CHAPTER

04

ANIMAL KINGDOM
➢ When you look around, you will observe different animals with different structures and forms. As
over a million species of animals have been described till now, the need for classification becomes
all the more important.
➢ The classification also helps in assigning a systematic position to newly described species.
• BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION :-
➢ Inspite of differences in structure and form of different animals, there are fundamental features
common to various individuals in relation to the arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of
coelom, patterns of digestive, circulatory or reproductive systems.
➢ These features are used as the basis of animal classification and some of them are discussed here.
L1 Points 
• SEQUENCE OF CLASSIFICATION
➢ Smallest unit of classification is “Species”(Real existence). Genus includes various types of
species. Family is made up of various genera. Many families join together to form an order, many
orders join together to form a class and many classes form a Phylum. All the phyla unit to form
the largest unit i.e. Kingdom.
➢ Various grouping levels or ranks or Taxa in classification known as Obligate categories.
e.g. Kingdom ― phylum ― class ― order ― family ― genus ― species
Based on this, all animals are included in the animals kingdom ― groups and written in the
following Hierarchial manner. For example obligate category of man can be written as
TAXONS(7) Categories
Kingdom ⎯⎯⎯→ Animalia
Phylum ⎯⎯⎯→ Chordata
Class ⎯⎯⎯→ Mammalia
Order ⎯⎯⎯→ Primates
Family ⎯⎯⎯→ Hominidae
Genus ⎯⎯⎯→ Homo
Species ⎯⎯⎯→ Sapiens
✓ Note:- Phylum is known as Division in plants.
 L1 Extract 
1. Porifera → 2. Coelenterata (Cnidaria) → 3. Ctenophora → 4. Platyhelminthes → 5. Aschelminthes
6. Annelida → 7. Arthropoda → 8. Mollusca → 9. Echinodermata → 10. Hemichordata → 11. Chordata
• Levels of Organisation :-
➢ Though all members of Animalia are multicellular, all of them do not exhibit the same pattern of
organisation of cells.
➢ For example, in sponges, the cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates, i.e., they exhibit cellular
level of organisation. Some division of labour (activities) occur among the cells.
➢ In coelenterates, the arrangement of cells is more complex. Here the cells performing the same
function are arranged into tissues, hence is called tissue level of organisation.
➢ A still higher level of organisation, i.e., organ level is exhibited by members of Platyhelminthes
and other higher phyla where tissues are grouped together to form organs, each specialized for a
particular function.
➢ In animals like Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms and Chordates, organs have
associated to form functional systems, each system concerned with a specific physiological
function. This pattern is called organ system level of organisation.
L1 Extract 
A. Cellular level – Sponges. B. Tissue level – Cnidarians.
C. Organ level – Platyhelminthes. D. Organ system level – Aschelminthes to chordata.
➢ Organ systems in different groups of animals exhibit various patterns of complexities. For
example, the digestive system in Platyhelminthes has only a single opening to the outside of the
body that serves as both mouth and anus, and is hence called incomplete (Blind sac of body plan).
➢ A complete digestive system has two openings, mouth and anus. Similarly, the circulatory system
may be of two types:
(i) Open type in which the blood is pumped out of the heart and the cells and tissues are directly
bathed in it. Ex. Arthropoda, Mollusca & Hemichordata.
(ii) Closed type in which the blood is circulated through a series of vessels of varying diameters
(arteries, veins and capillaries), Much advance then open type. Ex. Annelida & Chordata.
L1 Point 
➢ Concept of {*DACARA }=
 Digestive system first completed in Aschelminthes.
 Circulatory system first completed in Annelida.
 Respiratory system first completed in Arthropoda.
• Symmetry :-
➢ Animals can be categorised on the basis of their symmetry.
➢ Sponges are mostly asymmetrical, i.e., any plane that passes through the centre
does not divide them into equal halves.
➢ When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the
organism into two identical halves, it is called radial symmetry. Coelenterates,
ctenophores and echinoderms have this kind of body plan.
➢ Animals like annelids, arthropods, etc., where the body can be divided into
identical left and right halves in only one plane, exhibit bilateral symmetry.
L1 Extract 
A. Asymmetry – Most of the Sponges.
B. Radial symmetry – Coelentrates, ctenophores & Echinodermates.
C. Bitateral symmetry – Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Hemichordata & Chordata.
✓ The adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical.
• Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation :-
➢ Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic
layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm,
are called diploblastic animals, e.g., coelenterates. An
undifferentiated layer, mesoglea, is present in between the
ectoderm and the endoderm.
➢ Those animals in which the developing embryo has a
third germinal layer, mesoderm, in between the ectoderm
and endoderm, are called triploblastic animals (platyhelminthes to chordates).
• Coelom :-
➢ Presence or absence of a cavity between the body wall
and the gut wall is very important in classification.
➢ The body cavity, which is lined by mesoderm is called
coelom. Animals possessing coelom are called
coelomates, Ex. annelids, molluscs, arthropods,
echinoderms, hemichordates & chordates.
➢ In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by
mesoderm, instead, the mesoderm is present as scattered
pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a
body cavity is called pseudocoelom and the animals
possessing them are called pseudocoelomates, Ex.
aschelminthes.
➢ The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates, Ex. platyhelminthes.
✓ Note – Depending upon its origin true coelom or eucoelom is of 2 types-
(i) Schizocoelom – The coelom is formed by splitting of mesoderm.
Ex. – Annelida, arthropoda & mollusca {*AAM}.
(ii) Enterocoelom – The coelom develops as an outgrowth of the enteron or embryonic gut.
Ex. – Echinodermata & Chordata.
L1 Points 
1. Term 'Phylum' given by Cuvier. 2. Term 'Class' given by Linnaeus.
3. Term 'Family' 'Genus' & 'Species' given by John Ray.
4. Current accepted definition of species (Based on Reproductive isolation) – E. Mayr.
5. Term 'Biosystematics' – Comp & Gilly. 6. Term 'New systematics' given by Julian Huxley.
 The cavity filled with blood is called hoemocoel. It is found in arthropods & mollucs.
 Cephalisation: Development of head in anterior part of the body is called cephalisation.
Cephalisation originated in platyhelminthes & is found in all higher taxa.
• Segmentation :-
➢ In some animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial
repetition of at least some organs. For example, in earthworm, the body shows this pattern called
metameric segmentation and the phenomenon is known as metamerism or true segmentation.
✓ Note-
 Segmentation is found in 3 animal phylums-Annelida, Arthropoda & chordata.
 In annelida both external & internal segmentation is present.
 In arthropods segmentation is mostly external which differentiate body into head, thorax &
abdomen.
 In chodates external segmentation is absent but internal segmentation present.
 False segmentation- In tapeworm, the body is divisible into parts called proglottids. They develop
from the neck & each segment is not depend on other Segment. This segmentation is called
pseudometamerism.
• Notochord :-
➢ Notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during
embryonic development in some animals. Animals with notochord are called chordates and those
animals which do not form this structure are called non-chordates, e.g., porifera to echinoderms.
L1 Points 
➢ Concept of nonchordate & invertibrate-
A. Nonchordate – Animals without notochord. Ex.- Porifera to hemichordata.
B. Invertibrates – Animals without vertebral column (backbone). Ex.- All nochordates, urochordates
& cephalochordates.
So from above conclusion we can say – "All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not
vertabrates".
• CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS :-
➢ The broad classification of Animalia based on common fundamental features as mentioned in the
preceding sections is given in following chart -

*Echinodermata exhibits radial or bilateral symmetry depending on the stage.

• Classification of animals :-
Phylum [1] – Porifera (Robert Grant)
➢ Members of this phylum are commonly known as sponges. They are generally
marine and mostly asymmetrical animals. These are primitive multicellular
animals and have cellular level of organisation.
➢ Sponges have a water transport or canal system. Water enters through minute
pores (ostia) in the body wall into a central cavity, spongocoel, from where it goes
out through the osculum.
➢ This pathway of water transport is helpful in food gathering, respiratory
exchange and removal of waste. Choanocytes or collar cells line the
spongocoel and the canals. Digestion is intracellular.
➢ The body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules or sponging fibres.
Sexes are not separate (hermaphrodite), i.e., eggs and sperms are produced
by the same individual.
➢ Sponges reproduce asexually by fragmentation and
sexually by formation of gametes. Fertilisation is internal
and development is indirect having a larval stage which is
morphologically distinct from the adult.
Examples: Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (Fresh water sponge)
and Euspongia (Bath sponge).
 L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

Note- Classification of Sponges-

 One the basis of type of endo skeleton, phylum porifera is divided into 3 classes-
A. Class-1 Calcarea (calcospongiae)- The skeleton is of cal-careous spicules.
 All are marine. Ex.- Leucosolenia, Sycon (Scypha), Grantia.
B. Class-2 Hyalospongiae (Hexactinellida)-The skeleton is of silieous spicules, which has 6 rays.
 All are marine. Ex.- Euplectella (Venus flower basket), Hyalonema (Glass rope sponge).
C. Class-3 Demospongiale – Skeleton is made up of spongin fibres or silliceous spicules or both.
Ex.- Euspongia (Bath sponge), Spongilla (Fresh water sponge), Cliona (Boring sponge), chalina
(The fingers sponge).
➢ Canal system – 3 types-
1. Ascanoid type – Simplest & found in
Leucosolenia, flow of water is → Ostia →
Spongocoel → Osculum → Outside.
2. Syconoid type – Found in Sycon.
3. Leuconoid type – Most complex & found in
Spongilla.
 In class, demospogiae the leuconoid system is
derived from a larval stage called rhagon.
 Larval stage- Solid parenchymella and hollow
amphiblastula.
 Gemmule formation (internal Budding) – A
type of Asexual Reproduction also found in
some sponges.
 Shrimps (spongicola) A crustacean, shows
Commensalism interaction with Euplectella.
Phylum [2] – Coelenterata /Cnidaria (Leuckart)
➢ They are aquatic, mostly marine, sessile or free-
swimming, radially symmetrical animals.
➢ The name cnidaria is derived from the cnidoblasts or
cnidocytes (which contain the stinging capsules or
nematocysts- have hypnotoxin which is mixture of
proteins and phenols) present on the tentacles & the
body. Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense and
for the capture of prey.
➢ Cnidarians exhibit tissue level of organisation and are diploblastic. They have a central gastro-
vascular cavity (coelenteron) with a single opening, mouth on hypostome.
➢ Digestion is extracellular and intracellular. Some of the cnidarians, e.g., corals have a skeleton
composed of calcium carbonate.
➢ Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms called polyp and medusa. The
former is a sessile and cylindrical form like Hydra, Adamsia, etc.
whereas, the latter is umbrella-shaped and free-swimming like Aurelia
or jelly fish. Those cnidarians which exist in both forms exhibit
alternation of generation (Metagenesis), i.e., polyps produce medusae
asexually and medusae form the polyps sexually (e.g., Obelia).
Examples: Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war), Adamsia (Sea anemone),
Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-fan) and Meandrina (Brain coral).
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

➢ Cnidoblasts are structurally most specialized & complex cells in Animal kingdom.
Note- Classification of Cnidarians-
 On the basis of dominance of polyp or medusa phase in life-cycle, cnidaria is classified into 3
classes-
A. Class-1 Hydrozoa – Both polyp & medusa forms are present. Some contains only polyp form.
Ex. – Hydra, Obelia (sea-fur), Physalia.
B. Class-2 Scyphozoa – Represented by medusa some contains polyp form. Ex. – Aurelia,
Rhizostoma.
C. Class-3 Anthozoa – Only polyp form, medusa form is absent genrally. Ex. – Gorgonia (sea –
fan), Adamsia (sea - anemone), Corallium (Red coral) – Red moonga, Meandrina (Brain coral),
Fungia (Mushroom coral), Pennatula (Sea – pen), Tubipora (Organ pipe coral), Heliopora (Blue
coral), Alcyonium (Dead's man finger).
 Sea anemone shows symbiotic relationship with hermit crab.
 In Hydra, stimulation for discharge of nematocyst is first mechanical then chemical.
 Different type of locomotions in Hydra-
1. Gliding 2. Floating 3. Walking (using tentacles as legs).
4. Looping – Commonest method of locomotion.
5. Somersaulting – Fastest method of locomotion.
 Most primitive nervous system is found in Hydra/Coelontrata.
 Phylum [3] – Ctenophora (Eschscholtz)
➢ Ctenophores, commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies are exclusively marine, radially
symmetrical, diploblastic organisms with tissue level of
organisation.
➢ The body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb plates, which
help in locomotion.
➢ Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular.
➢ Bioluminescence (the property of a living organism to emit light)
is well-marked in ctenophores.
➢ Sexes are not separate. Reproduction takes place only by sexual
means. Fertilisation is external with indirect development.
Examples: Pleurobrachia, Ctenoplana & Beroe.
✓ Note- Larva of ctenophore – Cydippid.
Phylum [4] – Platyhelminthes (Gegenbaur)
➢ They have dorso-ventrally flattened body, hence are
called flatworms.
➢ These are mostly endoparasites found in animals
including human beings.
➢ Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and
acoelomate animals with organ level of organisation.
Hooks and suckers are present in the parasitic forms.
Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly
through their body surface.
➢ Specialised cells called flame cells (solenocyte) help in osmoregulation and excretion. Sexes are
not separate. Fertilisation is internal and development is through many larval stages. Some
members like Planaria possess high regeneration capacity.
Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola hepatica (Liver fluke).
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

➢ In flatworms coelom is absent. The area between the body wall & digestive tract is filled with a
special connective tissue called parenchyma.
Note - Classification of Platyhelminthes-
 On the basis of mode of live & digestive tract, Cillia & Bodywall, flatworms divided into 3 classes-
A. Class-1 Turbellaria – Mostly free-living flatworms.
 Epidermis has rhabdites (May helpful in defence). Ex.- Planaria (Dugesia), Mesostoma.
B. Class 2- Trematoda (flukes) – Ecto or endoparasites. Ex.- Fasciola (Liver fluke), Schistoma
(blood fluke)
C. Class 3- Cestoda (Tape worms) – All endoparasites.
  Body divisible into proglottids.
 Digestive system absent. Ex.- Taenia, Echinococcus ganulosus (Dog tapeworm), Hymenolepis.
L1 Facts 
1. Fasciola hepatica – Sheep's liver fluke – Causes liver rot.
 If is digenetic endoparasite. Sheep is the 1o host & Snail is 2 o host.
 Fasciola is monecious. The female reproductive system has Mehlis gland which help in lubrication.
 In fasciola "Laurer's canal" is present between the genital aperture & the uterus, temporarily in
breeding season.
 In fasciola, 5 larval stages are found.
1. Miracidium – Free swimming (infective stage for 2 o host i.e.-Snail).
2. Sporocyst – It enters in snail.
3. Redia.
4. Cercaria – Tailed larva.
5. Metacercaria – Infective for 1o host i.e.- for sheep.
2. Taenia Solioum (Pork tapeworm)
 It is digenetic endoparasite.
 1o host in man (small intestine) & 2 o host is pig (muscle).
 Tapeworm does not have alimentary canal.
 Digested food is absorbed by general body surface.
 Body is divisible into 3 parts- Scolex, neck & strobila.
 Scolex (head) have restellum & 4 suckers.
 Rostellum bears 28 to 32 pointed chitinous hooks.
 Hooks & suckers help in attachment.
 Neck is specialized to produce new proglottids. This phenomeonon is known as strobilisation.
 Strobili has 800-1000 proglottids.
 Taenia lacks both mouth & anus.
 Gravid proglottids regularly detached from the strobilla & pass out with host faeces. This
phenomenon is called apolysis.
 Like fasciola, Taenia is monoecious or hermaphrodite.
 Each mature/gravid proglottid has a complete set of male & female reproductive organs.
 Self-fertillisation occurs in Taenia.
 There are 3 larval stages in Taenia.
1. Onchosphere – 6 hooked shelled embryo.
2. Hexacanth
3. Cysticercus or Bladdworm- Infective stage of humans.
 Infection of Taenia causes Taeniasis.
3. Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm)-
  1o host in man & 2 o host is cattle.
 T. saginata differs from T. solium in absence of hooks/rostellum upon its scolex(unarmed
Tapeworm).

Phylum [5] – Aschelminthes (Gegenbaur)

➢ The body of the aschelminthes is circular in cross-section, hence, the name roundworms
(Nematoda).
➢ They may be freeliving, aquatic and terrestrial or parasitic in plants
and animals. Roundworms have organ-system level of body
organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and
pseudocoelomate animals. Alimentary canal is complete with a
welldeveloped muscular pharynx.
➢ An excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavity
through the excretory pore (Excretion is by "H" shape renette cells).
➢ Sexes are separate (dioecious), i.e., males and females are distinct.
Often females are longer than males. Fertilisation is internal and
development may be direct (the young ones resemble the adult) or
indirect.
Examples : Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria (Filaria worm), Ancylostoma (Hookworm), Loa Loa
(Eye worm).
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

➢ Syncytial epidermis is present.

Note- Classification-
 Roundworms are classified on the basis of sense organs – into 2 classes-
A. Class-1 Phasmidia – Phasmids (Sensory receptor) are present near hind end of body.
 Amphids (chemorecptor) are present near anterior end.
 Caudal glands absent. Ex.- Ascaris (common round worm), Enterobius (Pin worm), Ancylostoma
(Hook worm), Wuchereria (Filarial worm)
B. Class-2 Aphasmidia – Phasmids are absent.
 Caudal glands present. Ex.- Trichuris (whip worm), Trichinella (Trichina worm)
 L1 Facts 
1. Ascaris lumbricoides-
 Ascaris is endoparasite (small interstine).
 Ascaris is monogenetic i.e. no secondary host.
 Mouth of Ascaris is surrounded by 3 lips – one dorsal & 2 ventro-lateral.
 Amphids are chemoreceptors / gustatory in function.
 Phasmids are also chemoreceptor and glandulosensory in nature.
 Ascaris is both ammonotelic & ureotelic.
 About 2 mm behind anterior and of body situated a excretory pore mid-ventrally.
 Ascaris is dioecious (unisexual) with sexual dimorphism.
 Females are relatively larger than males.
 In male ascaris posterior end is curved while in female ascaris posterior end is straight.
 Male has 2 pinal spicules (setae) which are absent in females.
 In Ascaris only sexual reproduction takes place.
 Male ascaris is monarchic (monodelphic) i.e. it has a single testis.
 Famale ascaris is didelphic i.e. it has 2 ovaries.
 Ascaris sperms are amoeboid & tail less.
 Fertilised egg (zygote) get surrounded by shells and called mammillated egg.
 From mammillated egg to adult, 4 Juvenile stages are present.
1. First stage Juvenile or Rhabditiform larva.
2. Second stage Juvenile or Embryonated egg – This is infective to human host.
3. Third stage Juvenile.
4. Fourth stage Juvenile.
 4 moulting takes place during embryonic development- First moult – in soil (at Rhabditiform
Larval), Second moult – Lung (at third stage Juvenile), Third moult – Lung (at fourth stage
Juvenile), Fourth moult – Intestine.
 Moulting is a feature that allows growth.
 Ascaris causes 'Ascariasis' which is treated by oil of chenopodium & Alcopar.
2. Ancylostoma duodenale (Hook worm)-
 No intermediate / 2 o host, Infective stage is filariform larva
 In males umbrella like 'copulatory bursa' present (sexual dimorphism).
3. Wuchereria (Filarial worm)-
 Digenetic, endoparasite in the lymph nodes of human ( 1o host). F. Culex mosquito is 2 o host.
 Female worms are viviparous.
 Lerva is called microfilariae.
 Wuchereria (W. bancrofti & W. malayi) causes filriasis or elephantiasis.
4. Enterobious Vermicularis (Pin/Seat worm)
 It is monogenetic endoparasite.
  Larva is rhabditiform.
5. Dracounculus medinensis- The Guinea worm.
Phylum [6] – Annelida (Lamarck)
➢ They may be aquatic (marine and fresh water) or terrestrial; free-living, and sometimes parasitic.
They exhibit organ-system level of body organisation and bilateral symmetry.
➢ They are triploblastic, metamerically segmented and coelomate animals.
➢ Their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments or
metameres and, hence, the phylum name Annelida (Latin,
annulus : little ring).
➢ They possess longitudinal and circular muscles which help in
locomotion. Aquatic annelids like Nereis possess lateral
appendages, parapodia, which help in swimming. A closed
circulatory system is present. Nephridia (sing. nephridium)
help in osmoregulation and excretion. Neural system consists
of paired ganglia (sing. ganglion) connected by lateral nerves
to a double ventral nerve cord.
➢ Nereis, an aquatic form, is dioecious, but earthworms and leeches are monoecious. Reproduction
is sexual.
Examples : Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm) and Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech).
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

Note- Classification of segmented worms-

 On the basis of presence or absence of setae & sense organs divided into 3 classes-
A. Class-1 Polychaeta:-
 Locomotory organs are parapodia.
 Clitellum is absent so cacoon not formed.
 Dioecious, Larval stage is trochophore. Ex.- Nereis (Ragworm or sandworm), Aphrodite (sea
mouse), Sabella (Peacock worm), Chaetopterus (Paddle worm), Arnecola (Lug worm).
B. Class-2 Oligochaeta:-
 No parapodia.
 Clitellum present which forms cocoon (cocoon Covers eggs).
 No larval stage, Monoecious. Ex.- Pheretima (Indian earthworm), Lumbricus (European
earthworm), Tubifex (blood worm), Magascolex (Common earthworm of South India).
C. Class-3 Hirudinea (Hirudo = Leech)
 No setae, no paraodia.
 Clitellum present & forms cocoon.
 Masodermal botryoidal tissue is filled in coelon.
  Number of body segments fixed, 33 or 34.
 No larval stage. Ex.- Hirudinaria (cattle leech), Hirudo (Medicinal leech).
L1 Facts 
1. Hirudinaria-
 Hirudinaria has 33 body segments.
 Temperary clitellum appears on 9th, 10th & 11th segments during breeding season.
 Blood does not coagulate in its body due to mixing with an anticoagulant called hirudin.
 Anterior sucker is used in feeding & attachment.
 Posterior sucker takes part in locomotion & attachment.
 Leech is sanguivorous (animal which feed on blood).
➢ Blood is reddish in Annelida due to presence of respiratory pigment haemoglobin being dissolved
in plasma. RBCs are absent, blood corpuscles are colourless.
Phylum [7] – Arthropoda (Von Seibold)
➢ This is the largest phylum of Animalia which includes insects. Over two-thirds of all named
species on earth are arthropods.
➢ They have organ-system level of organisation. They are
bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented and
coelomate animals. The body of arthropods is covered by
chitinous exoskeleton.
➢ The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen. They have
jointed appendages (arthros-joint, poda-appendages).
➢ Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal
system. Circulatory system is of open type. Sensory organs like
antennae, eyes (compound and simple), statocysts or balancing
organs are present.
➢ Excretion takes place through malpighian tubules. They are mostly
dioecious. Fertilisation is usually internal. They are mostly
oviparous. Development may be direct or indirect. Ex.- Economically important insects – Apis
(Honey bee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Laccifer (Lac insect)
Vectors – Anopheles, Culex and Aedes (Mosquitoes)
Gregarious pest – Locusta (Locust)
Living fossil – Limulus (King crab).

L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

 Note- Classification of arthropods-7 classes-
A. Class-1 Onychophora- Ex. Peripatus (Peripatus is connecting link between annelida & arthropoda).
B. Class-2 Merostomata- Ex.- Limulus (king-crab), Limulus is called living fossil.
C. Class-3 Chilopoda- (Head & trunk)
 First pair of legs are modlfied into poisonous claws. Ex.- Centipede (scolopendra).
D. Class-4 Diplopoda- (Head, thorax & abdomen)
 Poisonous claw absent. Ex.- Millipede (Julus/Thyrogutus).
E. Class-5 Arachnida- (Cephalothorax & abdomen)
 Antenna absent, 4 pairs of walking lags (octapoda).
 Cephalothorax possesses a pair of chelicerae in place of mandibles.
 Respiaration by book lungs or trachea or both.
 Excretion by malpighian tubules or coxal glands or both. Ex.- Palamnaeus (scorpion)-vivipary,
Lycasa (web-spinning spider), Ixodes (Tick), Mite.
 Web spinning glands of Lycosa are situated in posterior part of abdomen.
 In scorpion last body segment has a curved sting or telson which contains poison gland. Prey is
paralysed by telson.
F. Class-6 Crustacea– (cephalothorax & abdomen)
 2 pair antenna present.
 Excretion is by green glands or antennal glands. Ex.- Palaemon (Prawn), Cancer (crab), Cyclops
(water-flea), Daphnia, Balanus (Barnacle), Lucifer (shrimp), Eupagarus (Hermit crab), Astacus
(cray fish), Lobster.
G. Class-7 Insecta (Hexapoda)- (Head, thorax, abdomen).
 1 pair antenna present, 2 pair of wings & 3 pair of legs are present.
 Uric acid is chief excretory waste, Excretion is by malpighain tubules.
 Respiration is by trachae. Ex.- Periplanata (cockroach), Musca domestica (housefly), Mosquitoes
(Anopheles, Culex, Aedes), Lepisma (silver fish), Termites, Beetle, Sllk moth (Bombyx mori-Larva
Catterpillar), Rat flea (xenopsylla), Honey bee (Apis), Wasp, Dragon fly, Grasshopper, Locust, Leaf
insect, Butterfly, Bed bug, Human louse (Pediculus), Moth, Aphid, Lac insect (Laccifer).
 Xenopsylla transmit plague.
L1 Point 
A. Insect mouth parts-
1. Biting & chewing type- cockroach, grasshopper.
2. Piercing & sucking type- Mosquito
3. Sponging & sucking type- Housefly, fruitfly
4. Siphoning type- Butterfly
B. Metamorphosis in Insects-
1. Ametabolous type – Metamorphosis is absent. Ex.- Silver fish.
2. Hemimetabolic or incomplete meta- Ex.- Drogonfly.
 3. Paurometabolic or Gradual meta-
 The young ones or nymphus resemble the adult. Ex.- Grasshopper & Cockroach.
4. Holometabolic or complete meta.
 Young one is different from adult. Ex.- Mosquito (larva – wriggler), Butterfly & moth (Larva-
catarpillar), Housefly (larva-maggot), Bettle (larva-grub).
 Entomology is the study of insects.
C. Human diseases transmitted by Insects-
Insect vector Disease transmitted
1. Housefly - Typhoid, dysentery, diarrhoea, Amoebiasis, polio, Gangrene etc.
2. Sandfly (phelobotomus) - Kala-azar, oriental sore.
3. Tse-tse fly - African sleeping sickness.
(Glossonia palpalis)
4. Triatomid bugs - Chaga's disease (South American sleeping sickness).
5. Rat flea - Plague (Bubonic plague).
6. Lice - Trench fever, typhus fever, relapsing fever.
7. Mosquito
i- Anopheles - Malaria.
ii- Culex - Filariasis.
iii- Aedes - Dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever.
D. Some important points-Insects-
 Loudest insect is male Cicada Its absence has given the silent valley of Kerala, its name.
 Lepisma is wingless insect, in which metamorphosis is absent.
 Chrysalis is the pupa of butterfly while caterpillar is larval stage.
 Female silk moth (Bombyx mori) produces a sex attractant pheromone called bombykol.
 The practice of raising silk worm for obtaining silk is called sericulture.
 In housefly (musca domestica), metathorax bears a pair of halters for balancing.
 Rearing of bee is called bee keeping or apiculture.
 In mosquito antennae posses special johnston's organ for receiving vibrations.
 Ecdysone is hormone produced by prothoracic glands that controls moulting in insects {*EMP}.
 Juvenile hormone (Neotenin) secreted by corpora allata {*JAN}.
 Pupal stage of mosquito is called Tumbler.
Phylum [8] – Mollusca (Johnston)
➢ This is the second largest animal phylum.
➢ Molluscs are terrestrial or aquatic (marine or fresh water) having an
organ-system level of organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic and coelomate animals.
➢ Body is covered by a calcareous shell and is unsegmented with a
distinct head, muscular foot and visceral hump. A soft and spongy
layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump. The space between the hump and the mantle
 is called the mantle cavity in which feather like gills are present. They have respiratory and
excretory functions.
➢ The anterior head region has sensory tentacles. The mouth contains a file-like rasping organ for
feeding, called radula.
➢ They are usually dioecious and oviparous with indirect development.
Examples: Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster), Sepia (Cuttlefish), Loligo (Squid), Octopus
(Devil fish), Aplysia (Seahare), Dentalium (Tusk shell) and Chaetopleura (Chiton).
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

Note- Classification of Mollusca- on the basis of body shape, Symmetry, Mentle, Nervous system etc.
They are divided into -7 classes-
A. Class-1 Monoplacophora – All marine. Ex.- Neopilina
 Neopilina is connection link between annellda & mollusca.
B. Class-2 Amphineura – All marine. Ex.- Chitons (Polyplacophora)
C. Class-3 Scaphoda – Allmarine
 Veligar larva. Ex.- Dentalium (Tusk – shell).
D. Class-4 Gastropoda – Largest class of mollusca.
 Excretory organ is unpaired kidney.
 Combine male & female portion (ovotestis) in bisexual, form (like snail).
 Body asymmetrical & coiled due to torsion. Ex.- Pila (Apple snail), Turbinella (Shankh), Aplysia
(sea hare), Doris (sea lemon), Limax (slug), Patella (limpet), Limnea (pond snail).
E. Class-5 Pelecypoda or bivalvia or Lamellibranchia-
 Organ of Bojanus is present for excretion. Ex.- Unio (Fresh water mussel), Lamellidens (Mussel),
Teredo (Shipworm), Pinctada (pearl oyster), Solen (Razor fish).
 Pinctada produces costly pearls which form in their skin around foreign particles.
 Mikki motto – Father of pearl industry (Japan).
F. Class-6 Cephalopoda-
 Foot present around head.
 No larval stage. Ex.- Sepia (Cuttle fish), Octopus (Devil fish), Loligo (Squid), Nautilus,
Architeuthis (Largest invertebrate)
 In mollusca colour of blood is blue due to presence of Hemocyanin(contains copper-cu).
L1 Points 
 Malacology – Study of mollusca.
 Conchology – Study of shells of mollusca.
 Oncology – Study about cancer.
  Pila has osphradium which is meant for testing chemical & physical nature of water.
 Octopus ejects an inky fluid in water for defence.

Phylum [9] – Echinodermata (Jacob Klein)

➢ These animals have an endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles and, hence, the name Echinodermata
(Spiny bodied).
➢ All are marine with organ-system level of organisation.
The adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical but
larvae are bilaterally symmetrical.
➢ They are triploblastic and coelomate animals. Digestive
system is complete with mouth on the lower (ventral)
side and anus on the upper (dorsal) side.
➢ The most distinctive feature of echinoderms is the presence of water vascular system which helps
in locomotion, capture and transport of food and respiration.
➢ An excretory system is absent. Sexes are separate. Reproduction is sexual. Fertilisation is usually
external. Development is indirect with free-swimming larva.
Examples: Asterias (Star fish), Echinus (Sea urchin), Antedon (Sea lily), Cucumaria (Sea cucumber)
and Ophiura (Brittle star).
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

Note- Classification of Echinoderms-5 classes-

A. Class-1 Crinoidea-
 Larval form is Doliolaria. Ex.- Antedon (Sea lily), Neometra (Feather star).
B. Class-2 Holothura-
 Larval form is Auricularia or Doliolaria. Ex.- Cucumaria (Sea cucumber) – show evisceration –
Ejection of inner organs for regeneration.
C. Class-3 Echinoidea-
 Larval forms are Pluteus & Echinopluteus.
 Biting & chewing apparatus called 'Aristotle's Lantern is present. Ex.- Echinus (Sea – urchin),
Echinoarachinus (Sand – dollars).
D. Class-4 Ophiuroidea-
 Larval form is ophiopluteus. Ex.- Ophiura (Brittle star), Ophiothrix (Serpent star).
E. Class-5 Asteroidea- Star like body.
 Larval forms are Bipinnaria & Brachiolaria.
  Tube- feet occurs for locomotion. Ex.- Asterias (Star-fish), Pentaceros (Sea
star).
Phylum [10] – Hemichordata (Bateson)
➢ Hemichordata was earlier considered as a sub-phylum under phylum
Chordata. But now it is placed as a separate phylum under non-chordata.
➢ Hemichordates have a rudimentary structure in the collar region called
stomochord, a structure similar to notochord. This phylum consists of a small
group of worm-like marine animals with organ-system level of organisation.
They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals.
➢ The body is cylindrical and is composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar and
a long trunk.
➢ Circulatory system is of open type. Respiration takes place through gills. Excretory organ is
proboscis gland. Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is external. Development is indirect.
Examples: Balanoglossus (tongue worm or Acron worm), Saccoglossus.
L1 Points 
✓ Hemichordata is connecting link between Non chordate and chordate.
✓ Larva is tonaria which is similiar to Bipinnaria larva of Echinodermata in their development stage.

Phylum [11] – Chordata (Balfaur)

➢ Animals belonging to phylum Chordata are fundamentally characterised by the presence of a
notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill
slits.
➢ These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate with
organ-system level of organisation.
➢ They possess a post anal tail and a closed circulatory system.
Comparison of Chordates and Non-chordates
S.No. Chordates Non-chordates
1. Notochord present. Notochord absent.
2. Central nervous system is dorsal, Central nervous system is ventral, solid
hollow and single. and double.

3. Pharynx perforated by gill slits. Gill slits are absent.

4. Heart is ventral. Heart is dorsal (if present).
5. A post-anal part (tail) is present. Post-anal tail is absent.
➢ Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla: Urochordata or Tunicata, Cephalochordata and
Vertebrata.
➢ Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are often referred to as protochordates
and are exclusively marine.
➢ In Urochordata, notochord is present only in larval tail, while in Cephalochordata, it
extends from head to tail region and is persistent throughout their life.
• Subphylum 1- Tunicata or Urochordata
➢ Most primitive chordates.
➢ Larva is called tadpole which undergoes retrogressive metamorphosis, i.e., larva is
more developed & has chordate characters which disapper during development to adult stage
(Tail & notochord disappears).
Examples: Urochordata – Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum, Herdmania.
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

 In Herdmania (Sea squirt) Blood is green due to presence of Vanadium (V).

 Neoteny – Larval forms which fail to metamorphose & attains sexual maturity is called
neoteny which occurs in some tunicates. (In Axolotl larva or Ambystoma-Amphibians-also
shows neoteny).
• Subphylum 2- Cephalochordata-
➢ It show progressive metamorphosis.
Examples: Cephalochordata – Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet).
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

• Subphylum 3- Vertebrata or Craniata-

➢ The members of subphylum Vertebrata possess notochord during the embryonic period.
➢ The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult.
➢ "Thus all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates".
➢ Besides the basic chordate characters, vertebrates have a ventral muscular heart with two, three or
four chambers, kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation and paired appendages which may be
fins or limbs.
➢ These are advanced chordates that have cranium (brain box) around brain.
➢ Notochord is present only in the embryonic stage, it is replaced by cartilagenous or bony vertebral
column in the adult.
➢ All vertebrates are Unisexual except hag fish (Bisexual).
➢ A pair of kindneys is present for excretion or osmoregulation.
➢ Vertebrata includes all chordates form fish to man.
➢ Subphylum vertebrata is divided into 2 division-Agnatha & Gnathostamata.
➢ Agnatha (Jawless vertebrate) has one class cyclostamata.
➢ Gnathostomata (with Jaws) has 2 superclasses – Pisces (bear fins) & Tetrapoda (bear limbs).
➢ Pisces includes true fishes & divided into 2 class- chondrichthyes & osteichthyes.
➢ Tetrapoda posses 2 pair of limbs & divided into 4 classes-Amphibia, reptillia, aves & mammalian.
The subphylum Vertebrata is further divided as follows:

Class – 1 Cyclostomata
➢ All living members of the class Cyclostomata are ectoparasites on some fishes.
➢ They have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration.
➢ Cyclostomes have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
➢ Their body is devoid of scales and paired fins.
➢ Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous.
➢ Circulation is of closed type.
➢ Cyclostomes are marine but migrate for spawning to fresh
water. After spawning, within a few days, they die. Their larvae, after metamorphosis, return to
the ocean.
Examples: Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine (Hagfish).
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

 Larva of petromyzon is called ammocoete. In myxine larva is not found.

Class – 2 Chondrichthyes
➢ They are marine animals with streamlined body and have cartilaginous endoskeleton.
➢ Mouth is located ventrally. Notochord is persistent throughout life.
➢ Gill slits are separate and without operculum (gill cover). The skin is tough, containing minute
placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid scales which are backwardly directed.
➢ Their jaws are very powerful. These animals are predaceous.
➢ Due to the absence of air bladder, they have to swim constantly to avoid sinking. Heart is two-
chambered (one auricle and one ventricle).
➢ Some of them have electric organs (e.g., Torpedo) and
some possess poison sting (e.g., Trygon).
➢ They are cold-blooded (poikilothermous) animals,
i.e., they lack the capacity to regulate their body
temperature.
➢ Sexes are separate. In males pelvic fins bear
claspers. They have internal fertilisation and many
of them are viviparous.
Examples: Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon (Sting
ray), Chimaera (Rat fish).
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

Class – 3 Osteichthyes
➢ It includes both marine and fresh water fishes with bony endoskeleton. Their body is streamlined.
➢ Mouth is mostly terminal.
➢ They have four pairs of gills which are covered by an operculum
on each side.
➢ Skin is covered with cycloid/ctenoid scales. Air bladder is
present which regulates buoyancy.
➢ Heart is two chambered (one auricle and one ventricle). They are
cold-blooded animals.
➢ Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is usually external. They are
mostly oviparous and development is direct.
Examples: Marine – Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus (Sea
horse); Freshwater – Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias
(Magur); Aquarium – Betta (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel
fish).
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

L1 Facts 
 Gambusia (mospuito fish or larvicidal fish).
 Latimeria (coelocanth) – It is a living fossil which was cateched in 1938. It is connecting link
between fishes & amphibians.
 Differences between cartilagenous & bony fishes.
Cartilagenous fish/Elasmobronchi Bony Fishes/Telost
1. Mostly marine 1. Both marine & fresh water.
2. Endoskeleton is cartilagenous 2. Endoskeleton is bony.
3. Mouth is ventral 3. Mouth is terminal.
4. Operculum absent 4. Operculum present.
5. Caudal fin heterocercal (asymmetrical) 5. Caudal fin homocercal (symmetrical).
6. Air bladder absent 6. Air bladder present.
7. Claspers present 7. Claspers absent.
8. Sexual dimorphism Present 8. Sexual dimorphism absent.
9. Scroll valve present (increase surface Area) 9. Scroll valve absent.
10. Gill slits are 5-7 pairs 10. Gill slits are 4 pairs.
11. Scales are placoid 11. Scales and cycloid, cetenoid & gonoid.
12. Ureotelic 12. Ammonetelic.
Important Points
 Ichthylogy is study fo fishes.
 Pisciculture is culture of fishes.
 Devonian period is 'Age of fishes'.
 Most poisonous fish – stone fish
 Pomfrets are marine edible fish in India. These are introduced in India by foreigners.
 Placedermi – Extinct/fossil fishes.
 Mainly in few cartilaginous fishes a special structure present on the dorsal surface of head called –
Ampulla of Lorenizini – Act as thermoreceptor.
False fishes
1. Jelly fishes Aurelia Coelentrata
2. Cray fish Astacus Arthropoda
3. Silver fish Lepisma Arthropoda
4. Cuttle fish Sepia Mollusca
5. Devil fish Octopus Mollusca
6. Razor fish Solen Mollusca
7. Shell fish - Mollusca
8. Star fish Asterias Echinodermata
9. Hagfish Myxine Cyclostomata
10. Whale fish Balaenoptera Mammal
 Class – 4 Amphibia
➢ As the name indicates (Gr., Amphi : dual, bios, life), amphibians can
live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats.
➢ Most of them have two pairs of limbs. Body is divisible into head
and trunk. Tail may be present in some.
➢ The amphibian skin is moist (without scales). The eyes have eyelids.
➢ A tympanum represents the ear. Alimentary canal, urinary and
reproductive tracts open into a common chamber called cloaca
which opens to the exterior.
➢ Respiration is by gills, lungs and through skin. The heart is three
chambered (two auricles and one ventricle).
➢ These are cold-blooded animals. Sexes are separate. Fertilisation
is external. They are oviparous and development is indirect.
Examples: Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog),
Salamandra (Salamander), Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia).
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

Note- Classification of Amphibia-3 orders-

Order 1. Apoda (Gymnophiona or Caecilia)-
 These are limbless amphibia. Ex.- Icthyophis (Blind worm or limbless amphibia).
Order 2. Urodela (Caudata)-
 Tall present. Ex.- Necturus (Mud puppy), Ambystoma (Tiger salamender), Amphiuma (Congo-
eel).
 The larva of Ambystoma is known as Axolotl. It exhibits the phenomena of neoteny.
Order 3. Anura or salienta-
 Absence of tail in adult.
 Larval stage is called tadpole. Ex.- Rana (Common frog), Bufo (Toad), Hyla (Tree frog), Alytes
(Midwife toad), Rhacophorus (flying frog).
L1 Facts 
 Carboniferous period is called "Age of amphibians".
 On the basis of embryonic membranes (amion, chorion, allantoin & yolk sac) vertibrates are
divided into 2 parts-
1. Anamniotes = Fishes & amphibia
2. Amniotes = Reptiles, birds & mammals.
A. Poikilotherm (Cold Blooded) = Ex.- Fish, Amphibia, Reptile.
Homoiothermous (Warm blooded)= Ex.- Bird, Mammel.
B. Monocondyle Skull (Have one occipital condyle)= Ex.- Reptile, Birds.
Dicondyle Skull (Have two occipital condyle)= Ex.- Amphibia, Mammel.
 C. Fish, Amphibia = Have 10 pairs cranial Nerves.
Reptiles, birds & mammals = 12 pairs cranial Nerves.
But in snakes 10/11 pairs of cranial Nerves present.
Class – 5 Reptilia
➢ The class name refers to their creeping or crawling mode of
locomotion (Latin, repere or reptum, to creep or crawl).
➢ They are mostly terrestrial animals and their body is covered
by dry and cornified skin, epidermal scales or scutes.
➢ They do not have external ear openings. Tympanum
represents ear. Limbs, when present, are two pairs. Heart is
usually three-chambered, but four-chambered in crocodiles.
➢ Reptiles are poikilotherms. Snakes and lizards shed their scales
as skin cast.
➢ Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is internal. They are oviparous
and development is direct.
Examples: Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Chameleon
(Tree lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile),
Alligator (Alligator). Hemidactylus (Wall lizard), Poisonous
snakes – Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), Vipera (Viper).

L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

Note- Classification of Repties-4 orders-

A. Order-1 Squamata (Lizards & snakes)
 Exoskeleton is periodically shed off in one piece (sloughing in snake). Ex.- Hemidacytyles – Wall
lizard, Varanus – The monitor – Goh, Heloderma (Gila monster – only poisonous lizard), Python
(Ajgar), Naja (Cobra), Bungarus (Krait), Viper, Hydrophis (Sea snake), Chamaleon (Tree-lizard or
girgit), Calotes (Garden lizard), Draco (flying lizard), Ophiosaurs (Glass Snake or Limbless lizard),
Phrynosoma (Horned toad).
 Snakes have Jacobson's organs in buccal cavity that help them to detect odours/smell.
B. Order-2 Rhynchocephalia Ex.- Sphenodon (Tuatara – living fossil) – New Zealand.
C. Order-3 Chelonia – Turtles & tortoises Ex.- Testudo (Tortoise), Chelone (Turtle).
D. Order-4 Crocodilia – 4 – Chambered heart Ex.- Crocodilus (Muggar/crocodile), Alligator, Gavialis
(Gharial).
L1 Points 
 Herpetology – study of reptiles.
 Serpentology / ophiology – study of snakes.
 Seymouria is connecting link between amphibiains & reptiles.
  Golden age of reptiles – Mesozoic era / Jurassic period.
 Exceptionally viper is viviparous and haemotoxic.{*VVH}

Class – 6 Aves
➢ The characteristic features of Aves (birds) are the presence of feathers and most of them can fly
except flightless birds (e.g., Ostrich). They possess beak.
➢ The forelimbs are modified into wings. The hind limbs generally have scales and are modified for
walking, swimming or clasping the tree branches.
➢ Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland at the base of the tail. Endoskeleton is fully ossified
(bony) and the long bones are hollow with air cavities (pneumatic).
➢ The digestive tract of birds has additional chambers, the crop and gizzard. Heart is completely
four chambered.
➢ They are warm-blooded (homoiothermous) animals, i.e., they are able to maintain a constant body
temperature.
➢ Respiration is by lungs. Air sacs connected to lungs supplement respiration.
➢ Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is internal. They are oviparous and development is direct.
Examples : Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot), Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo
(Peacock), Aptenodytes (Penguin), Neophron (Vulture).

Some birds : (a) Neophron (b) Struthio (c) Psittacula (d) Pavo
L1 Mnemonics for above examples 

✓ Note-
 Dodo was pigeon like bird which became extinct during 17th century in Mauritius.
 Archaeopteryx is connection link between reptiles & birds.
 Flightlesss Birds :-
1. Struthio (Ostrich) – Africa.
2. Apteryx (Kiwi) – New Zealand.
3. Rhea – South America.
4. Emu – Australia.
 5. Cassowaries – Australia.
6. Aptenodytes – Penguin (Antarctic region).
 Ostrich is the largest living bird.
 Ostrich egg is the largest cell (nearly 17 cm diameter & wt. 1.5 kg).
 Humming bird is the smalles bird.
 Swift is the fastest flying bird.
 Ornithology is the study of birds.
 Birdman of India – Salim Ali.
 Pavo (peacock) is the national bird of India.
 Great Indian Bustard is a highly endangered bird.
 Syrinx is the sound producing organ of birds but absent in ostrich.
 In birds only left ovary & left oviduct functional.
 In birds only right aortic arc is found.
Class – 7 Mammalia
➢ They are found in a variety of habitats – polar ice caps,
deserts, mountains, forests, grasslands and dark caves.
Some of them have adapted to fly or live in water.
➢ The most unique mammalian characteristic is the
presence of milk producing glands (mammary glands) by
which the young ones are nourished. They have two pairs
of limbs, adapted for walking, running, climbing,
burrowing, swimming or flying.
➢ The skin of mammals is unique in possessing hair.
External ears or pinnae are present.
➢ Different types of teeth are present in the jaw. Heart is four chambered. They are homoiothermous.
➢ Respiration is by lungs. Sexes are separate and
fertilisation is internal. They are viviparous with
few exceptions and development is direct.
Examples: Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus (Platypus);
Viviparous - Macropus (Kangaroo), Pteropus
(Flying fox), Camelus (Camel), Macaca (Monkey),
Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas
(Elephant), Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common
dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue whale), Panthera tigris
(Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).
✓ Note-
 Examples: Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus (Platypus);
  Viviparous – Macropus (Kangaroo) = Pteropus (Flying fox), Camelus (Camel), Macaca
(Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant), Equus (Horse), Delphinus
(Common dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue whale), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).
 Skull is dicondyljc, i.e., whith 2 occipltal condyles.
 Cervical vertebra are 7 in number except sea cow & sloth.
 Mammals have a muscular diaphragm.
 In mammals left aortic arch is present.
Classification of Mammalia – 2 Sub classes
A. Sub class-1 Prototheria-
 Mammary gland lacks nipples.
 Vagina & uterus absent.
 Prototherians are oviparous /egg laying mammals.
 Corpus callosum absent. Ex.- Ornithoryncus (Duck-billed, platypus), Tachyglossus (Echidna or
spiny ant eater), Zaglossus.
B. Sub class-2 Theria-Divided into 2 infraclasses
a. Infra class 1. Metatheria (Marsupial mammals)
 These are called pouched mammals.
 Corpus callosum absent. Ex.- Macropus (Kangaroo), Tiger cat, Wombat, Didelphis (American
Opossum).
b. Infra class 2. Eutheria
 These are true placental mammals.
 Corpus callosum present.
 Eutherians are classified into many orders.
Order 1. Insectivora – Most primitive
 Placental mammals. Ex.- Talpa (mole), Shrews – smallest mammals.
Order 2. Chirophtera – only mammals which can fly Ex.- Bats, Pteropus (flying fox)
Order 3. Pholidata Ex. Manis (Indian Pangolin or scaly ant eater).
Order 4. Rodentia – Largest order of mammals Ex.- Rat, Squirrell & Guinea pig.
Order 5. Lagomorpha – Rabbit, Hares.
Order 6. Carnivores – Dog, cat, tiger, leopard, lions, seal.
Order 7. Cetacea – Whale, Dolphins.
Order 8. Sirenia - Sea cows.
Order 9. Probscidia – Elephants.
  Two upper incisors elongated as tusks projecting out from mouth. Ex.- Elephas (India
elephant), Laxodonta (Africa elephant)
Order 10. Perissodactyla – Ex.- Zebra, Ass, Horse, Rhinoceros.
Order 11. Artiodocyla – Ex.- Pigs, Camel, giraffes, deer, sheep, gote, ox, boffalo, Hippopotamus
(The horse of the river.
Order 12. Primata – Lemurs, Trasiers, Monkey, Ape & man. Ex.- Macaca (Rhasus monkey),
Semnopithecus (Langoors), Hyalobates (Gibbons), Gorilla, Oran-utun (Pongo), Pan
(chimpanzee), Man (Homo Sapiens).

L1 Points 
 Elephant is the largest land animal, while Rhinoceros is second.
 Salivary glands are absent in whales & sea cows.
 Largest mammals – Blue whale.
 Tallest mammals – Giraffe.
 Largest ape – Gorilla.
 Tallest ape – Gibbon.
 Holocene epoch is the "Age of man".
 National animal of India – Tiger.
 L1 Revision 
1. Water vascular system is the characteristic of which group of the following:
(a) Porifera (b) Ctenophora (c) Echinodermata (d) Chordata
2. Segmentation in the body is first observed in which of the following:
(a) Platyhelminthes (b) Aschelminthes (c) Annelida (d) Arthropoda
3. Match the following:
(a) Operculum (i) Ctenophora
(b) Parapodia (ii) Mollusca
(c) Scales (iii) Porifera
(d) Comb plates (iv) Reptilia
(e) Radula (v) Annelida
(f ) Hairs (vi) Cyclostomata and Chondrichthyes
(g) Choanocytes (vii) Mammalia
(h) Gill slits (viii) Osteichthyes
4. Write there other names –
Betta- Hippocampus- Cuttlefish- Hirudinaria-
Liver fluke- Brain coral- Electric ray- Flying fish-
Spongilla- Silver Fish- Scoliodon- Petromyzon-
Myxine- Catla- Pavo- Adamsia-