C1 STS

CHAPTER 1 2.
Quantitative variables consist of numbers

NATURE OF STATISTICS representing counts or measurements.
 Discrete - data that can be counted
Basic Terms in Statistics Ex. number of students enrolled in STS, age,
year of birth
•Population consists of the totality of the  Continuous - data that can be measured
observations with which we are concerned. Ex. time, weight and height
•Parameter is any numerical value describing a
characteristic of a population.
•Sample is a subset of the population that truly Measurement - the process of determining the value
represents the unique qualities or characteristics of or label of a particular experimental unit
the population
•Statistic is any numerical value describing a Level of Measurements
characteristic of a sample.
•Sampling is the technique of collecting information
from a portion of the population.
•Variable is a characteristic of interest measurable on
each and every individual in a given sample or
population.
What is STATISTICS?
Singular Plural
-process of -body of numerical facts
statistics • Level of measurements
• Classification of Variables
• Classification of Data
Levels of Measurement of Variables
Statistics (Singular Sense)
I. Nominal data
- refers to the scientific discipline consisting of theory - Data are divided into two or more categories
and methods in processing numerical information that - the order of the data is not important
one can use when making decisions Ex. Gender, nationality, sports, music genre
1. Collecting (survey, interview, observation, Types of Business Ownership
experiment) 1. Sole-proprietorship
2. Organizing (tally the data,& FDT, Array, Stem 2. Partnership
Leaf) 3. Corporation
3. Presenting (graphs, tables, text)
4. Interpreting (analyze the results, & number of II. Ordinal data
variables and statistical tool) - Data are divided into categories and ranked
5. Concluding (draw the conclusion and - the order of the data is important
recommendation) Ex. size of t- shirt, educational attainment
Statistics (Plural Sense) Top 10 Richest People in the World - 2024
1. Elon Musk – $240.7 Billion
- refers to facts presented in numerical form, or 2. Jeff Bezos – $204.8 Billion
observations collected with a definite purpose 3. Bernard Arnault – $197.5 Billion
4. Larry Allison – $172.6 Billion
1. Classification of Variables 5. Mark Zuckerberg – $166.6 Billion
2. Level of Measurements 6. Larry Page – $142.2 Billion
3. Classification of Data 7. Warren Buffet – $138.3 Billion
8. Sergey Brin – $136.1 Billion
Why do we need to classify data and to know the 9. Bill Gates – $130.9 Billion
level of measurement? 10. Steve Ballmer – $124 Billion
Variable - is a characteristic of interest measurable

on each and every individual in a given sample or
population
Classification Of Variables
1. Qualitative variables or categorical variables can

be separated into different categories that are
distinguished by some nonnumeric characteristics.
Ex. Name, Sex, Year Level, Course
III. Interval Data
- has equal interval between values
- no true or absolute zero
Ex. IQ level, temperature, standardized exam score
IV. Ratio
- possess all the characteristics of interval data
- has true or absolute zero
- has exact meaningful difference between values
Ex. Height, weight, age, salary, sales
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Categorized     1. Simple Random Sampling
Ranked    Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and has
Has interval   an equal chance of being selected.
True zero 
Ex: You want to select a simple random sample of
Identify which level of measurement does the 100 employees of Company X. You assign a number
following data belongs. to every employee in the company database from 1 to
1000, and use a random number generator to select
1. City of Birth 6. Car brands 100 numbers.
2. Test score 7. Ethnicity
3. Height 8. Ranking of honor students 2. Systematic Sampling
4. Age 9. Likert type of question Every member of population is listed with a number,
5. Weight 10. Temperature in the room. individuals are chosen at regular intervals.
Ex: All employees of the company are listed in

Data - collection of all observations that is analyzed alphabetical order. From the first 10 numbers, you
and summarized for presentation and interpretation randomly select a starting point: number 6. From
number 6 onwards, every 10th person on the list is
Classification of Data selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up
with a sample of 100 people.
SOURCE INFORMATION
 Primary  Internal 3. Stratified Sampling
 Secondary  External Population is divided into subgroups (Strata) based
on relevant characteristics. From overall proportions
Sources of Data of population, how many people should be sampled
from each sub group is calculated. Then random /
Primary Sources Secondary Sources systematic sampling is done to select a sample from
collected directly from collected, and published each subgroup.
the original source by someone else, rather
through observation or than the researcher Example: Use stratified sampling to take 60 samples
experimentation gathering the data from the following population: Blk 1: 50, Blk 2: 45,
 Interviews  Textbooks Blk 3:48, and Blk 4: 49.
 Observations  Journals
 Autobiography  Biography
Types of Information
Internal - information relates to the operations and

functions of the organization collecting the data
External - Relates to the activities outside of the 4. Cluster Sampling
organization collecting the data - dividing population into sub — groups, but each
sub-group should have similar characteristics to
Sampling Methods whole sample then select entire sub groups randomly
-Sampling is the technique of collecting information
from a portion of the population. Ex: The company has offices in 10 cities across the
country (all with roughly the same number of
•Probability employees in similar roles). You don’t have the
•Non-Probability capacity to travel to every office to collect your data,
so you use random sampling to select 3 offices —
Probability Sampling these are your clusters.
- every element of the population is given an equal Two main advantages of Probability Sampling
chance of being selected as part of the sample 1. it helps to minimize (but not eradicate) sampling
error; that is, the extent to which our sample does not
reflect the population; and
2. it enables us to perform statistical analysis that, at SAMPLE SIZE
specified levels of statistical significance, allow us to
make inferences from our sample to the population.
Non-Probability Sampling
- selects the sample based on subjective judgment

rather than the random selection
- the size of a sample should influence how

accurately the sample represents its population
WAYS ON DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE

SIZE
1. Raosoft Sample Size:
1. Convenience Sampling
Simply includes the individuals who happen to be
most accessible to the researcher.
Ex: You are researching opinions about student

support services in your university, so after each of
your classes, you ask your fellow students to
complete a survey on the topic.
2. Purposive Sampling
Involves the researcher using their expertise to select
a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the
research. 2. Slovin’s Formula:
n = sample size
Ex: You want to know more about the opinions and N = population size
experiences of disabled students at your university, so e = margin of error
you purposefully select a number of students with
different support needs
Example: Supposed that the population size of your
3. Snowball Sampling respondents is 1000 and you wants a sample size with
If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling 5% margin of error. Find the sample size.
can be used to recruit participants via other
participants.
Ex: You are searching for the students who attended

seminars about Digital Marketing. You asked your
first respondents of the other attendees.
4. Quota Sampling
Divide the population into mutually exclusive
subgroups (called strata) and then recruit sample
units until you reach your quota
Cases wherein non probability sampling is useful

•when only few respondents are willing to be
interviewed
•when there is extreme difficulties in locating or
identifying respondents
•when probability sampling is more expensive to
implement

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CHAPTER 1 2.

Quantitative variables consist of numbers

Variable - is a characteristic of interest measurable

1. Qualitative variables or categorical variables can

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Ex: All employees of the company are listed in

Internal - information relates to the operations and

- selects the sample based on subjective judgment

- the size of a sample should influence how

WAYS ON DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE

1. Raosoft Sample Size:

Ex: You are researching opinions about student

Ex: You are searching for the students who attended

Cases wherein non probability sampling is useful

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