Institute of Land Administration

Department of GIS

I. Chooses the best answers for the following alternative (1% for each)
1 Which one of the following is not true about the purpose of PCA?
A. Identify hidden pattern in image data. C. Increase the dimensionality of a data set
B. Retain the variation present in the data set. D. Identify correlated variables.
Answer. C
2. Which error is coinciding with radiometric distortion happen due to detectors going out of the
calibration?
A. Striping C. Scan line drop out
B. Random noise D. Uniformly elevated values
Answer. A
3. Suppose the entire bands of Landsat 8 are 400 rows by 400 columns of satellite image. If each
pixel is represented by 256 gray levels (1 byte) per bands, how many bytes of computer memory
are required to store the image?

A. 1, 60,000 bytes C. 17, 60,000 bytes

B. 4, 09, 60,000 bytes D. 4, 80,000 bytes

Answer. C
4. Which types of enhancement is modification of pixel values based on the brightness values of
surrounding pixels?
A. Spectral enhancement C. Atmospheric enhancement
B. Spatial enhancement D. Radiometric enhancement
Answer. B
5. Which one of the following is not true about image?

A. All images are photography but all photography is not an image

B. All photography is an images but all image is not photography
C. Digital image is a raster dataset or a 2D array of numbers.
D. The information in an image is presented in tones or colors
Answer. A
 6. The technique to display a monochrome image as a color image is?
A. False color composite C. True color composite
B. Pseudo color display D. Tristimulus color display
Answer. B
7. Which one of the following geometric registration performed by registering one image to
another image, instead of geographic coordinates?
A. Image to map registration C. By ground control point
B. Image to image registration D. By satellite file header
Answer. B
8. Which one of the following is not true statement about image analysis?

A. The analysis of an image to generate new images without altering the original images.
B. The analysis of digital images is carryout with the aid of computer for identify the objects
C. Remotely sensed data are usually digital image data
D. The analysis of an image to generate new images with altering the original images.
Answer. D
9. Which of the following data is initially collected data from everything on the surface,
including object shape and structures of vegetation.

A. RADA Imagine B. LIDAR Image C. Satellite Image D. MSS

Answer. B
10. Which function of GIS software is a concern of "what if scenario” which is under taken to
look for patterns and trends?
A. Manipulation B. Analysis C. Visualization D. Query
Ans. B
11. Which one of the following could not clearly describes the term ‘spatial’?
A. Any information related to position, area, shape and size of things
B. It’s usually stored as coordinates and topology
C. It is a simplified representation of reality which presents significant features
or relationships in a generalized form
D. It defines how objects fit together in space on earth
Ans. C
12. Which one of the following is false about topological model?
 A. It’s an arrangement that defines how point, line, and polygon features share
coincident geometry
B. It’s science and mathematics of relationships used to validate the geometry of
raster entities
C. It’s applied for detecting and correcting digitizing errors
D. It’s a collection of points and line segments with no real connection
Ans. C
13. Which one of the following clearly describes vector data model?
A. They require huge computer memories to store and process data at the level of
spatial resolution
B. Topology can be completely described with network linkages
C. The technology is expensive, particularly for the more sophisticated software
and hardware
D. They often used in computer assisted cartography (CAD)
Ans. A
14. Which one of the following is false about digital terrain model (DTM)?
A. It is a surface model
B. It is a three-dimensional representation of heights of the earth's surface.
C. It is a quantified representation of terrain made from a digital elevation model
(DEM).
D. It includes not only altitudes, but also other geographical elements and natural
features.
Ans. A
15. Which one of the following is true about conceptual data models?
A. It is a low-level model that describes how a data is laid out on disk
B. It is a mental model of how things in our surrounding environment work
C. It is the roadmap from logical model to the hardware
D. It describes each entity in detail
Ans. A
16. Which one of the following is false about spatial data analysis?
A. It is a quantitative procedure applied on spatial arrangement of features
B. It is a technique that enable the representation, description, measurement,
comparison and generation of spatial patterns
C. It is a process of thinking spatially on how to represent (abstract) the world
D. It’s usually stored as coordinates and topology
Ans. C

17. Which one of the following factor is an active force in eroding and transporting soil and
sediments from land surface?
E. Climate B. Topography C. Soil characters D. Vegetation cover
Ans. A
18. Remote sensing has emerged as useful tool for watershed prioritization, planning
development and monitoring. How?
A. It helps in integration of spatial data and tabular data digitally
B. It integrates thematic information with socioeconomic and other collateral
information
C. It collects information about objects using electromagnetic radiations from
aircrafts/satellites
D. It helps in arriving at alternate land use practices, selection of sites for water
harvesting structures
Ans. C
19. In what stage do soil mapping and accurate prediction of soil properties are conducted for
precision farming interventions?
A. Preparatory stage C. Crop growth stage
B. Harvesting stage D. In both initial and final stage
Ans. A
20. Monitoring of crop growth and yield estimation through remotely sensed geospatial data
acquired by satellites, aircrafts, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is differ from that of
traditional methods in all of the following, except one. It is
F. time consuming C. inexpensive crop and yield data collection
G. labor-intensive D. inaccurate crop area appraisal
Ans. D
21. The size of a watershed mainly depends on
A. the location of the outlet C. topographic features
B. water volume D. flow direction
Ans. A
22. Which vegetation index is used to determine crop health as well as variations in health
condition that helps farmers to identify areas that need immediate management
intervention?
A. Chlorophyll Vegetation Index (CVI)
B. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
C. Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)
D. Leaf Area Vegetation Index (LAI)
Ans. A
23. Management and modeling water resources can only be conducted when all of the
following tasks are taken into consideration, except
A. the scale of the study is determined
B. Water availability is calculated
C. The size of the catchment is known
D. Management area is split into pieces
Ans. A
24. Which one of the following is false about role of remote sensing technology in forest
resource assessment?
A. It maps the distribution of forest ecosystem and measures the global fluctuations
in plant productivity across different seasons
B. It consistently and repeatedly monitor forest characteristics in both qualitative
and quantitative ways
C. It integrates forestry with other agencies
D. The technology is cheap to build and operate
 Ans. D
25. Remote sensing data are crucial in determining forest management through all of the
following ways, except one
A. Conversion studies C. Identify hot spot areas prone to
damage
B. Quantitative estimation D. Creates awareness about forest
resource
Ans. D
26. If we consider remote sensing data acquisition for forest inventory purposes; all of the
following criteria should be prioritized, except one
A. Goal of the task C. The availability data
B. Personnel D. The cost
Ans. B
27. While using data from optical sensors, which spectral region is rarely used for forest
studies?
A. Visible portion C. Thermal band
B. Near-infrared D. Shortwave infrared
Ans. C
28. Large area forest monitoring and mapping activities with Lidar technology is challenging
due to all of the following factors, except one
A. Costs C. Flexibility in representation
B. Data volumes involved D. Logistics
Ans. C
29. Which data model is considered as a model of a canopy over the surface of the "bare
earth"?
A. Digital terrain model C. Digital elevation data model
B. Triangulated data model D. Digital surface model
Ans. D
30. Which one of the following is false about the capability of synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
technology as compared to electro-optical (EO) systems in forest resource assessment?
A. SAR technology shows only those objects that reflect the
microwave signal energy back to the imaging platform
 B. Electro-optical (EO) technology operates only when there is
sufficient light reflected from the target to form an image
C. Electro-optical (EO) technology provides horizontal and vertical
information at high spatial resolution and vertical accuracies,
offering opportunities for enhanced forest monitoring, management
and planning
D. SAR technology has very good atmospheric penetration capability,
so the satellite can collect data through clouds and light rain that
enabled it to monitor forest regions
Ans. C

31. Which of the following is characterized by uneven and uncontrolled pattern growth?
A. Urban expansion C. Urban sprawl
B. Urbanization D. Urban growth

Answer. C

32. Which one is false about urban growth and sprawl?

A. Urban growth cannot observed without the occurrence of sprawl,
B. Their cause is somewhat similar
C. They are highly interlinked.
D. Sprawl must encourage growth in urban area.

Answer. A

33. Which is one not the cause of urban growth and sprawl?
A. Lack of Affordable Housing C. Transportation
B. Failure to Enforce Planning Policies D. Energy Inefficiency
Answer. D

34. Relatively, which area is not suitable for new industrial site development?
A. Existing industrial site C. Land use near to residential area
B. Land use closed to roads D Lands close to Water and sewer service
Answer. C
 35. From the following criteria/ factors for suitable residential site selection one is not
somewhat consider
A. Road C. Elevation
B. River D. Religion
Answer. D

36. Crime hotspot mapping for urban areas can be done by considering different
factors/criteria, except
A. Proximity to bar C. Proximity nightclub
B. Soil type D. proximity drug
Answer. B

37. All Factors influencing the use of GIS in urban planning except?
A. Organization C. Analysis of existing situations
B. Staffing D. Data
Answer. D

38. Which of the following is a potential advantage of Open Source Software (OSS) compared
to commercial software?
A. Higher initial costs
B. Proprietary license restrictions
C. Limited customization options
D. Community-driven development and support
Answer. D

39. Which of the following is a limitation of web mapping systems?

A. They require specialized software to create and use

B. They cannot be accessed on mobile devices

C. They may be limited by the amount of data that can be processed

D. They cannot be integrated with other geospatial technologies

Answer. C

40. Which of the following is an example of an interactive web mapping feature?

A. A static map image displayed on a website
 B. A pop-up window displaying information when a user clicks on a map feature
C. A map legend listing the symbols and colors used on a map
D. A list of coordinates and associated attribute data in a table format

Answer. B

41. What is the main purpose of participatory GIS mapping?

A. To create accurate and detailed maps of natural features

B. To collect and incorporate local knowledge into mapping

C. To generate detailed reports on geographic features

D. To create interactive online maps for public use

Answer. B

42. Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of commercial software compared to

Open Source Software (OSS)?
A. Greater control over software development
B. Access to source code for customization
C. Dependence on third-party support and updates
D. Availability of a wider range of software features
Answer. C

43. Which of the following is a characteristic of open source software (OSS) that distinguishes
it from commercial software?
A. It is developed by a single company.
B. Its source code is available for modification and distribution.
C. It requires a license fee to use.
D. It is not subject to regular updates and maintenance.
Answer. B

44. Which of the following is a characteristic of commercial software that distinguishes it

from open source software (OSS)?
A. It is available for free download.
B. Its source code is open for modification and distribution.
C. It is typically developed by a community of users.
 D. It requires a license fee to use.
Answer. D

45. Which one of the following is the correct statement visualization process “How do I say
what to whom?”?
A. “How” deals with communicating in graphics the semantics of the spatial data.
B. “Say” refers to cartographic methods and techniques.
C. “What” refers to the spatial data and its characteristics.
D. “Whom” represents the cartographer or map maker,
Answer C: “What” refers to the spatial data and its characteristics.

46. Classification is:

A. To reassign thematic values.
B. To measure distances, length, or areas
C. To assign certain features to classes according to their attribute ranges.
D. A function that joins sub-classes with common characteristics to a higher-level
class.

Answer C. To assign certain features to classes according to their attribute ranges.

47. Which one of the following is NOT TRUE of vector data model?
A. Data can be represented at its original resolution and form without generalization.
B. Continuous data is effectively represented in vector model.
C. Accurate geographic location of data is maintained.
D. Allows for efficient encoding of topology,
Answer: B. Continuous data is effectively represented in vector model.

48. Who is an epidemiologist and physician, able to determine the source of a cholera
outbreak in London using spatial analysis in 1954?
A. Roger Tomlinson
B. Charles Picquet
C. Jack Dangermond
D. John Snow
Answer: A. John Snow
 49. What does Geographic Information Science mean?
A. It is the theory behind how to solve spatial problems with computers.
B. It’s a system designed for storing, analyzing, and displaying spatial data.
C. It is the use of hardware, software, people, procedures, and data.
D. It focuses on the processes and methods that are used to sample, represent, manipulate
and present information about the world.
Answer: A. It is the theory behind how to solve spatial problems with computers.

50. Which one is a DISCRETE object from the following alternatives?

A. Lakes
B. Population
C. Temperature
D. Soil
Answer: A. Lakes

51. How we can input hard copy maps for further analysis in GIS?
A. Digitizing → Automatic Scanning
B. Automatic Scanning → Digitizing
C. Keyboard entry → Digitizing
D. Digitizing → Keyboard entry
Answer: B. Automatic Scanning → Digitizing
52. Which of the following does NOT express the analytical function of local operations?
A. Representation of a layer pixel value within a single statistical value.
B. Groundwater depth the change detection of specific area.
C. Bathymetry the change between 2010 and 2020.
D. Decreasing of pixel value of a single layer (DOS).

Answer: A. Representation of a layer pixel value within a single statistical value.

53. Which one of the following is TRUE about Thiessen Polygons from the given
alternatives?
A. It’s the presentation of a layer of data based on the attribute classes.
 B. Its function that joins sub-classes with common characteristics.
C. It defines the individual area of influence of spatial entities.
D. Predicts the value of unknown area based on known samples.

Answer: C. It defines the individual area of influence of spatial entities.

54. Which one is TRUE about proximity analysis?

A. It allows the retrieval of features that fall within a given search window.
B. Functions compute the slope from a given digital representation of the terrain functions.
C. It is a measure of the distance between spatial features.
D. It is used to compute the points that are visible from a given location.
Answer: C. It is a measure of the distance between spatial features.

55. Which one is NOT TRUE about Geocoding applications from the given alternatives?
A. Delivery and trade routes are optimized via geocoding.
B. Geocoding fails to create multiple interpretations of the same address.
C. Geocoding is a useful tool for conducting research using huge samples over vast areas.
D. Geocode data is helpful to analyze bank transaction locations to identify tax evasion.
Answer: B. Geocoding fails to create multiple interpretations of the same address.
56. Which one of the following is NOT advantages Georeferencing from the given
alternatives?
A. Georeferencing provide accurate coordinates in a secure manner.
B. Provide reliable coordinates using various sources of maps.
C. It is used for cost of labor, which is required in determining the position of each point on
the map.
D. It is used for accuracy of data sets due to the use of reference sources like maps.
Answer: C. It is used for cost of labor, which is required in determining the position of each
point on the map.

57. Which one is the CORRECT STEP to compute Stream order in hydrological analysis?
A. Sink Fill  Flow accumulation  Flow direction Stream Order
B. Sink Fill Flow direction Flow accumulation Stream Order
C. Fill  Sink Flow direction Flow accumulation Stream Order
 D. Fill  Sink  Flow accumulation  Flow direction Stream Order

Answer: B.

58. Which one of the following NOT an operation performed in DEM Manipulation in Arc
Hydro Tools?
A. Fill Sinks
B. Level DEM
C. DEM Reconditioning
D. Flow Direction with Sinks
Answer: A. Flow Direction with Sinks

59. Which of the following is the process of final and authoritative determination of the
existing rights and Claims of people to land” and is the first stage in the introduction of
registration of title
A) Adjudication
B) Cadaster
C) Land Registration
D) Tenure documentation

Answer. A

60. The process of parcel boundary definition, delineation and sketching on the Field Maps
A) Demarcation
B) Field Registration Forms (FRF)
C) Datum
D) Land certificate

Answer. B

61. The processes of recording, inventorying and disseminating information about the
ownership, value and use of land and associated resources and determination of rights and
other attributes of the land is______
A) Land Management
B) Land Registration
C) Cadastral surveying
 D) Land Administration

Answer. D

62. Means of modality applied for providing urban lands by lease to institutions that could not
be accommodated by way of tender is______________
A) Grace period
B) Allotment
C) Lease benchmark price
D) Auction

Answer. B

63. From the following one can be categorized under transactions of rural land with
limitation/ restriction of rights-Without transfer of land holding rights is?
A) Servitude
B) bequeath/inheritance
C) Boundary correction
D) Divorce

Answer. C

64. Which one of the following best describes cadastral procedure of merging several parcel
into one.?
A) Re allotment
B) Amalgamation
C) Lot
D) Land grant

Answer. A

65. ________is Registration of rights on all parcels of land in the whole of a country,
region/state or municipality; compulsory and government initiated is?
A) Sporadic Registration
B) Cadastral Surveying
C) Land Transaction
D) Systematic registration
Answer. B

66. Which one of the following statement is true about common understanding regarding
the features of land ?
A) Land is physically mobile
B) The supply of land is finite
C) Land depreciation is high
D) Land value is eroded by inflation

Answer. D

67. Land can be described from several perspectives thus land is accepted as a scarce
community capital source that must be most efficiently used, protected &transferred future
generations so that there will be sustainable development this expression most describes
A) Legal Perspectives
B) Ecological perspective
C) Economic perspective
D) Cultural point of view

Answer. B

68. In plane surveying, the distance between two points means the _______
A. Slope distance
B. Horizontal or level distance
C. Vertical distance between the two points
D. Distance measured with a string line
Answer: B. Horizontal or level distance

69. Which of the following is NOT a modern technique of spatial data acquisition?
A. Chain surveying
B. Theodolite
C. Total station
D. Compass
Answer: A. Chain surveying

70. How do you convert degrees to radians?

A. Multiply by 180 and divide by pi(π)
 B. Multiply by pi(π) and divide by 180
C. Divide by 180 and multiply by pi(π)
D. Divide by pi(π) and multiply by 180
Answer: B. Multiply by pi(π) and divide by 180

71. Which of the following statements about pacing is true?

A. Requires no equipment and should be completed with natural steps.
B. Is only of value to a surveyor with an instrument
C. A person should pace in an attempt to make 33 steps per 100 ft.
D. A person’s pace should be adjusted to an even 3 feet length
Answer: A. Requires no equipment and should be completed with natural steps

72. One of the following is NOT the function of total station?

A. Data processing
B. Coordinate measurement
C. Angle measurement
D. Communicate with satellite
Answer: D. Communicate with satellite

73. Reduced level of a point is its height or depth above or below_______.

A. The ground surfaces
B. The assumed datum
C. Assumed horizontal surface
D. The line of collimation
Answer: B. The assumed datum

74. The following data was obtained with the level; BS reading at Station (BM) was 8.25,
Elevation at station (BM) was 83.27 and IS at station (259+00) was 2.35. What is the
elevation of 259+00?
A. 89.17 B. 76.99 C. 81.46 D. 89.55

Answer: A. 89.17

75. Which of the following one is not true?

A. When increasing flying height the scale of photograph also decrease
B. When increasing focal length the scale of photograph is increases
C. When increasing focal length the area of coverage is decreases
 D. When increasing flying height the area of coverage is decreases
Answer. C
76. Which one is true about tilt displacement?
A. Object radial from the nadir C. Object radial from the image
B. Object radial from ground D. Object radial from IFOV
Answer. C
77. Which one is true Aerial photo differing from orthophoto?
A. Uniform scale C. None relief displacement
B. None distortion D. None uniform scale
Answer. D
78. If the distance between two points on a photograph is 3 inches and the distance between
the same points is measured on the ground or from a map known scale and if found to be
4,000 feet, calculate the scale of the photograph?
A. 1:12000 C. 1:16000
B. 1:6000 D. 1:4000
Answer. C
79. Which one is not true about the applications of quantitative photogrammetry?
A. To preparation of planimetric and topographic maps
B. To produce of orthophoto map
C. To identify the objects on the photograph.
D. To determine the positions and distances of the photograph
Answer. C
80. A camera equipped with150 mm focal length lens is used taken at the vertical photograph
with the scale of 1:20,000, what is the flying height of the airplane?
A. 3000 m B. 1333 m C. 300 m D. 400m
Answer. A
81. Based on the above diagram a vertical photograph was taken at the flying height (H) of
1500 meter above sea level with the scale of 1:10,000, what is the focal length (F) of the
camera mounted on the airplane?
A.152 mm C. 150 mm
B.0.15 mm D. 15 mm
Answer. C
 82. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT about the number of satellites required
for GPS pseudo range measurements in order to estimate the receiver’s position?
A. The fourth satellite is needed for synchronizing the receiver’s clock with the satellites’
time
B. The receiver’s (X, Y, and Z) coordinate positions estimation requires a minimum of four
satellites
C. The receiver needs only three satellites to calculate more accurate 3D position
coordinates.
D. The fourth satellite is needed for accurate time and final 3D position fixing.
Answer: C. The receiver needs only three satellites to calculate more accurate 3D position
coordinates.
83. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using GNSS technology?
A. Improved safety for transportation and navigation
B. Increased efficiency in agriculture and mining industries
C. More accurate weather forecasting
D. Enhanced military capabilities
Answer: C. More accurate weather forecasting

84. In linear combinations of GPS measurements, which parameter is unknown?

A. The pseudo ranges (distance between satellite and receiver)
B. The satellite coordinates.
C. The reference (base) stations coordinates.
D. The rover's coordinates.
Answer: D. The rover's coordinates.

85. What is the purpose of wide area augmentation system (WAAS) in GPS?
A. To increase the accuracy of GPS signals
B. To extend the range of GPS signals
C. To provide additional satellite coverage in remote areas
D. To improve the battery life of GPS devices
Answer: A. To increase the accuracy of GPS signals

86. How many measurements (minimum) must be made to give us an accurate estimation
trilateration of our position on the earth?
 A. 1
B. 3
C. 2
D. 4
Answer: B.3
87. Which of the following is an example of a GNSS application for emergency response?
A. Predicting earthquakes
B. Mapping forest fires
C. Monitoring hurricane paths
D. Locating stranded hikers or boaters
Answer: D. Locating stranded hikers or boaters

88. Select the WRONG statement about fast(rapid) static GPS surveying
A. The method can be used for corridor control surveys requiring horizontal accuracy
B. The base station receiver remains stationary during the entire observation session.
C. The rover receiver may be turned off while moving from one station to the next.
D. The survey requires more advanced equipment and data reduction techniques.
Answer: C. The rover receiver may be turned off while moving from one station to the next.

89. Which one of the following is the advantage of file based system than data base system
except
A . Crate separate data file
B. Easy to use
C. Data independence
D. It keeps files organized for alphabetically or numerical.
Answer. C
90. One of the following data base application system largest form of information sharing
where in billions of users are involved
A. personal B. departmental C. enterprise D. Internet

Answer. D

91. Which one of the following is important capabilities of data base management system
except
 A. it uses the mechanism used to represent real-world objects digitally in a computer system.

B. It can be extended to support geographic object

C. Provide tools to load data into databases

D. Stores, manipulates, retrieves data from large flat files

Answer. D

92. Which type Data base management system comprises a set of tables, each a two-
dimensional list or array of records containing attributes about the objects under study?
A. Relational B. Object C. Object relational D. Entity

Answer. A

93. The process of retrieving the required data from a dataset stored in a database
A. Query

B. Data extraction

C. Data processing

D. Data presentation

Answer. B

94. Assume if we use river and city database, which city listed in the city table is closest to
each river listed in the river table is belongs to.
A. Table query B. Attribute query C. River query D. Spatial query
Answer. D

95. If the distance between a toxic waste dump and a residential place is far from 20 km
considering as
Proximity B. Adjacency C. Connectivity D . Containment
Answer. A

96. Which one is true about Geodesy

A. It is a science deals with the interior parts of the earth
B. It is a science of making map and reading
 C. It is a science of measuring the earth and mapping
D. It is a science of the earth atmosphere
Answer. C

97. Identify the wrong statement about coordinate system

A. Coordinate system enables geographic datasets to use common locations for integration
B. Projected coordinate system is defined on a flat (2D) surface
C. Projected coordinate system measures location from latitude and longitude
D. Geographic coordinate system establishes positions on the Earth by referencing the
longitude and latitude values
Answer. C

98. In map projection, maintaining of area of features at the cost of other characteristics is
termed as
A. Homolographic B. Conformal C. Equidistance D. Orthomorphic
Answer. B

99. The most angular distance of longitudes are

A. 90° North and 90° South C. 270° North and 360° East
B. 180° East and180° West D. 360° East and 90° North
Answer. B

100. What local datum does Ethiopia use?

A. NAD83 B. Adindan C. Minna D. Potsdam
Answer. B