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Object-Oriented Programming
Lecturer: NGUYEN Thi Thu Trang, trangntt@soict.hust.edu.vn
Teaching Assistant: TRINH Thu Hai, hai.tt184255@sis.hust.edu.vn

Lab 02: Problem Modeling and Encapsulation

In this lab, you will practice with: •

Installing a design tool for UML diagrams: Astah
• Problem Modeling with Use-case diagram
• Encapsulation and different techniques for encapsulation
• Class design for use cases related to cart management
• Java Implementation: Creating classes in Eclipse, constructors, getters and setters, creating instances
of classes

0. Assignment Submission
For this lab class, you will have to turn in your work twice, specifically:
ÿ Right after the class: for this deadline, you should include any work you have done within the lab
class.
ÿ 10PM two days after the class: for this deadline, you should include the final use case diagram, the
final class diagram, the source code of all sections of this lab, and the reading assignment in a directory
named “Lab02”. Note that for the use case diagram, submit both source file (.astah) and its exported
image (.png) in the folder named “Requirement”; for the class diagram, also submit both source file
(.astah) and its exported image file (.png) in the folder named “Design”; for the reading assignment,
submit an image file of the reading assignment in the folder named “ReadingAssignment”, put all into
a directory named “Lab02” and push it to your master branch of the valid repository.

Note that all sample codes or diagrams in the lab are only the examples/suggestions. You may need to change
them to satisfy the requirements. Each student is expected to turn in his or her own work and not give or receive
unpermitted aid. Otherwise, we would apply extreme methods for measurement to prevent cheating. Please
write down answers for all questions into a text file named “answers.txt” and submit it within your repository.

1. UML & Astah

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a family of graphical notations, backed by single metamodel, that helps
in describing and designing software systems, particularly software systems built using the object-oriented style
(Fowler, 2003).

Astah is a design tool which supports UML. To get Astah UML, go to http://astah.net/student-license- request,
fill the form, and send the request. Then follow the 3 steps in the redirected page http://astah.net/student/thank-
you. See use case diagram with Astah at http://astah.net/manual/422-usecase-diagram.

Try to draw some several UML diagrams in the Astah UML, such as class diagram, activity diagram, sequence
diagram.

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2. Problem Statement of AIMS Project

Given the below problem statement of AIMS Project. Please read carefully the statement to ensure that you understand clearly the
software that you will design and implement from this lab. If you have any problems, please do not hesitate to ask the professor or
TA.

There might be a future that Tiki and Sendo be in talks over a potential merger to contend other e-commerce platforms and
especially those who have foreign backers. The merger of these two firms will create a Ti-do company, where “Ti” is from Tiki, and
“do” is from Sendo, which means a billion-dollar company in Vietnamese. That company, Ti-do company, would like you to help
them create a brand-new system for AIMS project (AIMS stands for An Internet Media Store). Currently, there is only one type of
media: Digital Video Disc (DVD).

Customers can browse the list of DVDs available in the store, the display order is based on their added date, from latest to
oldest. When a customer wants to search for DVDs to add to cart, he or she can choose one of three searching options. The
software will display a list of all matches (latest DVDs first) with all their information. He or she can also choose to play a specific
DVD. The software will play a DVD (a demo part). If a DVD has the length 0 or less, the system must notify the customer that the
DVD cannot be played.
o When a customer searches for DVDs by title, he or she provides a string of keywords. If any DVD has the title containing
any word in the string of keywords, it is counted as a match. Note that the comparison of words here is case-
insensitive.
o When a customer searches for DVDs by category, he or she provides the category name. If any
DVD has the matching category (case-insensitive), it is counted as a match.
o When a customer searches for DVDs by price, he or she provides either the minimum and maximum cost, or just the
maximum cost.
Customers can view the detailed information of a DVD from the list of DVDs. He/she can add a big DVD
a cart from a list of DVDs or the detailed screen.
When a customer wants to see the current cart, the system displays all the information of the DVDs, along with the total cost.
Customers may listen to a DVD (a demo part) in the cart before confirming to place an order. Customers can sort all DVDs in the
cart by title or by cost:
o Sort by title: the system displays all the DVDs in the alphabet sequence by title. In case they
have the same title, the DVDs having the higher cost will be displayed first.
o Sort by cost: the system the system displays all the DVDs in decreasing cost order. In case they
have the same cost, the DVDs will be ordered by increasing title.
Customers can update the quantity of a DVD in a cart or remove a DVD from a cart. To increase consumer demand for the
product and grow sales, customers are allowed to have an item for free which is randomly picked out in the cart by the system.
Customers can filter DVDs in the cart by providing either its ID or title. If the item is found, display information of the found item in
the cart. Or else, notify the customer the item is not found in the current cart.

The customer can request to place order when they are seeing the current cart. For simplification, he/she does not need to
log in to place an order. The application will prompt the customer to enter the delivery information and delivery instructions. The
software will then calculate the delivery fee based on the total mass of the order & the delivery location. Then, it will display to the
customer the invoice including the DVD list, total cost before VAT, total cost after VAT, and the delivery fee. The customer can
then proceed to pay for the order. Currently, only one payment method – ie credit card – is allowed by connecting to a card
association system for checking the validation of the card or performing the pay transaction. After the transaction, the AIMS
software will display all the detailed information such as transaction ID, card owner, transaction amount, transaction message,
balance, transaction date to the customer. The order will be in pending state and the information of the order & the transaction will
be sent to the customer's email.

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The store manager needs to log in to the system to navigate to the management mode. He/she can see the list of pending
orders, then can pick any order to see its details to approve or reject the order. The store
manager can add new DVDs to the store. He or she must provide all information of the new DVD, including its ID, title, category,
director, length, and the cost. Additionally, the manager can also remove DVDs from the store.

3. Use case diagram

Based on the problem statement in the section 2, please draw the use case diagram using Astah UML for the AIMS project.

A use case diagram is one of the UML diagrams to capture dynamic behaviors, ie, the pattern of state change over time (https://
www.cs.uct.ac.za/mit_notes/software/htmls/ch05s08.html). The use case diagram illustrates the relations among use cases. A use-
case model describes a software's functional requirements in terms of use cases. The use-case diagram is a model of the
software's intended functions and its environment and serves as a contract between the customer and the developers. Because it
is a very powerful planning instrument, the use-case diagram is generally used in all phases of the development cycle. For better
understanding, see https://www.uml-diagrams.org/use-case-diagrams.html.

To draw the use case diagram, you must identify the actors and use cases. A sample use case diagram is illustrated in Figure 1
with one use case: place an order. You have to identify more use cases to update the use case diagram for the final submission.

Figure 1. Sample of use case diagram for AIMS Project.

4. UML Class Diagram for use cases related to cart management

The system needs to create a new cart for the user, where it will keep information on the DVDs that the user wants to buy.
The user can add, remove DVDs from the cart as well as calculate the cost. The user can add maximum of 20 DVDs into one
cart. The cart with its information and behaviors is modeled with the Cart class. When the user adds a DVD to the cart, the
system must also create a new DVD Page 3 of 12
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based on the information that the user provides. This information can be displayed whenever the user decides to see it. The
DVD with its information and functions is modeled with the DVD class. Finally, the application needs an entry point for
displaying to and taking input from the user (via a command-line interface), which will be the Aims class. A sample class
diagram is illustrated in Figure 2, which includes 3 classes: • The Aims class which provides a main() method which interacts
with the rest of the
system
• The DigitalVideoDisc class which stores the title, category, cost, director and length • The Cart class to
maintain an array of these DigitalVideoDisc objects
You have to update this class diagram following the below exercises for the final submission.

Figure 2. Sample class diagram for use cases related to cart management.

5. Create Aims class

- Open Eclipse
- Create a new JavaProject named “AimsProject”
- Create Aims class: In the src folder, create a new class named Aims:
+ Right click on the folder and choose New -> Class:

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Figure 3. Create Aims class by Eclipse

+ You may need to check the option "public static void main(String[] args)"
This will automatically generate the main function in the class Aims.java as the following result.

Figure 4. Generated code for Aims class

+ Because you did not choose any package for the Aims class, Eclipse then displays the icon
package and mentions (default package) for your class.

Figure 5. Aims in default package

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+ You can create a package and move the class to this package if you want. In the scr folder, a sub-folder will be
created (with the name of the package) to store the class. Do it yourself and open the src folder to see the result.

6. Create the DigitalVideoDisc class and its attributes

Make sure that the option for the main method is not checked.
Open the source code of the DigitalVideoDisc class and add some attributes below:

Figure 6. DigitalVideoDisc class

7. Create accessors and mutators for the class DigitalVideoDisc

To create setters and getters for private attributes, you can create methods to allow controlled public access to each of
these private variables. Eclipse allows you to do this automatically. However, in many cases, you do not allow to create
accessors and mutators for all attributes, but depending on the business. Eg in a bank account, the balance cannot be
modified directly through a mutator, but should be increased or decreased through credit or debit use cases.

• Right click anywhere in the source file of DigitalVideoDisc.

• Choose Source, then choose Generate Getters and Setters (Figure 7)
• Choose the attributes that need getters/setters
o For each of them, choose the dropdown arrow next to the tick box and choose to generate only
setter, getter, or both.
Suggestion: To choose the appropriate getters/setters, one should carefully examine the requirements
of the system. In the case of Aims, based on the description of the system, we can decide the
appropriate accessor methods for each attribute of the DVD class as follows: Firstly, there is no use
case that requires the change of the attributes of a DVD after it is added, so we eliminate all the setters.
Secondly, since the system needs to display all information of the DVDs when the user sees the current
cart, all the getters are chosen. (Figure 8)

• Choose the option “public” in the Access modifier

• Click Generate

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Figure 7. Generate getters & setters by Eclipse

Figure 8. Choose appropriate accessors

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Figure 9. Generated accessors

Reading Assignment: When should accessor methods be used?

Read the following article and find the best possible answer to the above question: Holub, Allen.
“Why getter and setter methods are evil” JavaWorld, 5 Sep. 2003,
https://www.infoworld.com/article/2073723/why-getter-and-setter-methods-are-evil.html
You should expand your research to other sources as well. For the response, give a summary of
your findings in the form of a mindmap. You can draw this mind map by hand and take a picture
of your work or use any online tools. In both cases, the accepted format for the image file is one
of the following: .png, .jpg, .jpeg and .pdf.

8. Create Constructor method

By default, all classes of Java will herit from the java.lang.Object. If a class has no constructor
method, this class in fact uses the constructor method of java.lang.Object. Therefore, you can
always create an instance of class by a no-arguments constructor method. For example:
DigitalVideoDisc dvd1 = new DigitalVideoDisc();

In this part, you will create yourself constructor method for DigitalVideoDisc for different purposes:
- Create a DVD object by title
- Create a DVD object by category, title and cost
- Create a DVD object by director, category, title and cost
- Create a DVD object by all attributes: title, category, director, length and cost

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Each purpose will be corresponding to a constructor method. By doing that, you have practiced with
overloading method.

Question:
- If you create a constructor method to build a DVD by title then create a constructor method to build
a DVD by category. Does JAVA allow you to do this?

Eclipse also allows you to automatically generate constructor methods by field. Just do the same generating getters and
setters. Right click anywhere in the source file, Choose Source, Choose Generate constructors by fields (Figure 10) then
select the fields (Figure 11) to generate constructor methods.

Figure 10. Generating constructor using fields

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Figure 11. Setup for generating constructor using fields

The result is:

Figure 12. A sample code for a generated constructor

This is how you create the first constructor method. Similarly, you will create by yourself the others.

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9. Create the Cart class to work with DigitalVideoDisc

The Cart class will contain a list of DigitalVideoDisc objects and have methods capable of modifying the list.

Figure 13. Sample code of the Cart class

Add a field as an array to store a list of DigitalVideoDisc.

To keep track of how many DigitalVideoDiscs are in the cart, you must create a field named qtyOrdered in the Cart
class which stores this information.
Create the method addDigitalVideoDisc(DigitalVideoDisc disc) to add an item to the list. You should check the
current quantity to ensure that the cart is not already full
• Create the method removeDigitalVideoDisc(DigitalVideoDisc disc) to remove the item passed by argument
from the list.
Create the totalCost() method which loops through the values of the array and sums the costs of the individual
DigitalVideoDiscs. This method returns the total cost of the current cart.
Note that your methods should interact with users. For example: after adding it should inform the user: "The disc has
been added" or "The cart is almost full" if the cart is full.

Now you have all the classes for the application. Just practice with them in the next section.

10.Create Carts of DigitalVideoDiscs

The Aims class should create a new Cart, and then create new DVDs and populate the cart with those DVDs. This will
be done in the main() method of the Aims class.

Do the following code in your main method and run the program to test.

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Figure 14. Sample code of the Aims class

The result should be:

Figure 15. Results for creating a cart of digital video discs.

11.Removing items from the cart

print
your disc)main
You have written methodbigthe removeDigitalVideoDisc(DigitalVideoDisc
code method of the Cart class and
big check test
if the code is
successfully run.

12. References
James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson, and Grady Booch (2004). Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual, The (2nd Edition).
Pearson Higher Education

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