FINAL DRAFT OF PROJECT

The subject of reference: History

Topic for the Project: Detailed analysis of Janapadas and Mahajanpadas in the Mauryan
Empire with emphasis on its sociopolitical and legal structure

Objective of the project: The objective of this project is fairly simple, to articulate, analyse and
drill down an informed set of headings, sub-headings and content related to the formation of
Janapadas and Mahajanpadas in the realms of Mauryan Empire. These Janapadas and
Mahajanapadas were basis of an medivial civilization which provided a platform to form
legislative boundaries and create sociolegal norms for a booming civilization i.e Indian
Civilization under Mauryas and their descendents. This research paper/Journal entry would also
put emphasis on the Unit II (Administration and Governments of Earlier Territories) and
further explain certain conceptual bearings of the sub-unit- Mauryas Administrative System
with special emphasis on administrational justice. Adding to it, this project is an attempt to
revise, learn and research in depth for the given unit and sub-unit for academic purposes as well.

1
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND DECLARATION

I humbly submit that all the references and links used to research for this topic has been duly
acknowledged and recognized under the column of ”Bibliography”. Furthermore, this project is
for no award or degree purpose in any other institution rather than Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya
National Law University, Lucknow and has been created for the sole purpose of academic check
in the session of 2020-21. I thank and acknowledge Prof. (Dr.) Vandana Singh (Professor,
History) for giving me a chance to research on this topic and to all the sources which turned out
to be helpful and informative in the course of project making. I would also like to extend my
gratitude towards the research websites and researchers, articulator and illustrators who helped
me in the formation of contention between the headings and content of this project.

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINEARY QUESTIONS

Before starting up with the project, there are certain questions which readers should be aware of
before going about in the same. These are some basic questions answering the terms that will be
reoccouring the due course of this research paper and could be vital for framing a bridge between
statements which will have a historical and particularly, Mauryan Historical background to it.
The questions are as follows:

1. What are Janapadas?

The Janapadas were the major kingdoms of Vedic India. By the 6th century B.C. there
were approximately 22 different Janapadas. Aryans were the most influential tribes and
were called as ‘janas’. This gave rise to the term Janapada where Jana means ‘people’
and Pada means ‘foot’. The Janapada were highest political unit in Northern India during
vedic period (1500 BCE to the 6th century BCE); these polities were usually monarchical
(though some followed a form republicanism) and succession was hereditary. Basically,
Janapadas were different republics, realms and territories under different heads (called
Rajans) and they all had different form of administrative importance, depending upon
their location, resources available and deputation of specific ‘Rajans’ in these republics.

2. What are Mahajanpadas?

With the development of iron in parts of Uttar Pradesh(then Kuru) and Bihar(then
Panchal), the Janapadas became more powerful and turned into Mahajanapads. In the
sixth century BCE, there was a rise in the development of the Mahajanapada or great
country. There were sixteen such Mahajanapadas during 600 B.C. to 325 B.C. in Indian
Sub-continent. The 6th–5th centuries BCE is often regarded as a major turning point in
early Indian history; during this period India's first large cities arose after the demise of
the Indus Valley Civilization. It was also the time of the rise of sramana movements
(including Buddhism and Jainism), which challenged the religious orthodoxy of the

3
 Vedic Period. These factors gave rise to stronger ‘Janapadas’ and framed a concept of
administrative capitals in the earlier periods of Indian Civilization.

3. Who were Aryans?

Aryan, name originally given to a people who were said to speak an archaic Indo-
European language and who were thought to have settled in prehistoric times in ancient
Iran and the northern Indian subcontinent. The theory of an “Aryan race” appeared in the
mid-19th century and remained prevalent until the mid-20th century. According to the
hypothesis, those probably light-skinned Aryans were the group who invaded and
conquered ancient India from the north and whose literature, religion, and modes of
social organization subsequently shaped the course of Indian culture, particularly the
Vedic religion that informed and was eventually superseded by Hinduism. According to
the hypothesis modes of social organization, religion and literature of these people
eventually aided in shaping the Indian culture, especially the Vedic religion. It is
regarded that the Aryans crossed the Hindu Kush Mountains and migrated into the Indian
subcontinent by 1500 BCE.

4. Who were Mauryans? What was Mauryan Empire/Dynasty?

Mauryans here is referring to the Mauryan Dynasty founded by Chandragupta Maurya.
This dynasty dominated the Indian Subcontinent from 322 BCE to 185 BCE. The
Mauryan Empire was the first and one of the greatest empires that were established on
Indian soil. The vast Mauryan Empire stretching from the valley of the Oxus to the delta
of Kaveri was given a well knit common administration. The empire was the largest
political entity that has existed in the Indian subcontinent, extending over 5 million
square kilometres (1.9 million square miles). Prominent rulers of the Mauryan Dynasty
were:
 Chandragupta Maurya (Reign- 321 BCE to 297 BCE)
 Bindusara (Chandragupta Maurya’s Son) (Reign- 297 BCE- 273 BCE)
 Ashoka (Bindusara’s Son, Chandragupta Maurya’s Grandson) (Reign- 268 BCE-
232 BCE)

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5. Janapadas that turned into Mahajanpadas?
There were 16 Mahajanpadas. These were strong administrative capitals of the Mauryan
empire which were earlier denoted as Janapadas but with due course emerged as
Mahajanapadas for their administrative and resourceful values that it rendered to the king
and his people. The list of these Mahajanapada, including their names, capitals and
geopolitical locations mapped on the earlier vedic map is given below:

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NAME OF THE
CAPITAL LOCATION
MAHAJANAPADA

Included the modern

Anga Champa districts of Monghyr and
Bhagalpur in Bihar.

Covered the modern districts

Earlier Rajgriha, later
Magadha of Patna, Gaya, and parts of
Patliputra
Shahabad.

Covered the modern districts

Capitals at Kusinara and of Deoria, Basti, Gorakhpur
Malla
Pawa and Siddarthnagar in eastern
UP.

Situated north of the river

Vajji Vaishali
Ganga in Bihar.

Covered modern day

districts of Faziabad, Gonda,
Kosala Sravasti
Bahraich of eastern Uttar
Pradesh.

Located in the region around

Kashi Varanasi
Varanasi (modern Banaras).

Chedi Shuktimati Covered present day

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 Bundelkhand region.

Covered modern Haryana

Kuru Indraprastha
and Delhi.

Covered modern districts

Vatsa Kaushambi
Allahabad, Mirzapur.

Ahichhatra(Uttara Covered the area of present

Panchala) and western UP up to the east of
Panchala
Kampilya( Dakshina river Yamuna up to Kosala
Panchala) janapada.

Covered the areas of Alwar,

Matsya Viratanagara Bhartpur and Jaipur in
Rajasthan.

Covered the area around

Sursena Mathura
Mathura.

Covered the western India

Avanti Ujjaini and Mahishmati
(modern Malawa).

Ashmaka Potana Situated in the southern part

of the India between the
rivers Narmada and

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 Godavari.

Covered the area of

Capital at Rajapura in
Kamboja Hindukush (modern Hazara
modern-day Kashmir
districts of Pakistan)

Covered the western part of

Gandhara Taxila Pakistan and eastern
Afghanistan.

These were all the prelimineary questions that one should have dealt with before
proceeding further in the research methodology and content that will bridge the analysis of
these Janapadas and Mahajanpadas in the Mauryan Empire. In the next chapter, we wil
briefly discuss the Rise of the Mauryan Empire and how there was an urgent need of such
strategical distribution of republics among the Empire Boundaries. Furthermore, there will
be a scrutinized context of Kautilya (Chanakya), his role in the making of Janapadas and
Mahajanpadas and how ‘Arthshastra’, a book written by him, inculcates the basic
formation of them and how it has also given a base for future distribution of the
administrative and legislative bodies in Mauryan Empire and beyond.

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 CHAPTER II

HISTORY OF THE HISTORY: The Mauryan Systems

1. Evolution of Janapadas
Literary evidence suggests that the janapadas flourished between 1500 BCE and 500
BCE. The earliest mention of the term "janapada" occurs in the Aitareya (8.14.4) and
Shatapatha (13.4.2.17) Brahmana texts. In the Vedic samhitas, the term jana denotes a
tribe, whose members believed in a shared ancestry. The janas were headed by a king.
The samiti was a common assembly of the jana members, and had the power to elect or
dethrone the king. The sabha was a smaller assembly of wise elders, who advised the
king. The janas were originally semi-nomadic pastoral communities, bu gradually came
to be associated with specific territories as they became less mobile. Various kulas (clans)
developed within the jana, each with its own chief. Gradually, the necessities of defence
and warfare prompted the janas to form military groupings headed by janapadins
(Kshatriya warriors). This model ultimately evolved into the establishment of political
units known as the janapadas.While some of the janas evolved into their own janapadas,
others appear to have mixed together to form a common Janapada. According to the
political scientist Sudama Misra, the name of the Panchala janapada suggests that it was a
fusion of five (pancha) janas.Some janas (such as Aja and Mutiba) mentioned in the
earliest texts do not find a mention in the later texts. Misra theorizes that these smaller
janas were conquered by and assimilated into the larger janas.

2. Conversion into Mahajanapadas

The Later Vedic period (900–600 BCE) witnessed the transition from a tribal polity
based on lineage to a territorial state. The janas who migrated eastwards began to settle
down in various regions. The loyalty of the people shifted from jana (tribe or clan) to
janapada (territory). Janapada literally meant ‘the place where the tribe sets its foot
upon.’ The janapadas fought with one another for resources and political dominance.
Some janapadas extended their territories and brought various janas within their
jurisdiction. Such janapadas grew into mahajanapadas. Territory, people, government and

9
 sovereignty are important elements of a state. All these elements were found in some of
the mahajanapadas. The mahajanapadas represented the emergence of territorial
kingdoms that ruled over people (jana). The king headed the government aided by a
centralised administration. The king was also the sovereign ruler. The king levied taxes
out of agricultural surplus and redistributed it and ensured maintenance of law and order
in a hierarchical society by force and coercion. These features marked the formation of
state in the Gangetic plains.

3. Mauryan Administration System (Centralized)

As the head of the executive, the Mauryan king maintained social order by punishing the
guilty. He was responsible for the safety and security of his kingdom. It was his duty to
protect the life and property of his subjects. He was to collect report from the spies. He
had to plan different campaigns and movements. He laid down the general lines of policy
to be followed by his subordinate officials. He appointed ministers and other officers of
the royal administration.The Mauryan king was the head of the judicial department. It
was his duty to ensure justice to the people and redress their grievances. The Mauryan
Empire was vast and this vastness debarred the king from personally disposing of all the
cases. But he was the final court of appeal and issued ready judgment. There were certain
limitations on the centralized administration of a king. These limitations are discussed
under the next heading.

4. Limitations of a King in Centralized Administration

It is true that the Mauryan kings enjoyed huge power. But, still there were several
limits upon the royal authority. We can summaries these limitations in the following
manner:

 Firstly, Mauryan Empire before Ashoka was essentially a Hindu State. According to the
Hindu concept, the Supreme Sovereign of the State was Dharma or law and the king was
merely its guardian. King never dared to speak against the Dharma.

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  Secondly, the Mauryan king never dared to defy the ancient laws and usage.
 Thirdly, the king was aided and advised by a Mantri Parishad. In ordinary times he could
ignore the advice of his ministers. But in times of emergency it was obligatory on him to
hear the individual and collective advice of his ministers.
 Fourthly, the Brahmins had great influence over the king and even the later dared not to
disobey them. Instead he always had to look for their support.
 Fifthly, as the powers of the Mauryan government was was decentralized in nature, the
provincial governor and provincial ministers had right to be consulted by the
king especially in all provincial matters.

These were some of the major limitations on the king of the Mauryan Empire. Most
of these Limitations were of Pre-Ashokan era (before 268 BCE). These limitations
and changes in and post Ashokan Era, would be densely discussed in the further
chapters.

5. Mauryan Administration System (Provincial)

For the Mauryan provincial administration, the entire empire was divided into two parts,
sucha as:

The kingdom under the direct rule of the king and The vassal states.

The Mauryan territory that was directly ruled by the king was divided into a number of
provinces of Janapadas. Ashoka had at least five provinces whose capitals were Taxila,
Ujjain, Tosali, Suvarnagiri and Pataliputra. Each province was subdivided into number of
districts and each districts was again subdivided into number units. However, in addition
to these centrally ruled Mauryan territories, there were of vassal states. They enjoyed a
great deal of autonomy. The Mauryan provincial administration was similar to that of the
central administration. The Maurya emperor directly ruled the central and Eastern part of
the empire, whereas the other areas were ruled by the provincial Governors.The
provincial Governors(also called Rajans) were responsible for the day-to-day
administration of the provinces. They were expected to consult important matter with the
Central Administration. There were also the district officers, reporters, clerks, etc. who

11
 helped the smooth running of the provincial administration. In the provincial
administration, the village was at the lowest unit. These smaller units later looted
resources of other such republics and turned themselves in Mahajanapadas from the
Janapadas.

6. Mauryan Judicial System

As regards the judicial system, the king was the head of the judiciary and he himself was
the judge. He was the highest court of appeal and personally listened to appeals from the
people. However, since the Mauryan Empire was huge, it was not possible for the king to
solve each and every case. So, he appointed many judges subordinate to him to hear the
cases. Ordinary petty cases were generally adjudicated by the village headman. However
during Ashoka’s time many reforms were made in the judicial system. Granting of
pardon etc. was introduced from that time. Ashoka was thereby deemed by mannier as
‘Piyadasi’ (One who looks with Kindness upon everything), due to his majestical and
people favoring reforms.

7. Mauryan Revenue System

Kautilya, the greatest political thinker of ancient India laid greater stress on the treasury
as the smooth and successful functioning of the government depends on finance. The
main sources of Mauryan revenue were taxation and rent. The land revenue was the main
source of revenue collection. Though theoretically the rate of land revenue was 1/6 of the
total produce, yet in reality much higher proportion was charged varying with the
economic and local conditions. From the writings of the Greek writers we came to know
that the whole of India was the property of the king and no private person had any private
land nor were they permitted to keep any land of their own. In addition to land revenue,
there were other sources of revenue of the state. These included excise duty, forest taxes,
water taxes, mines coinage etc. Much of the state revenue was expended on paying the
army, the officials of the royal government, on charities and on different public works
like irrigation projects, road construction etc.

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 CHAPTER III

SOCIOPOLITICAL LIMITATIONS OF MONARCH (Pre and Post Ashokan Era)

1. Two Prominent Limitations

 Brahmins and Varna System : The society was based on the varna caste
system which was rigidly followed in the society. Brahmin topped this
varna system and they had a say in every event or political move of the
king whatsoever. Temples, who were center of many administrative tasks
was under control of Brahmins and hence, this seniority was justified by
them. This rigidity of Varna Systtem created tensions. Emergence of an
urban center demanded a more flexible social organization. Tribes and
people from outside the varna system came into contact and resided in
these urban centers. Their accommodation into the existing social fabric
also presented a problem. Besides them the vaishyas also accumulated
wealth due to their trading activity. Through their contacts with trading
guilds they controlled urban institutions. They were however denied a
position of respect in the society. Their resentment towards brahmanism
also led to their devotion towards other religions such as Buddhism and
Jainism. Shudras were also tired and resented towards the brahmans and
hence they indulged in criminal activities. They also turned to arious
heterodox sects. This led to a conflict with the traditional domination of
brahmins over the society. This led to increase in crime rates and
punishments were set to be stricter for meager crimes as well. This is an
example of Negative Limitation.

 King’s Call: In normal circumstances, Kings’ call or decision on any

problem was deemed as final and binding, but in the situations of
emergencies, King was bound to conduct a referendum in his ‘Mantri
Parishad’ or Council of Ministers and cannot go forward without a
publication of General Consent and consensus reached with all the

13
 ministers. This limitation though democratic in nature and strengthens the
viewpoint when we talk about the involvement of larger group of people
in decision making, but still was a limitation on the binding powers of the
king. Given its conclusive and egalitarian nature, this limitation can be
considered as a positive limitation.

2. Reforms brought by the Piyadasi

‘Piyadasi’ or Ashoka was one of the famous rulers of the Mauryan dynasty,
under whom the dynasty expanded to its largest magnitude. The structure of
Government that was set up by Chandragupta Maurya in order to manage the
administration of such a vast Empire was maintained by His son, Bindusara.
During Ashoka, expanse of the Mauryan Territory was extended because of his
military expedition. To manage the administrative functions of a vast territory,
Ashoka introduced several administrative reforms. With the help of such reforms
he continued to maintain a centralised administration and at the same time
capably managed the provincial administration thereby ensuring social harmony.

1. One of the important policies he adopted for the provincial administration

was that, Ashoka used to alter the provincial governors from time to time.
Moreover Ashoka had appointed many functionaries and dharma
Mahamattas and dharma Yutas to cope up with the increasing burden of
the missionary work and welfare schemes. In Ashokan regime, Rajukas,
Yutas, Pradesikas were entrusted with special assignments in the sphere of
provincial administration.

2. In the sphere of justice and civic life, Ashoka introduced many reforms
because of his humanitarian and paternal sentiment. He introduced the
officials in order to execute justice properly and to preach the principles of
Dhamma. Moreover there were special groups of officials in order to

14
 organise charities, promote toleration and reduce the burden of
punishment of the criminals.

3. Ashoka released the prisoners from jail on the anniversary of his

coronation. The principles of uniformity of penalty and uniformity of
judicial procedures were enforced.

4. Moreover during implementing administrative policies, Ashoka tried to

promote the spiritual welfare of his subjects by preaching dharma and by
inculcating toleration among his subjects, he aspired to have a social
harmony. At the same time he issued ordinances prohibiting animal
sacrifices and injury to animals and initiated welfare programmes for the
well being of the subjects.

3. Ashokan Reforms in reference to Jana and Mahajanpadas

During the reign of Ashoka, the officials called Rajukas had held a significant
place. Ashoka in his administrative policy implemented the Rajukas as the sole
agency to execute his plans of reforms. Originally the Rajukas were the officials
in charge of measurement of land and settled those if there arose any dispute.
Since they were connected with the land revenue department, they normally had a
great influence in the rural areas. Ashoka during implementing the administrative
policies, enhanced their powers and positions and made them the most important
officers of Janapadas.
Gradually the Rajukas became the key officers and were entrusted to execute
Ashoka's most welfare projects and administrative reforms. They not only acted
as judges with the power to justify wrong sentences and wrong judgments,
moreover they made charitable offers to the Sramanas and Bhikshus implemented
by Danda Samata and Vyavahara Samata. The function of the Rajukas is
enumerated in the Ashokan Pillar edict IV. However Romila Thapar had pointed
out that the Rajukas were the junior officers employed in the village areas. But

15
 most of the historians have unanimously opined that Ashoka upgraded the status
of the Rajukas.

(EDI
CTS OF GREAT EMPEROR ASHOKA)

4. Four Most Important Mahajanapadas

1. MAGADHA
Magadha was one of the most prosperous kingdoms of ancient India and
one of the most prominent ‘mahajanapadas.’ For many years, Pataliputra
was the capital of Magadha. The kingdom was bounded by Ganges in the
north, river Champa in the east, and river Son in the west. According to
ancient texts, Brihadratha was the earliest known ruler of Magadha. The
kingdom was also ruled by King Bimbisara, under whom Magadha
flourished. Great Indian empires including the famous Maurya Dynasty
originated in Magadha. Gautama Buddha spent much of his life in

16
 Magadha, hence the region is believed to hold great significance to
Buddhists.

2. GANDHARA
According to Hecataeus of Miletus, Purushapura or present-day Peshawar
served as a grand Gandharic city. Other references pertaining to Gandhara
have been made in ancient texts like ‘Rigveda,’ ‘Ramayana,’ and
‘Mahabharata.’ This great kingdom was served graciously by river Indus
and its capital Taksashila (Taxila) housed the renowned center of learning,
the ‘Taksashila University.’ Scholars came to the university from all over
the world in order to seek greater knowledge and wisdom. Though
Gandhara was a huge kingdom on its own, it is often considered to be a
part of an empire by modern-day scholars. Dr. T. L. Shah even argued that

17
 Gandhara and Kamboja, which was one of the 16 ‘mahajanapadas,’ were
two provinces of a single empire.

3. KURU
At the time of the Budhha, Kuru was ruled by Korayvya, a titular
chieftain. Its capital was Indraprastha (present-day Delhi), which was
known for people with sound health and deep wisdom. The Kurus were
related to people of other communities like the ‘Panchalas’ and the
‘Yadavas’ as they had matrimonial relations with them. Though Kuru
kingdom was a well-known monarchical state in the ancient world, the 6th
and 5th centuries BCE saw the formation of republican form of
government in the land of Kuru. Kautiliya’s ‘Arthashastra,’ which was
written in Sanskrit in the 4th century BCE, also states that the Kurus
followed the king consul constitution.

4. PANCHALA

The Panchala kingdom was located east of the Kuru kingdom, between
river Ganges and the mountain ranges of the Himalayas. Panchala was
divided into two parts, namely Dakshina-Panchala and Uttara-Panchala.
While Adhichhatra (present-day Bareilly) served as the capital city of
Uttara-Panchala, Kampilya (present-day Farrukhabad) was made the

18
 capital of Dakshina-Panchala. Originally a monarchical kingdom,
Panchala is believed to have turned into a republican dominion during the
6th and 5th centuries BCE. Kautiliya’s ‘Arthashastra’ also states that
Panchala followed the king consul constitution. The kingdom was later
annexed by Mauryan Empire and then by the Gupta Empire.

These were certain limitations, reforms and importance of Kings, Kingdom and
Mahajanapadas. This chapter also materialized the importance of Various Mahajanapadas
in retrospect to the different timeline/lineage of Kings of Mauryan Empire. With this the
sociopolitical analysis of Mahajanpadas, Janapadas and social, legal and economical
system of Mauryan Empire completes. The next heading will deal with conclusive remarks
as to how sociopolitical administration of Mauryan Empire was majorly dependent on
these different republics for their upliftment, how this helped frame a stage for upcoming
dynasties and flourishment of their sociopolitical, legal and economical system. It will also
deal with some personal inputs on what have been gained by researching on such historical
topic and what one can infer after reading this project/research model thesis.

19
 CONCLUSIVE POINTS

1. Dependency of Mauryan Empire

Through this research paper, it has been established that Janapadas some of which later
turned into Mahajanpadas were ‘heart and soul’ of the Mauryan Empire. Like every
demographically large empire have and should do, Mauryan Empire also delegated and
distributed works among and till the basic level of their empire. Subordinates of
Subordinates were appointed to ensure the fair and smooth transaction of all the actions.
Other than that, each Mahajanpada had its own virtues. Some were resourceful in
economical manner (for agriculture, metal and iron resources), some for Political hub
from where administrative orders were made, passed and surmoned to the masses
(Magadha, Panchala etc).

2. Setting up a Base
This kind of sociopolitical nature of Mauryan Empire made a foundation for the future
generation of not only the Mauryan Empire lineage but all the upcoming dynasties which
ruled over the territory of Bharata. There are evidences that the Gupta Empire,
charpeoned by many great rulers like Chandragupta I, Sanudragupta took inspiration
from the revenue system of the Mauryan Empire. It is also a well known fact that the
medivial empire of Vijayanagara, founded by Harihara and Buka gathered inspirations
from the sociopolitical administration of Mauryan Empire to set up their kingdom and to
ensure prosperity and brotherhood in the same.

3. Conclusion and Personal Remarks

Conclusively, Mauryan Empire was not only vast and humungous on the map of Ancient
India but it had a large and deep impact on the development of Indian Polity that we
know today. It was an empire that had knowledge and virtue that the whole world wanted
to know and with their immaculate strategy of Mahajanpadas and Janapadas, it stood out
from the rest even today. A reader who’ll go through this research model would surely
gain critical insights in the empire and its functionality that framed the upcoming ones.

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 BIBILOGRAPHY

 WEBSITES

1. https://www.indianetzone.com/20/.htmadministrative_reforms_ashoka
2. https://learn.culturalindia.net/mahajanapadas.html#:~:text=Magadha%20was
%20one%20of%20the%20most%20prosperous%20kingdoms,the%20east,
%20and%20river%20Son%20in%20the%20west.
3. https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/janapadas-and-mahajanapadas-
1437458526-1
4. https://syskool.com/administration-of-mauryan-empire/#:~:text=Limitations
%20of%20Mauryan%20Empire%20were:%20Before%20Ashoka%20the,dared
%20to%20challenge%20the%20ancient%20laws%20and%20practices.
5. https://upscfever.com/upsc-fever/en/history/ancient/en-anc-chp6.html
6. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauryan-Empire

 BOOKS
National Council of Education and Training (NCERT) “Themes in Indian History”
Class XII
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 7

-----------END OF THE PROJECT------------

Submitted By- Yash Bhatnagar Submitted To- Prof. (Dr.) Vandana

First Year Student, Section B (BA Singh
LL.B) 21
(Professor, History)
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National
Law University Law University