Understanding Mathematics: From Counting to Calculus

By Keith Kressin

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Introduction 4-11 Division of Single Digit Integers

1-1 Why Anyone Needs This Math Book 4-12 Division of Multi-Digit Numbers
1-2 What This Book Provides 4-13 Separating Multi-Digit Numbers for Division
1-3 The Layout of This Text 4-14 Division with Remainders
1-4 Who Would Benefit from This Book 4-15 Multiplying Decimals
1-5 Why Buy One Book that Contains 12 Years 4-16 Dividing Decimals
of Mathematics? 4-17 Rounding and Truncation
1-6 This Math is Really Used in Practice 4-18 A Pause for Congrats!
1-7 What the Reader Should Already Know
Chapter 5 - Fractions
Chapter 2 - Numbers 5-1 Defining Fractions
2-1 The Definition of a Number 5-2 Reading Fractions
2-2 Numbers are Universal 5-3 Types of Fractions
2-3 Counting 5-4 Converting Fractions to Decimals
2-4 Naming Digits 5-5 Converting Decimals to Fractions
2-5 Decimals 5-6 Multiplying Fractions
2-6 Common Symbols 5-7 Making Different but Equal Fractions
2-7 Summary of Numbers 5-8 Simplifying Fractions with Factorization and
Cancellation
Chapter 3 - Addition and Subtraction 5-9 Prime Numbers
3-1 Explaining Addition 5-10 Prime Factorization
3-2 Addition of Single Digit Integers 5-11 Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms
3-3 Commutative Law of Addition 5-12 Lowest Common Denominators (LCD)
3-4 Understanding Variables 5-13 Adding and Subtracting Fractions
3-5 Associative Law of Addition 5-14 Conversion of Mixed Numbers
3-6 Explaining Subtraction 5-15 Dividing Fractions
3-7 Subtraction of Single Digit Integers 5-16 Summary of Fraction
3-8 Absolute Values
3-9 Addition and Subtraction are Chapter 6 - Percentages
Complementary 6-1 Defining Percentages
3-10 Addition of Multi-Digit Integers 6-2 Operations using Percentages
3-11 Separating Multi-Digit Numbers for Addition 6-3 Finding the Percentage of a Number
3-12 Adding Decimals 6-4 Percentages Shortcuts
3-13 Subtraction of Multi-Digit Integers 6-5 Mean, Median, and Mode
3-14 Subtraction Resulting in Negative Answers 6-6 Summary of Percentages
3-15 Subtracting Decimals
3-16 Summary of Addition and Subtraction Chapter 7 - Negative Numbers
7-1 Defining Negative Numbers
Chapter 4 - Multiplication and Division 7-2 Negative Numbers are Necessary
4-1 Explaining Multiplication 7-3 Addition and Subtraction with Negative
4-2 Operators for Multiplication Numbers
4-3 Multiplication of Single Digit Integers 7-4 Multiplying and Dividing Negative Numbers
4-4 Commutative Law of Multiplication 7-5 Performing Operations with More than 3
4-5 Associative Law of Multiplication Numbers
4-6 Distributive Law of Multiplication 7-6 Summary of Negative Number Operations
4-7 Variations of the Distributive Law of
Multiplication Chapter 8 - Exponents
4-8 Multiplication of Multi-Digit Integers 8-1 Defining Exponents
4-9 Separating Multi-Digit Numbers for 8-2 Multiplying with Positive Exponents
Multiplication 8-3 Using Negative Exponents
4-10 Explaining Division 8-4 More Rules for Using Exponents
8-5 Summary of Exponential Rules
8-6 Fractional Exponents 14-5 Plotting Quadratic Equations
8-7 Scientific and Exponential Notation 14-6 Plotting Polynomials of Higher Degrees
8-8 Summary of Exponents 14-7 Plotting Polynomials with Multiple Variables
14-8 Summary of Graphing
Chapter 9 - Pre-Algebra
9-1 Review of the Past and Goals for the Future Chapter 15 - Geometry
9-2 Definitions for Algebra 15-1 Introduction
9-3 Operations with Variables 15-2 Lines and Angles
9-4 Order of Operations 15-3 Triangles
9-5 Summary 15-4 Congruent Triangles
15-5 Polygons
Chapter 10 - Solving One Algebraic Equation 15-6 Circles
10-1 Introduction 15-7 Summary
10-2 Algebraic Definitions
10-3 Two Basic Methods for Solving An Chapter 16 - Measurement of Geometric
Algebraic Equation Figures
10-4 Isolating the Variable 16-1 Introduction
10-5 Factorization of Quadratic Equations by 16-2 Lengths, Perimeters and Areas of Polygons
Inspection 16-3 Circle Measurements
10-6 Factorization Using the Quadratic Formula 16-4 Volumes and Surface Areas
10-7 Factorization of Higher Order Polynomials 16-5 Summary
10-8 Reducing an Algebraic Expression to
Lowest Terms Chapter 17 - Trigonometry
10-9 Reducing Algebraic Equations Containing 17-1 Introduction
Absolute Values 17-2 Trigonometric Functions
10-10 Summary 17-3 Commonly Used Triangles
17-4 Oblique Triangle Relationships
Chapter 11 - Solving a System of Equations 17-5 Trigonometry and Graphing
11-1 Introduction 17-6 Plotting Sine and Cosine Values
11-2 Substitution of Equations 17-7 Using Radians
11-3 Elimination of Variables 17-8 Summary
11-4 Using Matrices
11-5 Solving Systems with Matrix Reduction Chapter 18 - Logarithms
11-6 Solving Systems with Cramer's Rule 18-1 Introduction
11-7 Summary 18-2 Understanding Logarithms
18-3 Calculating Logarithms
Chapter 12 - Word Problems 18-4 Uses of Logarithms
12-1 Introduction 18-5 Finding the Natural Logarithm
12-2 Steps to Solving Any Word Problem 18-6 Summary
12-3 Word Problem Examples
12-4 Summary Chapter 19 - Complex Numbers
19-1 Introduction
Chapter 13 - Functions 19-2 Defining Imaginary Numbers
13-1 Introduction 19-3 Adding and Subtracting Imaginary
13-2 Explaining Functions Numbers
13-3 Dependent and Independent Variables 19-4 Complex = Real + Imaginary
13-4 Examples Using Functions 19-5 Graphing Complex Numbers
13-5 Inverse Functions 19-6 Summary
13-6 Summary
Chapter 20 - Finding Geometry Using
Chapter 14 - Graphing Algebra
14-1 Introduction 20-1 Introduction
14-2 Plotting Points on the Cartesian Coordinate 20-2 Finding Geometry with Complex Exponents
System 20-3 Using Complex Exponents
14-3 Plotting Linear Equations 20-4 Summary
14-4 Plotting Systems of Linear Equations
Chapter 21 - Introducing Calculus
21-1 What More is There to Learn?
21-2 An Essential Introduction to Calculus
21-3 Summary of the Introduction
Chapter 22 - The Derivative
22-1 Introduction
22-2 Development of the Derivative Using Limits
22-3 Usefulness of the Derivative
22-4 Finding the Derivative of a Function
22-5 Derivatives of Special Functions
22-6 The Chain Rule
22-7 L'Hopital's Rule
22-8 Maxima and Minima
22-9 Newton's Method
22-10 Summary of Derivatives
Chapter 23 - The Integral
23-1 Introduction
23-2 Development of the Integral Using Limits
23-3 Finding the Integral from the Derivative
23-4 Solving Integrals
23-5 Summary of Integrals
Chapter 24 - A Final Word on Mathematics
24-1 How Computers and Calculators
Understand Math
24-2 Continued Learning
24-3 Now What?
Appendix A: Trigonometric Identities
Appendix B: Table of Trigonometric
Functions