
- M National motto – Harambee which encourages people to pull together i.e. resources
- National activities e.g national holidays, National Agricultural shows which bring
Kenyans together (Any 2 x 6 = 12mks)

23. a) Identify 3 roles of senate in Kenya

- Law making

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 - Represent counties, protect their interests
- Determines allocation of National revenue among counties
- Exercises oversight over state officers
(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)

b) Explain 6 functions of president of Kenya as Head of state.

- Represents the Government and people both locally and internationally
- Addresses the opening of newly elected parliament
- Exercises a power of mercy to convicted criminals
- Confers honours to persons who have given distinguished service to the nation
- Presides over national holidays in the country
- Approves bills before they become laws
- Commander in chief of the carried forces
- Can declare war of make peace with approval of parliament
- Defend the constitution such that it is not violated
(Any 6x1 = 12 mks)
24. a) Identify 3 funds established by the Kenyan constitution to deposit national revenue
- Equalization fund
- Consolidated fund
- Contingencies fund
- Revenue funds (Any 3x1 = 3mks)
b) Explain 6 categories of recurrent expenditure
- Wages and salaries
- General repair and maintenance
- Debt servicing
- Subscriptions to international organization
- Grants and bursaries
- maintain Kenyan embassies abroad
- Supplementary expenditure(Any 6x2 = 12 mks)

The Examiner 9 SET 6