A Review On Nanofluid, Phase Change Material and Machine Learning Applications For Thermal Management of Hydrogen Storage in Metal Hydrides

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 68 (2024) 1178–1208
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/he
A review on nanofluid, phase change material and machine learning

applications for thermal management of hydrogen storage in
metal hydrides
Gürel Şenol a, Fatih Selimefendigil b, c, Hakan F. Öztop d, e, f, *
a
Manisa Technical Sciences Vocational School, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45140 Manisa, Turkey
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45140, Manisa, Turkey
d
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
e
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technology Faculty, Fırat University, Elazig, Turkey
f
Department of Medical Research, China Med. University Hospital, China Med. University, Taichung, Taiwan
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Handling Editor: Dr M Mahdi Najafpour This review is generally about some significant applications related to thermal management of hydrogen storage
in metal hydrides. First, the importance of hydrogen energy is given. Second, an introductive piece of infor
Keywords: mation about metal hydrides is given and the significance of metal hydride usage in hydrogen storage is dis
Hydrogen storage cussed. In the next chapter, the concept of nanofluid usage in regard to thermal management of hydrogen storage
Metal hydrides
in metal hydrides is given. Later, one of the thermal management techniques of hydrogen storage in metal hy
Thermal management
drides, PCM (phase change material) usage, is discussed with studies related to the subjects in literature. Finally,
Nanofluid
PCM different applications of machine learning in thermal management of hydrogen storage in metal hydrides are
Machine learning considered. It has been shown that thermal control for hydrogen storage in metal hydrides may be effectively
achieved by employing nanofluids based on nanoparticles that have been carefully chosen for the system.
Generally, Al2O3, CuO, MgO, Fe2O3, GO, GO-SiO2, and GO-TiO2 nanoparticles are used.in metal hydride
storage thermal management system. The nanoparticle type and its loading amount are among the most
important parameters that affect the improved performance of the hydrogen storage in metal hydrides. The
quantity, melting temperature, thickness, thermal conductivity, depth of usage, and volume dispersion of PCMs
are the fundamental parameters that are investigated in the studies for optimal values, taking into account
additional parameters related to the metal hydride reactor systems, such as supply pressure, inlet velocity,
temperature, etc. In order to get a faster response and a more compact hydrogen system, it is necessary to identify
the ideal PCM thickness. Up to a certain degree, the hydrogen storage system benefits from PCM’s higher thermal
conductivity. The majority of machine learning research have been conducted to evaluate various characteristics
and assess the potential of appropriate materials, metal hydrides, metals, material combinations, etc. for
hydrogen storage. The findings of the studies under discussion have confirmed that machine learning is an
effective, realistic means of predicting the parameters influencing hydrogen storage processes without sacrificing
any of the drawbacks of experimental methods, such as high costs and lengthy search times. Future research
should take into account more experimental investigations as well as a cost analysis of employing nanofluids and
PCMs.
1. Introduction significance of the issue [1–3]. A vast amount of energy (at rate of 80%)
expended by the population of the world is supplied by oil, natural gas
Energy is a crucial crux in the world and it is a big necessity in order and coal [3–7] Since 1950, the continuous intentions of people for more
to fulfill almost all actions related to our lives. Despite the fact that there energy in order to advance the standards of their living and the growing
has been an increment in energy crisis, we underestimate the population of the earth have been escalating the demand for energy. The
* Corresponding author. Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
E-mail address: hakanfoztop@firat.edu.tr (H.F. Öztop).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.215
Received 11 February 2024; Received in revised form 11 April 2024; Accepted 18 April 2024
Available online 3 May 2024
0360-3199/© 2024 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
G. Şenol et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 68 (2024) 1178–1208
energy expenditure of the world seems to come to a peak point in 2035 sustainability which leads to energy and expense savings. Electricity
and the world’s economical state is foreseen to go through a long period distribution and support sector and transport sector are the possible
of crisis after 2040 [3,7–11] On a large scale, great world economies areas where energy storage systems can be completely employed [32,
count on petrifaction fuels. Nevertheless, the subjection to this kind of 33]. Energy storage systems improve the power plant and also prohibits
energy source has a risky place in today’s economy leading to a increase in cost [34]. Energy storage system could easily considered as a
worldwide challenge since they are declining rapidly [6–8,12–14] It’s regulator which control the undulations of electricity from renewable
been prognosticated that the valid petrifaction fuel reserves have a energy sources. There are numerous energy storage systems which can
capability of providing oil, natural gas and coal for a period of 40,60 and be used like compressed air energy storage, frill wheel energy storage,
156 years respectively [15]. The world faced a severe economic crisis pumped hydro energy storage, cell energy storage etc. The technologies
when energy prices rose [16]. It is projected that the increase in oil of energy storage systems can be used for different kinds of usage based
prices will continue given the validity of the expenditure and that, if on their characteristic features like: energy and power intensity, time of
immediate action isn’t taken, they will eventually run out [6,14]. response, expense and scales of economy, service life, surveillance and
Environmental effects have also been considered [1,3,6,10,13,14, control equipment, proficiency and operating limitation [34–36].
17–19]. Based on this problem, in order to come up with an environ An appropriate energy storage system should have some specified
mentally friendly, inexpensive and a sustainable energy source, the re features.
searchers have been studying to find a sustainable energy [7,10,14,19,
20,21]. The permanent energy has to have the features for: ➢ Superior gravimetric and volumetric energy and power volume
density
➢ Providing safety of energy, ➢ Easy opening and combining with renewable energy sources and the
➢ Inception for the usage of permanent regional energy resources, available energy netting
➢ Decrease in the amount of separated CO2 worldwide, ➢ High energy proficiency
➢ Crucial development of air quality in cities, ➢ Being economically viable for storing great amount of energy
➢ Formation a fundament for new energy in industry and technology ➢ Long lifetime and credibility of the systems and elements
[1,12]. ➢ Safe for operation [26,37,38].
Based on the searches depending on various considerations hydrogen The comparison between different types of energy storage systems is
energy revealed itself as a good candidate to be a promising permanent given on Table 1. Batteries are mostly used for short-term storage pro
energy. cess. On the other hand for longer-term energy storage processes, they
The positive factors combining hydrogen energy with power systems might not be a good choice since they have low density for energy
have been performed in final years with a wide separation of production, storage and inevitable self-unloading [39]. From this point, energy
storage, and re-electrification to security topics. Researchers are still storage systems depending on hydrogen technologies are one of the most
studying the hydrogen energy issue to clarify the relation between it and exciting choices [39,40]. In hydrogen storage systems, excessive elec
the recent models [22]. There has been a wide concurrence that the tricity can be transformed to hydrogen through an electrolyzing device
creation of hydrogen from renewable energy resources is hopeful for the and kept in pressured tanks. The hydrogen kept in tanks can be used
world’s need for permanent energy [23]. Chi et al. [24], showed that later to create electricity in a fuel cell in the way Cau et al. [37],
changing the hydrogen creation by extensile electricity could improve explained.
the interconversion of electricity and hydrogen and magnify the Thermal management has a substantial role in systems where heat
hydrogen usage. The effects of adding hydrogen on the gas substructure transfer phenomenon takes place. Including different devices and ap
and gas quality have been searched [25]. Since most power-to-gas plants plications related to heat transfer issue like electronics, electric ma
are set in places far away from extensile energy resources, it calls for the chines, batteries, LED applications, mobile phones, and temperature rise
fact that the created hydrogen must be stored and sent to the gas negatively affects the processes at some point. The temperature change
transportation system. Thus, studies have been performed to enhance during the process is also a significant issue in hydrogen storage. For
storage capacity of hydrogen [26]. Abe et al. [27], marked the fact that instance, for storage one of the alternatives is to compress hydrogen to
further studies should be performed on hydrogen storage since valid high level of pressure. The most known method to store hydrogen is to
hydrogen storage capability technologies weren’t technically and compress it into gas cylinders made of steel under a pressure with a level
economically good enough for applicability. The safety and trans up to 700 bar [41]. One of the topics which should be considered during
portation issue of hydrogen storage have been searched [28]. Some re hydrogen compression is the heat transfer process. Due to temperature
vises have approved the interfering hydrogen in numerous power rise inside the hydrogen storage tank, compound disruption may occur
systems. For instance, Mazloomi et al. [29], discussed the hopes and and lead to a vigorous result. In order to make an attempt to solve this
obstacles of hydrogen as an energy carrier explaining valid hydrogen problem, studies on thermal conductivity materials and constructive
technologies and expense issues. Hanley et al. [30], searched the role of design have been performed to enhance heat transfer [42,43].
hydrogen in the economy for the future considering eight hydrogen
based power systems. Parra et al. [31], studied the valid improvement of 2. Hydrogen energy and storage
hydrogen energy system considering expense, product, usage and con
trol methods. Hydrogen energy is a pure energy which is considered as environ
There are basically four kinds of usage of combining hydrogen with mentally friendly. Hydrogen energy is used in fuel cells in order to create
power systems. electricity or it’s burnt to produce thermal energy. Water is produced in
two different cases. One of the critical issues about hydrogen is the
➢ Energy storage technology in which it’s produced since it could have some vaguely
➢ Power-to-gas system detrimental effects on the environment if its production is performed
➢ Fuel cell co and tri-generation using petrifaction fuels. It could be harmless to the environment if
➢ Transportation renewable energy sources are utilized in its production and thus it turns
out to be extremely extensile and sustainable. When hydrogen is used for
Considering the first subtopic as one of the highlights of this article, storing energy, the electricity is converted into hydrogen. This process is
hydrogen energy has a significant role in this issue. As the European called as electrolysis. The hydrogen stored could be simply re-electrified
Commission emphasized, energy storage holds the key in success for in fuel cells with a proficiency of about %50 or in order to be burnt in gas
1179
Table 1
Comparison between different types of energy storage systems [37].
Technology Capital cost($/kWh) Durability(Year) Power density (W kg− 1) Gravimetric energy density(Wh kg− 1) Energy efficiency (%)
Li-on battery 600–2500 5–20 100–5000 75–250 85–90

Super-capacitor 300–2000 20+ 500–5000 0.05–30 97
Pumped-hydro 5–100 40–100 – 0.5–1.5 70–87
Hydrogen 2–20 30 – 400–1000 –
Flywheel 1000–5000 15–20 400–1600 5–130 80–99
Pressurized air 2–50 20–100 – 30–60 40–80
power periods with a proficiency of %60 [44,45]. generation of electricity with fuel cell usage since the only thing that
Energy market has three primary objectives as stationary, trans occurs during this generation process is water itself [63]. Hydrogen
portation and portable applications which include hydrogen. Utilization unignorably has a potential of energy storage on the contrary to most
of transport need superior gravimetric and volumetric ability, clement other energy sources. The energy obtained per unit mass is three times
temperature and pressure during the process, fast kinetics, less amount more than the energy gained from gasoline [64]. There are also different
of heat during the lifting and release process, multi period reversibility, ways of creating hydrogen from different sources like water, oil, gas etc.
high security substructure consumption for recharge and recycle [9,12, and since hydrogen can easily be generated with a country’s own op
46–51]. Hydrogen technologies and storage related to these technolo portunities in a much easier way, the dependence of energy from other
gies are also used for automotive industry [52,53]. High pressure com places decreases [65]. Hydrogen is extremely useable on the contrary to
plex ships have an economical significance in supplying hydrogen most other energy sources. It can be used during fining processes of
storage for this application [54]. Complex pressure ships which have metal essence or for the advancement of oils and bitumen [66,67].
metal and non-metal undercoating are mostly used in automotive field Unlike electricity hydrogen has a large density of storage. The easy
[55]. On the contrary to transportation, stationary usage focus on suf mobility is another advantage of hydrogen energy since it can be
ficient material for storage tanks than capability, kinetics or even transported via different ways like shipping, railways, on road.
working status [9,46,56]. Hydrogen can easily be recycled and during this process it turns into
Hydrogen storage technologies can be put into two primary cate water which can be used to generate hydrogen again. Hydrogen can also
gories as physical and material based storage. Fig. 1 shows these two be a good supplier for other systems when they are used together like
main categories and subgroups of hydrogen storage [57,58]. The success nuclear reactors [68]. In order to consider the hydrogen energy signif
for hydrogen storage systems and their transport based on productive, icance in a more comprehensive way we can list its facts about it like:
economic, secure and purchasable techniques will reveal more appli
cable hydrogen economy [59,60]. Furat et al. [61], showed the relation ➢ Hydrogen is known as the most light weighed one among the ele
and explained the solidarity of four primary elements of hydrogen ments on the periodic table. Its number is 1 in the order of the ele
storage, which are creation, storage, safety and usage. Kayfeci et al. ments on the periodic table.
[62], revealed a list of hydrogen energy production cost based on ➢ It’s the most ample element in the world.
renewable and non-renewable methods. Fig. 2 demonstrates the relation ➢ It exists in composition in the world, getting hydrogen from this
between these methods and the cost of hydrogen production. composition needs energy. This reveals the hydrogen creation
including the economic issues.
2.1. Hydrogen energy significance and facts ➢ It’s considered as the permanent fuel. It has its own place as sec
ondary energy mate. The hydrogen production can be performed
First of all, hydrogen energy doesn’t cause any pollution during the
Fig. 1. Hydrogen storage technologies [57,58].
1180
Fig. 2. Hydrogen production cost based on different production techniques [62].
using any main energy fuel: coal, petrol, natural gas, atomic, all kinds fuel cell provides the industrial and household demands [69].
of renewable energy sources and from grill electricity Fig. 3 shows the supporting factors and barriers of hydrogen econ
➢ Because of the benefits which it has for environment and climax of omy [15].
the earth, hydrogen produced from renewable energies (solar
hydrogen) is the final percentage. Hydrogen energy is the most 3. Metal hydrides and their significance in hydrogen storage
satisfying sort of energy which is a good supplier in the energy
mixture till something better is found. The term ‘’hydride’ ’is used for the duel combination of hydrogen
➢ Hydrogen and electricity depend on each other. They are inter and a metal or a metalloid. A metalloid means semi metal which behaves
changeable through electrolysis and fuel cell in electrochemical way. as a metal when it reacts with a nonmetallic element and behaves as a
Hydrogen electrolysis and liquefaction depend on electricity and nonmetallic substance when it reacts with a metal. Generally the com
electricity needs hydrogen in fuel cells at low temperature. bination of hydrogen and a metal happens in a homogenous way
➢ The dependence on energy based on unrefined petrol and natural gas including different patterns and features which are unlike those of the
which are located on a large energy strategic area can be overcome metal.
with hydrogen energy since hydrogen’s numerous main fuels have a In metal hydride phenomenon hydrogen has a bond with metals or
much larger separation on earth. metal alloys in a chemical way. During a sorption process, hydrogen
➢ It’s in a good harmony with technology and technological de dissociates at the time of reaching for the metal surface and diffuses into
velopments.Along its total transformation chain production; storage, the metal grill. Hydrogen has a reaction in order to create a metal hy
transportation, separation and usage technologies are pretty under dride and this process is called as an exothermic reaction since hydrogen
stood and put on market or about to be marketed. releases heat. After the reaction is over, the hydrogen has a complete
➢ Apparently, the hydrogen politics is based on technology. The na bond with the material and it’s kept in environmental conditions [70].
tions which import energy from other countries have an opportunity Finding materials which show a significant improvement in appli
to get benefits of hydrogen energy depending on the knowledge of cations and new material combinations which have a high capacity in
their scientists and the abilities of their engineers and workers. terms of volume and in a gravimetric way, fast absorption kinetics at
➢ Hydrogen energy doesn’t contain any radiotoxic substance, it temperatures which have approximate values to the ambient tempera
doesn’t cause radioactivity. Thus it is intrinsically safe. ture, elevated tolerance of recycling are well known difficulties that
➢ Hydrogen production is 50 million tons annually. Mainly the sectors hydrogen storage systems face [71].
which use hydrogen are space flight business and industry of elec Metal hydrides are materials that consist of metal and hydrogen.
tronics, food and glass manufacturing and companies which produce Based on their high capacity of storing hydrogen, metal hydrides have
electric equipment. got a big attention of researchers as a good kind of material which can be
➢ Hydrogen makes renewable energy sources portable as chemical used in energy systems based on hydrogen. Their energy capacity is
energy transporter. high. They also show a consistency in an environmental way. All of these
➢ Although coal still has importance due to electricity and steel, but facts make metal hydrides a good alternative for transportable electronic
soon hydrogen will help keep pure coal alive. devices and renewable energy applications [71].
➢ Hydrogen energy is on its way because sustainability without it can’t Hydrides have been revealed as a key technical topic for hydrogen
be considered. storage in a broad and dense way. Early studies related to the materials
➢ Due to the estimation of United Nations by 2050 approximately %70 for hydrogen storage was mainly about transitional metal hydrides.
of the people having an urban life will move to mega cities causing an LaNi5H6 and TiFeH2 set good examples for this kind of hydrides. The
environment of more than 10 million occupants. Hydrogen and hydrogen storage usually occurs through cracks in the trellises of metals
technologies based on hydrogen are useful to get rid of the aggre or alloys. The crucial need for high gravimetric capacity of hydrogen
gation of smoke, noise and contaminants. storage led to the improvement of complex hydrides (NaAlH4 and Mg
(BH4)2, etc.),composite hydrides (LiNH2–LiH and LiBH4– MgH2, etc.)
Hydrogen has a positive effect on the energy system considering and chemical hydrides (NH3BH3 and LiNH2BH3, etc.) [72]. Despite the
exergy. Hydrogen-provided fuel cells are extremely productive in terms fact that aims for aboard hydrogen storage like high reversible hydrogen
of exergy and the exergy of the residual heat at the temperature of the substance, clement temperature and pressure of process, quick kinetics
1181
in absorption and desorption and circularity are not satisfying enough,

the amplitude and capability of the hydride family have been improved
in a great deal from the search attempts into design and exploration of
materials.
The energy oscillations during absorption and desorption processes
show that metal hydrides can also be used in thermal storage for solar
energy. The guideline of thermal storage in hydrides depends on the
difference of enthalpy changes during desorption of two kinds of hy
drides. (High-enthalpy and low-enthalpy hydrides in order) In daylight
the high-enthalpy hydride (like TiH2, MgH2, Mg2FeH6, etc.) takes the
heat from the sun and releases hydrogen. Then the heat is stored by low-
enthalpy hydride (Na3AlH6, LaNi5H6, etc.).At night or in cloudy weather
the low-enthalpy hydride discharges hydrogen, then it’s stored by the
high-enthalpy hydride in order to discharge thermal energy. For this
kind of application, hydrides which have low expense, high thermal
conductivity and corrosion resistance are needed. Fig. 4 demonstrates
the combination of a hydride tank in a fuel cell system in a non-complex
schematic way and Fig. 5 shows hydrides for hydrogen storage. For each
hydride kind a representative hydride material is shown with empha
sized obstacles related to each hydride type [72].
4. Thermal management methods of hydrogen storage in metal

hydrides
Hydrogen absorption and desorption encounter some thermal

problems generally based on temperature and pressure. Researchers
have made attempts in order to enhance and optimize the performance
of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage. The essential physical and
chemical operations which control their behavior need to be understood
with all details. The hydrogen sorption, discharge kinetics, stability and
thermodynamics are generally related to the behavior of metal hydrides.
Metal hydrides have a tendency to show deterioration and abrasion. This
might decrease their performance and lifetime. Their expense and
availability might put limitations on the usage of metal hydrides in
daily-life applications. In order to get over such obstacles, numerous
performance enhancement methods have been searched and performed.
For instance, improvement of new synthesizing methods, usage of new
materials and nanomaterials are some of these methods.
Another obstacle prohibiting the use of metal hydrides for hydrogen
storage is the heat control during the sorption and desorption processes.
The exothermic sorption process causes heat release and this might in
crease the temperature of the metal hydride which might lead to thermal
unsteadiness, reduced hydrogen charge rate and less qualified lifetime.
Likewise, the endothermic hydrogen discharge process causing a tem
perature decrease in the system might affect the hydrogen sorption/
desorption kinetics. Thus, significant thermal management methods
must be performed to strengthen efficiency and safety of metal hydrides
[71].
One of the thermal management methods for hydrogen storage in
metal hydrides is using hydrogen reactors applying shape optimization.
There are basically three kinds of reactors based on the design shape.
➢ Tubular reactors
➢ Disc reactors
➢ Chamber reactors
The tubular reactors have been used in applications of heat pumps

since their old times [73]. In tubular reactors, hydrogen is generally fed
with through a main carriageway in the system. In order to give
allowance to the efficient radial heat transmission, the outside diameter
of a single tube shouldn’t be more than 30 mm [74–78]. Despite the fact
that circular tubes are commonly used, Veerraju et al. [79], claimed that
tubes in elliptical shape may be a better option for the reactor due to
Fig. 3. The supporting factors and barriers of hydrogen economy [15]. their compressed structure and lower loss in terms of hydraulics. Single
tubular reactor applications give best performance in small-scaled
studies [76,77,80]. Fig. 6 shows a characteristic tubular reactor.
1182
Fig. 4. The combination of a hydride tank in a fuel cell system [72].
Fig. 5. Hydrides for hydrogen storage [72].
The bed of a disc reactor has a flat structure [81,82].In a widespread Dehouche et al. [83] and Meng et al. [84], considered using
design of a disc reactor, heat exchange takes place on one side of the micro-channel technique in a tank reactor with metal hydride because it
reactor while the hydrogen axially flows into or outside the reactor was capable of providing intense heat transfer in a small area. Fig. 8
through the medium which covers the metal hydride sheet. It provides a demonstrates the system of the authors’ study.
wide surface for heat transfer and rapid reaction kinetics if the bed is Another thermal management technique of hydrogen storage in
thin. Fig. 7 shows a cross-sectional area of an annulus reactor [71]. metal hydrides is to use cooling tubes in order to prevent the release heat
The bed in a tank and or chamber metal hydride reactor is a large from reaching for high temperature values for the system to be stable as
cylinder or a cube compartment, which is capable of keeping more soon as possible during the exothermic absorption process. For this
amount of metal hydride unlike the first two depicted reactors. operation, a cooling fluid is sent through a certain amount of tubes. One
1183
Fig. 6. A characteristic tubular reactor [71].
Fig. 9. Integration of cooling tubes into metal hydride bed [85].
Fig. 7. Cross-sectional area of an annulus reactor [71].
Fig. 10. Fin usage in metal hydride bed [86].
schematic depiction of the system related to the study is given.

One of the challenges for metal hydrides in hydrogen storage systems
is the porosity factor. Applying a compression operation on the metal
hydride powder, the interior bed porosity could be reduced, thus its
density will increase. This operation causes enhancement in the thermal
conductivity and also hydrogen storage capability of the metal hydride
bed [89].
Adding materials which have high thermal conductivity into metal
Fig. 8. Schematic demonstration of micro-channel reactor [83,84]. hydride beds is another method for thermal management. Carbon ma
terials, for instance graphite powder [90,91], carbon Nano-tubes(CNTs)
[92–94], carbon bars [95–97] and extended graphite [98–101] are uti
of the examples of this method is given on Fig. 9 [85].
lized as thermal conductivity strengthening materials due to their high
In metal hydride hydrogen storage systems heat transfer can be
thermal conductivity and reactivity deprivation. Materials produced
enhanced by increasing the surface area between the metal hydride bed
from metals which consist of powder and mousse copper powder [102],
and the heat transfer fluid. On Fig. 10, the fins used in a metal hydride
aluminum mousse [103–105] and copper foam [106,107] are other
bed combined with water jacket are seen [86] and on Fig. 11., the fractal
options. A short list of some metal hydride materials used in the studies
tree-shaped fin used in a metal hydride hydrogen storage system for the
including their thermal conductivity and also some of the heat-enhanced
increase of absorption performance is seen [87].
materials used in these studies are given on Table 2.
Considering thermal management and heating/cooling control sys
In this article, three major thermal management techniques besides
tem, Peltier element creates temperature difference on the parts where
the methods mentioned above are focused on. In order to enhance heat
input voltage is applied. The heat generated (QH) by applying input
transfer for hydrogen storage in metal hydrides, applications of nano
voltage to the Peltier element is transferred from Peltier element to
fluid usage, phase change materials (PCMs) and machine learning are
metal hydride reactor, which causes release process. On the other hand,
also performed.
the heat QL is transferred to the environment from the metal hydride
reactor, which causes absorption process. During this absorption process
hydrogen gas is sent back to the metal hydride [88]. On Fig. 12, the
1184
applications as a way of heat transfer enhancement. One of these ap

plications is the hydrogen storage. Researchers have discovered that
using nanofluids in hydrogen storage systems can create an effective
way in thermal management enhancement. Using different kinds of
nanofluids besides keeping the system parameters in an optimum way as
much as possible have shown a significant effect in thermal management
enhancement for hydrogen storage systems.
Kanti et al. [111], conducted a special study in order to improve the
thermal management of metal hydride reactor. They used graphene
oxide as nanofluid in their study. In order to accelerate the hydrogen
storage capacity of the metal hydride reactor, they used graphene oxide
as 2-D material based on its good thermal properties. In their study they
used LaNi5 as metal hydride. As heat transfer fluids, they used water and
GO, GO-SiO2 (50:50), GO-TiO2 (50:50), and Al2O3. According to their
study they reached for some significant results. Decreasing the inlet
temperature of the heat transfer fluid and increasing the pressure needed
for hydrogen and the velocity of the heat transfer fluid made a great
effect on the storage rate of the system. The GO NF with 1 vol% had a
tremendous effect in the metal hydride reactor on the contrary to water
and other nanofluids used in the system. It decreased the time of storage
with a rate of 61.7% of the water by showing the same storage success
with a rate of 90%.
Fig. 13, demonstrates the effect of inlet velocity GO NF with 1 vol%
on hydrogen sorption and average hydride bed temperature and Fig. 14
demonstrates the effect of pressure needed for hydrogen on hydrogen
sorption and average bed temperature within time.
Urunkar and Patil [112], conducted a study which consisted of
different kinds of nanofluids besides sodium alanate in a hydride reactor
to observe the thermal performance of the system. In their study, the
hydride rector was filled with sodium alanate and they used CuO, Al2O3
and MgO nanofluids as heat transfer fluids since they had better features
in terms of heat enhancement. According to their study, CuO based
nanofluid showed a better performance in terms of absorption rate with
a 5 vol% concentration unlike other nanofluids and volume concentra
tions. They showed that CuO based nanofluid reduced the absorption
Fig. 11. The fractal tree-shaped fin used in metal hydride hydrogen storage time with a rate of 14% and increased the heat exchange at a rate of %10
system [87]. and they proved the significance of nanofluid usage and showed that
their types affected the hydride reactor storage performance. Fig. 15
4.1. Nanofluid applications for thermal management of hydrogen storage shows the impact of chosen nanofluids on hydrogen concentration.
in metal hydrides Eleram et al. [113], performed a study related to the numerical
analysis of a metal hydride bed which consisted of nanoparticles, phase
In a simple way, a nanofluid is a special fluid based on using particles change material and nanofluid for the thermal management of the sys
which have the size in terms of nanometers and mixing them with tem. The metal hydride had a nano-enhanced phase change material
certain base fluid, in another way preparing a suspension with nano- jacket and also it had a heat exchanger in the shape of a U which con
sized particles and a specific base fluid. The term for this suspension sisted of nanofluid. The particles used for the preparation of the nano
was first used by Choi et al. [108]. fluid were iron oxide (Fe2O3) and copper oxide (CuO) and as a metal
Nanofluids have at least four scale factors. Mega, macro, micro and hydride bed Mg2NiH6 was used. Sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) was used as the
finally molecular scale. Having a control on micro scale properties of phase change material. Sodium-potassium nitrate (60% NaNO₃-40%
nanofluids, the searchers have been trying to improve mega scale and KNO₃) was chosen as the heat transfer fluid. Different concentrations
macro scale features of nanofluids [109,110]. were chosen for the nanoparticles to be used in the heat transfer fluid.
It’s well known for a long time that nanomaterials and nanofluids Also, they added CuO and graphene nanoparticles into the phase change
based on these materials have been used in different kinds of material with a range of 0–5 water%. They proved that the absorption
Fig. 12. The thermoelectric module and the cooler used in the metal hydride system [88].
1185
Table 2
Metal hydride materials and heat-enhanced materials.
Metal Hydride Material Thermal Heat-enhanced Material Enhancement
Conductivity(W/m
K)
NaAlH4 (catalyzed with TiCl4) [90] 0.5 5 wt% of carbon About 50%. enhancement in thermal conductivity
MgH2 [92] 0.48 CNTs, the as-prepared FeB nanoparticles and Enhancement in the hydrogen storage properties of MgH2
the CNTs decorated with FeB nanoparticles
TiMn2, LaNi4.5Co0.5 [93] 20–0.026 single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) Effect in increasing the thermal conductivity of the packed bed,
and obtaining the practical need for the sorption rate of hydrogen.
LiBH4–LiAlH4 [94] – multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) Improvement in hydrogen diffusion and thermal conductivity
Ti0.15Zr0.85Cr0.9Fe0.6Ni0.2Mn0.3Cu0.05 – carbon fiber 5-6 times higher thermal conductivity value with an addition of 2%
Ti0.73Zr0.27Cr1.2Fe0.3Ni0.1Mn0.4Cu0.05 carbon fiber
Fe0.3Ni0.1Mn0.4Cu0.05 [95]
TiFe0.9Ni0.1 – carbon fiber Increase in the thermal conductivity of the metal sheets up to 3.20
La 0.6Y0.4Ni4.9Al0.1 [97] W/m K with a mass of 30% carbon fiber
MgH2 [98] 0.7 Expanded Natural Graphite (ENG) Improvement in the thermal conductivity of MgH2 with a value of
up to 7.5 W/m K
MgH2 [100] 1–2.5 Expanded Natural Graphite (ENG) Improvement in the thermal conductivity of MgH2 with a value of
up to 4.4 W/m K 1 at 10 wt% ENG
Improvement in the thermal conductivity of MgH2 with a value of
up to 9.3 W/m K 1 at 20 wt% ENG
LaNi5 2.4 Aluminum foam Increase in the rate of hydrogen sorption with 30% aluminum foam
and increase in the hydrogen mass with 10% aluminum foam
addition
Fig. 13. Effect of inlet velocity of GO NF on (a) hydrogen sorption (b) average Fig. 14. Effect of hydrogen supply pressure on (a) hydrogen sorption (b)
bed temperature with time [111]. average bed temperature with time [111].
1186
The energy is stored or released within the phase change as from

solid to liquid or the opposite or when the interior structure of the
material goes through a change. When a PCM is melted or solidified at its
phase change temperature, it’s able to store or release a great amount of
energy on the contrary to sensible heat. Due to their high latent heat
values, PCMs are also known as latent heat storage materials.
PCMs are used in numerous applications which require energy
storage/temperature steadiness like cooling systems in buildings, textile
industry, electronic devices such as mobiles, heating pads etc.
In hydrogen storage systems with the help of PCMs the absorption/
desorption processes have been reduced and hydrogen storage/desorp
tion rates have been increased.Due to the enhanced heat transfer be
tween metal hydride and PCMs, some researchers have succeeded in
enhancement of thermal management of hydrogen storage in metal
hydrides.
Yao et al. [115], conducted a study of a metal hydride reactor con
Fig. 15. Effect of chosen nanofluids on hydrogen concentration [112]. sisting of PCM as a heat enhancement in thermal management and
showed its application in fuel cell power system. The model they studied
process time was reduced at rate of %33.5 by using this nano-enhanced, was about absorption and also desorption. They showed that their model
phase change material, nanofluid system instead of using an ordinary was better than a conventional model. Their model showed a hydrogen
metal hydride bed system. Fig. 16, shows the model in a schematic way. storage efficiency at a rate of 47% at the temperature of phase changing
Urunkar and Patil [114], conducted a study for better heat and mass process (42 ◦ C) and it was higher than the ones at 35 ◦ C and 49 ◦ C. The
transfer features of a metal hydride reactor in order to store hydrogen by extra substance they added into PCM was graphite and it helped the
using different kinds of nanofluids. Al2O3/water, CuO/water and system reach for a storage efficiency of 72%. There wasn’t a significant
MgO/water were the types of nanofluids used in the study. MmNi4.6 change in decrease of hydrogen storage time, which was 5 min most.
Al0.4 was the metal hydride used in the reactor. Based on different pa Fig. 17, demonstrates the validation of the results for hydrogen sorp
rameters as types of nanoparticle, concentration of hydrogen, pressure tion/desorption processes at three different phase change temperatures
needed for the system, the temperature of the cooling fluid, they ob and Fig. 18, demonstrates the performance of metal hydride reactor
tained the results and found out that 5 vol% CuO/water nanofluid was (MHR) and PCM at different temperatures for phase change.
thermally much better than Al2O3/water and MgO/water nanofluid. The Garrier et al. [116], studied a MgH2 tank by using Mg–Zn in an
decrease in the temperature of the nanofluid and the increase in the eutectic phase as PCM for the thermal enhancement of the system. The
pressure needed for the system increased the heat transfer rate. The solidification of PCM provided the heat for the desorption of the system.
CuO/water nanofluid had a significant effect in reducing the absorption The desorption took 3 h for the system and the daily efficiency of storage
time of hydrogen storage by %9.5 and increasing the rate of heat transfer turned out to be about 70%.
in metal hydride reactor up to %10. Dong et al. [117], studied the thermal management of a metal hy
dride reactor integrated with PCM. They studied some parameters as fin
4.2. Phase Change Material (PCM) applications for thermal management size, PCM thickness, and sorption pressure for hydrogen, thermal con
of hydrogen storage in metal hydrides ductivity of PCM at solid and liquid state. According to their study, the
small size for the fin was useful for the reaction rate. As the thickness of
One of the major methods which is applied in order to decrease PCM increased, the mean rate also increased, but densities of gravi
energy expenditure is the thermal energy storage in cooling processes metric and volumetric storage decreased in an inversely proportional
where the cold is stored by the help of phase change materials (PCMs). A way. Also they found out that some changes in hydrogen pressure and
phase change material (PCM) is a substance which melts or solidifies at a initial temperature and increasing PCM thermal conductivity might
certain temperature value and provides convenient heat or cooling. It affect the speed of reaction rate.
takes heat and spreads it to its medium by changing the material’s sta Ardahaie et al. [118], added PCM into the jacket of the metal hydride
tus. At room temperature the phase change material is in solid state and tank. They also used a heat exchanger which consisted of flat spiral tube
from a point of specific temperature value it starts to soften. planes in order to improve the storage efficiency of the system. Heat
transfer fluid they used was air which was flowing through the tubes.
They examined different parameters of the system and according to their
study, the increase in the number of spiral tubes was useful for the
decrease in absorption process time by 8%. Unlike a metal hydride tank
without PCM, the system they used showed an improvement of 44% and
%20 in sorption and desorption processes respectively. The shape of the
jacket also had a significant effect on the system performance. They
found out that PCM-jackets which had the shape of a cone were able to
show a better performance of absorption and desorption. Fig. 19, shows
the 3D depiction of the model.
Darzi et al. [119], carried out a numerical study of a metal hydride
tank consisting of a special PCM (rubitherm) jacket in order to supply
hydrogen for PEM fuel cell. Different parameters related to the system
like supply (10,15 and 20 bar) and discharge pressures (1.5,1.75 and 2
bar) of hydrogen on certain values and different porosity values of the
metal hydride bed (0.4,0.5 and 0.6) were examined to see their effects
on the system. The changes of hydrogen to metal and the fraction of PCM
Fig. 16. The system model: A, MH-nanofluid-NePCM system, B, Computational melting were also searched. They observed that higher supply pressure
domain [113]. was useful for sorption process and on the opposite lower discharge
1187
Fig. 17. Validation of the model at 35,42 and 49 ◦ C during sorption/desorption processes [115].
Fig. 18. The MHR-PCM performance at different temperatures of phase change [115].
Fig. 19. System depiction in a 3D cross-sectional way [118].
pressure had a good effect on the desorption process. Higher bed generated during absorption process was stored and sent back to the
porosity had a good effect on the system to reach for the steady point. system during desorption process. However, the total amount of
Also they showed that adding metal foam into jacket decreased the hydrogen of absorption and desorption processes in the canister was
duration of both absorption and desorption processes. Fig. 20, demon only to a value of %26. This was due to the low thermal conductivity of
strates the hydrogen/metal ratio due to the supply pressures of 10, 15 the phase change material. Fig. 21, demonstrates the schematic model of
and 20 bar depending on the time of absorption process. the system they used and it also shows the experimental set up of the
Nguyen et al. [120], carried out a study about a metal hydride tank system.
for hydrogen absorption and also desorption. In order to gain thermal Mghari et al. [121], used (LiNO3–3H2O) PCM [48,51] in order to
management enhancement they considered using RT28HC paraffin as examine the effect of PCM and the interaction between PCM and metal
PCM. They examined the sorption and desorption processes of the sys hydride to observe the mass and heat transfer in the system. The model
tem depending on different parameters as the flow rates and pressure of they used was a 2-D one and they used different variables for thermal
hydrogen, phase change material’s thermal conductivity. They observed conductivity and latent heat of PCM for the absorption, desorption
that using PCM helped the hydrogen desorption because the heat processes and melting process of PCM. Fig. 22, shows the model of the
1188
capacity of PCM591 reached to a value of 45%, the cascaded system had

a negative effect on the sorption process. Fig. 25, demonstrates the
comparison of conventional sandwich bed and cascaded sandwich bed
and also the comparison of conventional jacket bed and cascaded jacket
bed in MH with PCM for the absorption process.
Shrivastav et al. [123], used PCM and also fin factor in their study as
enhancement in thermal management. PCM was used to gain the heat
from the sorption process and reuse it for the desorption process in the
metal hydride reactor. The metal hydride reactor consisted of Mg and
the PCM they used was sodium nitrate (NaNO3) in order to surround the
metal hydride. Copper fins were placed in PCM and MH. They mostly
focused on the effect of fins on the system by considering different pa
rameters such as fin number, thickness of fins and slope during the
sorption process. The number of fins were 10 and 30 for each study and
they reduced the sorption process duration by 86.5% and 97.3%
respectively on the contrary to the system which had no fins for a rate of
Fig. 20. Variation of H/M ratio for the hydrogen supply pressures of 10, 15 and
20 bar [119].
system and Fig. 23, shows the evolution of sorption and liquid PCM
fraction, formula unit of hydrogen quantity considering the MH-PCM
reactor and PCM’s and MH bed’s average temperature.
Alqahtani et al. [122], examined the periodic behavior of a metal
hydride reactor by using PCM in layers. The metal hydride reactor they
used in their study was Mg2Ni. Two different PCMs (PCM591 and
PCM580) were used. The melting points of PCMS were 591K and 580K
respectively. They used two kinds of designs based on PCMs. One of
them was a jacket bed and the other one was a sandwich bed. They found
out that the best performance for the MH bed was obtained by the PCM
jacket bed design and they also examined the effect of PCM591 con
centration during sorption and desorption processes as they examined
PCM580. As its seen in Fig. 24, when the storage capacity of PCM591
reached to %40 it had a great effect on the decrease in the duration
ofsorption process. On Fig. 24, it’s also seen that when the storage Fig. 22. a) Model of the system [121].
Fig. 21. a) Model of the system b) Experimental set up of the system [120].
1189
Fig. 23. a) Evolution over time during sorption (a) the hydrogen amount per formula unit within the MH-PCM reactor and also the liquid fraction of PCM, (b) the
average temperature of the MH bed and the PCM [121].
90% of sorption. Fig. 26, shows 3D model of the metal hydride reactor
and domain in 2D used for numerical study. Fig. 27, illustrates the effect
of number of fins on fraction of hydrogen and liquid fraction. As its seen
on Fig. 27, the increase in the number of fins to a certain value had a
great effect on sorption and liquid fraction duration due to the fact that
the usage of fins increased surface area between MH and PCM for heat
transfer.
Ye et al. [124], examined a metal hydride reactor by using PCM and a
Fig. 24. Duration of the absorption process as a function of the rate of the
storage capacity of the inner PCMs to the total PCMs’ storage capacity, at the
optimum rate 40% for PCM591 [122].
Fig. 25. Comparison of MH-PCM systems with cascaded ones as sandwich bed
and jacket bed [122].
Fig. 26. a)3D model of MH reactor b) 2D domain for simulation [123].
1190
illustrates the temperature distributions with and without PCM and

Fig. 29, shows the average temperature and average reaction/liquid
fraction of metal hydride reactors with and without PCM.
Arslan et al. [125], conducted an experimental study of metal hy
dride rector in three different scenarios. In the first scenario, they
worked on the metal hydride reactor without PCM with variable pres
sure values. In the second scenario they worked on the same system with
PCM again with variable pressure values. In the last scenario they
examined the reactor with PCM but this time with a constant pressure
value. The metal hydride they used was LaNi5 and the PCM was paraffin.
They examined the temperature changes on the surface of the MH
reactor and also inside the PCM. They observed that the supply pressure
and the design of the system had an effect on absorption and desorption
process rates. They concluded that the hybrid MH-PCM hydrogen stor
age system could be promising for different applications. Fig. 30, dem
onstrates the experimental equipment and Fig. 31 shows the hydrogen
amount stored during a time duration of 7200 s for three different
scenarios.
Askri et al. [126], used a phase-change heat exchanger in metal
hydride reactor in order to observe thermal management of the system.
The metal hydride they used for the reactor was LaNi5 and Lithium ni
trate trihydrate (LiNO3–3H2O) was chosen as the specific PCM for the
system since it had a big volumetric fusion enthalpy compared to other
hydrated salt materials. Some numerical studies were performed in
order to examine the features of PCM and their effects on the hydration
and melting. Fig. 32, shows the thermal conductivity effect of PCM on
absorption and melting and hydride bed temperature in an average way.
As its seen on the figure the absorption ratio is strongly affected by the
increase in thermal conductivity of PCM up to 5 W/m K, but more than
this value the system shows a little less improvement for some time and
it gets the top value at 4000 s with a thermal conductivity of 20 W/m K.
Chibani et al. [127], worked on a metal hydride reactor. Their study
was a special one unlike most other studies. The hydrogen was placed in
an activated carbon (AC: AX-21) bed and the bed was surrounded by
PCM (RT 22 HC) and also metal-foam. The metal hydride used in the
system was copper. Due to variable values of porosity (ε = 0.8 − 1)
Fig. 27. The effect of number of fins on a) fraction b) liquid fraction [123]. different features of metal hydride were examined during the study. The
bed reached for a maximum level of temperature of 295 K at some point
and after that time (500 s) it started to decrease. With the help of PCM
tube with fins around it in the same central position. They carried out
the heat released during the sorption process was successfully stored.
their study to observe the effect of PCM mostly. They worked on the
Due to thermal conductivity of PCM in the system, the heat flux, the
system with and without PCM at different time processes. The metal
melting ratio and heat transfer coefficient increased during storage
hydride used was LaNi5 and PCM used was LiNO3–3H2O.They also
process by taking the porosity variable from 1 to 0.8. They observed that
considered other parameters as the metal hydride’s thermal conduc
the metal hydride reactor geometry improvement and the thermal
tivity, the inlet speed of heat transfer fluid. They examined the optimum
conductivity of the bed had a great role on hydrogen storage. Fig. 33,
quantity of PCM for the system and also pressure needed for hydrogen.
demonstrates the amount of hydrogen absorbed and melt fraction for
According to their study the metal hydride’s thermal conductivity had a
variable values of porosity in the study.
greater effect on the system than rate of PCM itself. They also observed
Mellouli et al. [128], conducted a study related to an integrated
that the increase in hydrogen pressure caused a better performance for
system which consisted of metal hydride-phase change material
absorption and heat release in terms of kinetics in the system. Fig. 28,
Fig. 28. Temperature distributions for two different reactors [124].
1191
Fig. 29. a) Average temperature and b) Average reaction/liquid fraction of metal hydride reactors with and without PCM [124].
configuration in four different scenarios. In all cases the system con

sisted of MH-PCM discs but three of four cases also had PCM capsules in
different geometries placed in MH. The second case had spherical PCM
particles stuck into MH, the third one had hexagonal shaped PCM par
ticles stuck into MH and the fourth one had cylindrical shaped PCM
particles in MH. Mg2Ni alloy was chosen as metal hydride and sodium
nitrate (NaNO3) was used as PCM in the system. Also in the study the
researchers examined the effect aluminum foam which they considered
of using for heat enhancement. The results showed that cylindrical
shaped PCM heat exchangers had the best performance since it showed
an improvement of 58% in storage time. Fig. 34, shows the conventional
model of MH-PCM disc and three other discs with PCM exchangers in
different designs stuck in MH and Fig. 35, shows the comparison of
designs in terms of hydrogen amount and liquid fraction.
Bouzgarrou et al. [129], conducted a study about a metal hydride
reactor with PCMs and heat pipes. The half part of the heat pipe had an
interaction with MH and the other half had an interaction with PCM in
order to provide heat transfer enhancement between two regions. MH’s
and PCM’s thermal conductivities, heat transfer coefficient of convec
Fig. 30. Experimental equipment of the system [125].
tion, the temperature of the melting process and the amount of heat
pipes were examined. According to the results they got, they concluded
that storage performance accelerated due to the increase in heat transfer
coefficient, amount of heat pipes, thermal conductivities. They also
observed an optimum value for the temperature of melting process was a
benefit for the hydrogen storage system. Fig. 36, demonstrates the model
of the reactor and domain for simulation. Fig. 37, shows the effect of
PCM thermal conductivity on melted and reacted sections.
Mellouli et al. [130], worked on a thermochemical energy storage
system based on MH and hydrogen sorption/desorption cycles. In order
to determine the best MHS suitable for each other and the appropriate
PCM a mathematical model in 2D was developed and via computer
coding the screening operation for this determination was established.
The MHs were used for heat storage and latent heat storage. Mg2Fe alloy
was chosen for heat storage bed and two different kinds of metal hy
drides, (LaNi4.25Al0.75 at medium temperature and LaNi5 at low tem
perature) were selected for latent heat storage bed. With help of PCM
heat was stored and recovered during heat release. Hydroquinone was
chosen for LaNi4.25Al0.75 and sodium acetate trihydrate was chosen for
LaNi5 as PCM. They found out that based on an efficiency of 86.5%,
Mg2Fe/LaNi5 was suitable for metal hydride based thermal storage
system. Fig. 38, demonstrates the system in a schematic way for heat
storage and heat release and Fig. 39 illustrates the system’s thermal
efficiency, the amount of PCM and low temperature metal hydride
(LTMH) needed for 1 kg of Mg2Fe.
Nyamsi et al. [131], conducted an optimization operation in order to
examine a metal hydride tank numerically. The metal hydride used for
the tank was LaNi5 and the specific PCM used for the system was paraffin
Fig. 31. Hydrogen amount stored for 3 different cases for a 7200 s dura
based (RT35). The PCM was used in a jacket for the system as a passive
tion [125].
heat transfer enhancement method. They searched for some parameters
as the thermos physical features of the PCM and size of the PCM.
1192
Fig. 32. Thermal conductivity effect of PCM on absorption and melting and average hydride bed temperature [126].
Fig. 33. The amount of hydrogen absorbed and melt fraction for variable values of porosity [127].
Fig. 34. Different models of the system a) general MH-PCM form b) design 1 c) design 2 d) design 3 e) design 4 [128].
According to their study the results showed that the optimum value for with a lower value of 298 K and an upper value of 330 K was selected for
the melting temperature of the PCM in the study had to be around 42-43 the study. They chose four parameters related to their study as the
◦
C. For hydrogen pressures of 10/1.5 bar for absorption and desorption melting temperature of PCM, the temperature for the beginning of the
processes. The optimized PCM and reference PCM decreased the process, the internal radius of metal hydride bed and porosity. Accord
hydrogen storage and desorption times by 48.6% and 4% in order. The ing to these parameters they got some significant results. They observed
optimal design had a better absorption efficiency (100%) than the that as the melting temperature of PCM increased, the absorption for
reference design (96%). Fig. 40, demonstrates the physical model and hydrogen storage and also the absorption time duration increased. The
Fig. 41 demonstrates the thermo physical parameters of RT35 for ab optimal values for the melting temperature turned out to be between
sorption and desorption. 298 K and 328 K. Due to the increase in initial temperature, hydrogen
Mostafavi et al. [132], conducted a study about a metal hydride absorption and duration of this process decreased. Unlike other pa
hydrogen storage tank. A specific PCM which had a melting temperature rameters the effect of porosity was more significant on the optimization
1193
Fig. 35. Comparison of designs in terms of a) hydrogen amount and b) liquid fraction [128].
Fig. 36. a) MH reactor b) domain for simulation [129].
Fig. 37. The PCM thermal conductivity effect on a) melted b) reacted sections [129].
1194
Fig. 38. Schematic illustration of MHs and PCM for a) heat storage and b) heat release [130].
Fig. 41. The thermo physical parameters of RT35 for absorption and desorp
tion [131].
Fig. 39. The system’s thermal efficiency, the amount of PCM and metal hydride results. As the porosity value increased, absorption and also absorption
for LTMH needed for 1 kg of Mg2Fe [130]. time increased. Also the increase in porosity was a benefit and some
times it had a negative effect on another thing. Thus, they confirmed
that porosity was one of the things that should be considered for
multi-optimization and good selection. Fig. 42, shows the effect of
porosity, Fig. 43 demonstrates the effect of initial temperature and
finally Fig. 44, shows the effect of PCM melting temperature on the
hydrogen absorption time.
Mellouli et al. [133], carried out a study of a metal hydride tank
using PCM. They established a mathematical model in order to examine
Fig. 40. The physical model [131].
Fig. 42. The porosity effect on the absorption duration [132].
1195
Fig. 43. The initial temperature effect on the absorption duration [132].
Fig. 46. Comparison between experimental results [116] and simulation re
sults in terms of volumetric rate during hydrogen storage [133].
experimental results [116] and simulation results in terms of volumetric

rate during hydrogen storage.
Chibani et al. [134], examined the effects of PCM and mass flow rate
of the hydrogen in a storage tank filled with activated carbon. According
to their study, the sorption performance of the hydrogen tank showed a
significant improvement due to the increase in the flow rate of the
hydrogen. They also found out that the thermal conductivities of phase
change material and hydrogen bed had better be improved in order to
get a better performance.
Fig. 44. The PCM melting temperature effect on the absorption duration [132].
Chibani et al. [135], conducted another study related to the
hydrogen storage by using different kinds of nanoparticles such as MgO,
the heat and mass transfer inside the metal hydride bed and also the TiO2, CuO, or ZnO dispersed in paraffin as PCM. According to their
PCM region. The PCM which was used in the system was a metallic alloy study, the mixed system of nanoparticles and PCM could be a good way
based on eutectic form of Mg–Zn They used two different kinds of tanks. of recovering the heat occurred during the hydrogen sorption and
One of them was cylindrical and the other one was spherical. According replacing the cooling system in terms of cost. They also found out that
to the results they obtained, the spherical tank had a better performance the existence of nanoparticles in phase change material didn’t have a
in terms of thermal management than the cylindrical tank. Also ac significant effect in the thermal performance of the bed, but at some
cording to the results, the PCM quantity which should be used was the point the improvement in the liquid fraction of the phase change ma
key in the system and thermal insulation was another topic which was terial is rescued due to the existence of the nano particles at a range of
discussed for the system in their study. Fig. 45, shows two different 5% at the end of the inactive phase.
designs used for the system. Fig. 46, shows the comparison between Besides studies mentioned above, there are some other PCM
Fig. 45. Schematic models of two different designs for the system a) cylindrical tank b) spherical tank [133].
1196
applications for thermal management of hydrogen storage in metal hy Table 3

drides. The studies of thermal management for hydrogen storage in PCM applications for thermal management of hydrogen storage in metal
metal hydrides based on PCM usage are summarized on Table 3. hydrides.
Authors PCM Used Thermal Results
5. Machine learning for thermal management of hydrogen Management
storage in metal hydrides Enhancement
Lewis et al. LiNO3–3H2O Heat enhancement The combination of

Machine learning is one of the topics in the civilized world. A lot of [106] in the system and the metal foam and
improvement in the PCM
researches have been conducted and are still being carried out in order
thermal fundamentally
to make machines more intelligent. Experiencing something and getting performance for enhances heat
knowledge from experience is a kind of thing related to human nature sorption and transfer, thus
and researchers have been trying to transfer this perspective to machines desorption improves absorption/
as much as possible. Conventional algorithms related to this field have desorption process
and hydrogen storage
been used in many applications. Researchers have shown hard work in capacity
order to improve the integrity of these algorithms. Miled et al. LiNO3–3H2O Remarkable An increase above the
There are some machine learning applications like computer aspect, [136] improvement in thermal conductivity
forecast, semantic analysis, natural language transaction and data recall hydrogen of PCM of 5 W/m K
absorption due to has no significant
[155].
the increase in the effect
Machine learning is also used in hydrogen energy applications. As thermal
machine learning and deep learning techniques, different models are conductivity of PCM
used in order to predict subjects related to hydrogen energy, hydrogen up to 5 W/m K
energy storage methods etc. One of these applications is to use machine Eleram NaNO3 Absorption time The duration of the
et al. reduction absorption process is
learning and deep learning methods for thermal management of
[113] reduced by 11.55%
hydrogen storage in metal hydrides. and 17.21% when the
Lee et al. [156], conducted a study in terms of artificial intelligence NePCM is added with
(AI) in order to explore the unknown benefits of materials for thermal 5% of graphene and
5% of CuO
management of hydrogen storage. They used a deep-learning oncoming
nanoparticles, in
to clarify the usability of magnesium hydride sheets in two dimension order.
for hydrogen storage. A phase diagram was used in order to determine Zhu et al. Eutectic metallic Increase in the heat Integrating PCMs into
crystal structures in two dimension. Density functional theory was also [137] alloy capacity of the MH MH reactor improves
used to determine magnesium hydride layers in with subdued energy reactor the capacity of
concentrated solar
periodical stages. According to their study P4m2 MgH2 layers can be plants.
used as an environment to store hydrogen. Fig. 47, shows the model of Due to the energy
deep-learning used for the study. analysis the Uin has a
Kanti et al. [111], conducted a study in order to enhance heat slight effect on QPCM,
Qt and PCT.
transfer and capacity of LaNi5 metal hydride for hydrogen storage. A
Therefore, the HTF
numerical model was created and its simulation was carried out on a flow is supposed to be
CFD program to examine the hydrogen storage process of the system. As turbulent, and Uin =
machine learning, they used gene expression programming (GEP) in 0.15 m/s can be used
for the MH-PCM
order to create a prediction for a model by using the data provided by
reactor.
the numerical study. Fig. 48, shows temperature and pressure model of The initial state (solid
GEP. or liquid) of the PCM
Tian et al. [157], they used a specific method called as cycle-life has a slight effect on
prediction as artificial neural network (ANN) in order to determine the platform time, but
the liquid PCM is more
the lasting of magnesium based hydrogen storage alloys due to the poor
useful to reduce the
qualified lasting. According to the predicted results they obtained with outlet temperature
the help of artificial network, they verified the usability of the method in fluctuation of HTF and
the determination of cycle life of magnesium based alloys for hydrogen to rise the heat release
capacity of the MH-
storage since they matched with the experimental results. Fig. 49,
PCM reactor
demonstrates the predicted and experimental values in comparison with Disli et al. Paraffin Decrease in the In the second case of
each other for discharge capacities of the alloys. [138] sorption process the study, changes in
Suarez et al. [158], conducted a study which consisted of three duration due to the PCM thickness do not
different methods as machine learning. These three methods were based increase in the lead to a significant
thickness of PCM up change in the storage
on stochastic optimization. They used Differential Evolution (DE), Par
to 2.5 cm. performance
ticle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Genetic Algorithm (GA). They Reduction in tank remarkably beyond 3
carried out their study in order to predict the life time of the hydrogen temperature due to cm.
storage system for benefits of energy management. The simulation re the increase in Based on Case 2 and
latent heat of PCM Case 3 in the study if
sults based on the parameters identified by the algorithms match with
of a value of 150 kJ/ the PCM thickness is
the experimental results in a remarkable way. Fig. 50, demonstrates the kg. not chosen in suitable
lowest relative error of different optimization methods. sizes, conditions with
Wang et al. [159], carried out a study in order to estimate the a high heat convection
sorption and desorption in a metal hydride bed filled with LaNi5. Their coefficient can be
taken for thermal
study aimed to determine the shape and material of the reaction parti
management.
tion. With partition thermal conductivity and aspect ratio variables Based on the PCM’s
numerical studies were carried out. The simulation was conducted with (continued on next page)
1197
Table 3 (continued ) Table 3 (continued )

Authors PCM Used Thermal Results Authors PCM Used Thermal Results
Management Management
Enhancement Enhancement
ability to quickly release process, the

absorb and release same operation causes
heat during hydrogen a negative effect on
sorption and the PCM’s
desorption processes, solidification fraction
the tank can and the hydrogen
productively regulate storage of the MH
its temperature. beds.
Miled et al. LiNO3–3H2O Evacuation Within the Optimum PCM
[139] improvement of MH combination of PCM melting temperature
reactor by 80% of and the metal hydride must be determined
the hydrogen reactor it’s observed besides selecting the
stored. that the reactor can appropriate PCM.
discharge the Also increasing the
hydrogen stored up to thermal conductivity
80% depending on no of PCM to a certain
heat source. point (3 W/m K)
Ye et al. NaNO3 Absorption/ Due to the heat positively impacts the
[140] desorption duration surface area thermal heat
reduction enlargement with the performance of the
help of PCM system.
sandwiched structure Hassan Paraffin wax RT Due to different Within the decrease in
the mean sorption/ et al. 35, Paraffin wax properties like the PCM depth
desorption rate is 4.5/ [144] RT 35 HC, Paraffin thermal underneath MH, the
2.4 times of the other wax RT 28 HC, conductivity, melting reaction
areas. calcium chloride thickness, latent occurs faster and more
Nyamsi Rubitherm PCM Increase in energy The melting point of hexahydrate, heat of different heat is absorbed
et al. (RT35) density and power the PCM should be sodium sulfate PCMs, heat transfer leading to quick
[141] output with an determined decahydrate, enhancement cooling of the reactor.
increase in melting considering the sodium carbonate related to these Thus hydrogen
point of 3 ◦ C. (from highest/lowest decahydrate, parameters are absorption happens
45 ◦ C to 48 ◦ C) process temperatures lithium nitrate observed from time faster.
of the low- trihydrate to time. The PCM thickness is
temperature metal important and an
hydride (LTMH) bed. optimum value must
Keeping the suitable be determined for a
melting point, the quicker response and
reduction in the less volume for a more
freezing point with a compact hydrogen
value of 1–5 ◦ C affects system.
the heat release The specific capacity
performance by 8% rate and volumetric
most. capacity rate turn out
Graphite addition into to be higher than the
PCM with variable ones in literature
rates (2, 5, 10, 15 and when the PCM is
20%) shows a lithium nitrate
remarkable trihydrate.
enhancement Ye et al. Sodium nitrate Reduction in On the contrary to the
compared to the study [145] (NaNO3) hydrogen storage MH-HTF tank with no
only with PCM (%23). duration by 60.2% PCM, the MH-HTF-
The rate of graphite to PCM tank shows faster
be added into PCM is heat transfer and
10% as the optimum reaction ratio.
value since more than Ignoring the heat loss
this no important PCM makes the 41.1
performance is seen. % of the reaction heat
Facci et al. Paraffin Better MH The essence of PCM in useable, which
[142] octadecane temperature control the system vitally lithium nitrate
and therefore better enhances the heat flux trihydrate is an
control in on the metal hydride impressive way to
equilibrium surface leading an decrease the energy
pressure. improvement in the expenditure.
whole system’s power The optimum radial
density. thickness for PCM
Mellouli Na3AlH6 Efficiency of energy During the heat turns out to be 6 mm
et al. recovery by storage process, Adding fins into the
[143] approximately 30% decreasing the melting system and increasing
temperature of PCM the thermal
causes quicker conductivity have a
melting leading to a slight impact on the
high sorption heat transfer and
reaction. performance of the
During the heat system.
(continued on next page)
1198
Table 3 (continued ) Table 3 (continued )

Authors PCM Used Thermal Results Authors PCM Used Thermal Results
Management Management
Enhancement Enhancement
Ye et al. LiNO3–H2O With optimum PCM An enough amount of thermochemical and

[146] amount, thermal PCM can absorb the latent heat storage
conductivity, latent heat completely and with optimum values
heat in improve the is hopeful for thermal
consideration of absorption rate. energy storage
other parameters Improvement in the processes.
like hydrogen thermal conductivity The PCM usage can be
supply pressure, of PCM is useful for encouraging if it’s
reduction in heat transfer and appropriately
absorption duration speed up the selected.
and heat transfer absorption process. The changeover
enhancement On the other hand temperature for the
increasing the melting phase change should
point has a negative be more than 40 ◦ C for
effect on heat transfer the low temperature
and absorption since it MH to regain the
reduces the hydrogen absorbed in
temperature the first half of the
difference between operation.
MH and PCM. Tong et al. Paraffin RT35 Improvement in the Improvement in the
Mghari Lithium nitrate Due to different The rate of total heat [151] hydrogen storage hydrogen storage
et al. trihydrate, properties like of melting of the PCM capacity of MH capacity of MH
[147] LiNO3–3H2O, thermal over the complete melting section of melting section of
sodium carbonate conductivity, heat of reaction of the PCMs and PCMs due to the
decahydrate, thickness, latent bed is supposed to be improvement in increase in the
sodium sulfate heat of different more than hydrogen storage thermal conductivity
decahydrate, PCMs, enhancement approximately 0.5 for efficiency of PCMs up to 2 W/m
paraffin wax RT in thermal a complete K and due to the
28, calcium management is hydrogenation. This is addition of metal
chloride gained from time to plausible for all PCM foams into PCMs,
hexahydrate time like total types and improvement in
hydrogenation of arrangements. hydrogen storage
MH with all PCMs LiNO3–3H2O has a efficiency.
better performance On the contrary to
than other PCMs aluminum foam, the
considering the copper foam shows
loading time and its approximately 34% of
mass, which is the time when the
sufficient for total hydrogen capacity has
heat absorption its maximal level.
revealed from the MH. Nguyen RT35HC Improvement in the The exergy
Adding Al, Cu and Zn et al. solar-hydrogen proficiencies of the
mousses with different [152] system’s solar, fuel cell,
porosities (90%, 94% performance and photovoltaic,
and 98%) shows improvement in electrolyser and the
improvement due to exergy and energy complete hydrogen
the rise of the thermal efficiencies by system are 6.5%, 88%,
conductivity of the 100% and 98.8% 50.6%, and 3.74%, in
PCM. respectively order.
Ye et al. LiNO3–H2O Enhanced average The impact of heat Entropy output,
[148] hydrogen storage transfer and hydrogen exergy annihilation
rate to some point storage can be risen up and exergy sufficiency
with a special novel with an increase in the are173 Wh/K, 51.5
array design in MH thermal conductivity kWh, and 98.8%,
of PCM (from 1 to 16 respectively.
W/m K) since it causes Alqahtani Sodium nitrate Decrease in Reduction in
an increase in the et al. (NaNO3) hydrogen storage hydrogen storage and
sorption ratio by a [153] and desorption time desorption duration
factor of 1.2. by 81.5% and 73%
Ye et al. Sodium nitrate Absorption/ On the contrary to respectively.
[149] (NaNO3) desorption duration systems surround with Based on PCM volume
reducement. PCM reduction in dispersion on the
absorption/ efficiency of the MH
desorption duration is system, 50% is found
achieved by 77.8% to be the optimum
and 58.8% value to provide the
respectively due to shortest duration for
PCM sandwich hydrogenation and
structure in MH units. dehydrogenation
Nyamsi RT31, RT42 A bigger rate of Further reduction processes.
et al. reduction in the value and rate (142 Chibani Paraffin Improvement in With the integration
[150] heat storage MJ m− 3 and 49%). A et al. gaining heat loss of PCM and metal
efficiency pointers. system like the one in [154] revealed due to foams improvement in
the study combining desorption gaining heat loss
(continued on next page)
1199
Table 3 (continued ) Materials Project and HydPark. Property engineering was conducted
Authors PCM Used Thermal Results before the development of the models considering parameters such as
Management fraction of hydrogen weight, intensity, atomic intensity, d-character,
Enhancement and f-character. Then the models were put through a quality test by the
which occurred due to most subdued error before an incidental forest group was carried out to
desorption. populate inputs. After that they were all marked by hydrogen storage
The best melting capacity and energy of genesis convenience. Suitable properties turned
performance is gained
out to be extremely estimative and therefore reliable for screening of
with Cu- and Al-MFs
rather than Ni and Ti optional recent hydride formulations and mixtures for thermodynamic
metals (thermal applicability. Fig. 52, shows the quality test results of numerous
conductivity methods with the optimization of extreme parameters for numerous
improvement impact) methods.
Zhou et al. [161], conducted a study based on machine learning.
a lattice Boltzmann model. According to the results thermal diffusion They worked on materials in crystal forms suitable for hydrogen storage.
restricted the sorption and desorption in the hydride bed and storage The machine learning based on implicit/explicit properties was used for
partition. Experimental results were gained in order to show the effi the first time. The most significant factors which had an effect on ca
ciency of sorption and desorption processes in the metal hydride storage pacity (Mean-IonicChar value/Fe substance) were determined through
tank. As final step, they used a model based on machine learning for the property significance order, simplifying effective capacity prediction
prediction of the same issue. It was seen that machine learning model and formulation of high-capacity compounds. Scanning for features
was more reliable than experimental method for the estimation of based on machine learning and customization of composition were
hydrogen storage system capacity. Fig. 51, demonstrates the imperma conducted fuel cell hydrogen system. Among other alloys,
nent variations of hydrogen fraction during absorption for different Ti0.9Zr0.12Mn1.2Cr0.55(VFe)0.25 succeeded in providing properties from
partition materials at aspect ratio = 1.2. many aspects. It was seen that machine learning could prevent costly
Nations et al. [160], studied parameters related to metal hydride investments and it was a new way of gaining hydrogen storage materials
composition as machine learning for hydrogen storage and material with high efficiency. Fig. 53, demonstrates the machine learning process
design. As the first step of the study, they searched for two databases, of the study.
Fig. 47. Deep learning based model used for the study [156].
Fig. 48. GEP’s model indicators a) temperature model b) pressure model [111].
1200
Fig. 52. Quality test results of numerous methods with the optimization of
extreme parameters for numerous methods [160].
Fig. 49. Comparison of experimental and predicted results of discharge ca

pacities for Mg0.8Ti0.1M0.1Ni alloys [157].
Fig. 50. Convergence comparison for different optimization methods [158].
Fig. 53. The machine learning process of the study [161].
Fig. 51. Impermanent variations of hydrogen fraction during absorption for

different partition materials at aspect ratio = 1.2 [159]. density for hydrogen storage. In order to apply machine learning to
show the correlation between this hydride and hydrogen storage, they
Gheytanzadeh et al. [162], conducted a study about predicting used a data bank which consisted of 314 data point couples. They
hydrogen sorption energy on different kinds of metal hydrides using a considered various elements of A and B as input and hydrogen sorption
Gaussian operation recession approach. Among various methods, process energy as output. A strong Gaussian operation recession was
hydrogen sorption on hosting metal was useable at room temperature used to estimate the energy of hydrogen sorption depending on input
and pressure. This process didn’t have any risk in terms of safety. variables. The Gaussian process they used in their study showed the best
Considering this, they chose AB2 as metal hydride which had a superior certainty depending on R2, MRE, MSE, RMSE, and STD of 0.969,
1201
2.291%, 3.909, 2.501, and 1.878 in order. the effect of B components on A components ratio related to ΔH, C14
As methodology, in data collection of their study, they considered state profusion and hydrogen potential.
component elements of 314 couples of AB2 alloys and enthalpy sorption The studies related to machine learning for hydrogen storage in
(ΔH)(in kJ /molH2 ). metal hydrides are summarized on Table 4.
The Van’t Hoff Law as was used for the calculation of ΔH.
6. Conclusions
ΔH ΔS
ln Peq = − (1)
RT R
In this article, first the hydrogen energy is discussed with many as
Equation (1), calculates the equilibrium pressure based on the Van’t pects. The crucial role of the hydrogen energy depending on its advan
Hoff Law. tages on the contrary to other energy resources is mentioned. The energy
In order to measure the created model certainty a few factors were sources which the world relies on are given pointing out their status and
calculated considering, including the coefficient of determination (R2), disadvantages due to the passing time. The features about hydrogen
standard deviation (STD), mean-square error (MSE), mean relative error energy which help it have a significant role in this field are mentioned
(MRE), and root-mean-square error (RMSE). Considering x and y as considering the features a sustainable energy should have. Information
experimental and estimated values in order, the factors calculated are about the utilization of hydrogen in power systems in terms of energy
seen below. storage is mentioned. The comparison of the hydrogen energy storage
∑
n
[yi − xi ]2
2 i=1
R =1− ∑n (2)
[yi − xm ]2
i=1
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
∑ n
(yi − xm )2
STD = (3)
i=1
n
1∑ n
MSE = (yi − xi )2 (4)
n i=1
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
√∑
√n
√ (yi − xi )2
√
RMSE = i=1 (5)
n
1∑ n
|yi − xi |
MRE = (6)
n i=1 xi
Rahnama et al. [163], conducted a study in order to determine the

similarities of metals which are put into different categories. They
worked on their study by using k-means algorithm to reveal the similar
facts related to different kinds of materials considering the relation be
tween these materials and percentage of hydrogen weight and process
parameters. They used distinct linear bend method for abnormality
determination and to show disorders and contradictive values. They also
used kernel intensity predictions and according to the results they got,
most of the data points had a range of 0 and 200 ◦ C, 0–5 atm and 0–2 wt
% in terms of temperature, pressure and hydrogen weight respectively.
They found out that most of the contradictive values belonged to com
plex material group. The search in pile behavior revealed that A2B,
complicated hydrides and alloys based on magnesium gathered. The fact
that a lot of samples which had the same structure were related to these
three groups at the same time. They made an attempt to reveal the most
approximate chemical structure for desired properties by using this
method.
Suwarno et al. [164], revealed a study based on machine learning in
order to explore and optimize the features of AB2 based on
zirconium-titanium and alloys suitable for hydrogen storage. In order to
work on data group of AB2 metal hydrides, they used machine learning
methods in their study. They aimed to reveal the impact of alloying
components on the hydrogen absorption features of AB2 alloys such as
enthalpy (ΔH), phase profusion and hydrogen potential. Machine
learning process was conducted on 314 couples. The promiscuous forest
model succeeded in estimating all of the hydrogen storage features for
the data group. Ni showed the biggest contribution to the change of heat
formation during hydration, but on the contrary it decreased the
hydrogen substance. Other components like chromium contributed to
the creation of C-14 type Laves stage. The effect of magnesium on the Fig. 54. The linear recession result of the effect of B components on A com
hydrogen storage was strong. Fig. 54, shows the linear recession result of ponents ratio related to ΔH, C14 state profusion and hydrogen potential [164].
1202
Table 4 Table 4 (continued )

Machine learning applications for thermal management of hydrogen storage in Authors The Method Used in The The Aim of The Study
metal hydrides. Study
Authors The Method Used in The The Aim of The Study network (BPNN) for creep- features of metal hydride
Study fatigue life (CFL) structure.
Lee et al. [156] Density functional theory Clarifying the ability of MgxHy Rana et al. [175] Hyperbox Estimation of the storage
(DFT) sheets potential of complicated and
Kanti et al. [111] Gene expression Enhancement of heat transfer Mg hydrides for hydrogen
programming (GEP) and capacity of LaNi5 metal storage
hydride
Tian et al. [157] Cycle life prediction Determination of the lasting of
magnesium based hydrogen system and other storage systems is given in order to emphasize its
storage alloys importance. Also the significance of thermal management of hydrogen
Suarez et al. Differential Evolution (DE), Prediction of the life-time of storage system is briefly discussed. Later more information hydrogen
[158] Particle Swarm Optimization the hydrogen storage system
(PSO), Genetic Algorithm
energy, its basic applications in energy market and hydrogen energy
(GA) storage techniques are discussed. In the next chapter, the importance of
Wang et al. [159] Radial basis neural network Determination of the shape hydrogen energy is given with more details and the facts about it are
(RBNN) and material of the reaction given considering the supporting factors and barriers of its economy. As
partition
one of the most considerable topics of the article, metal hydrides which
Nations et al. Materials Project and Enhancement of material
[160] HydPark, random forest design are an alternative for hydrogen storage and their serious role are given.
ensemble After that, common thermal management techniques for hydrogen
Zhou et al. [161] Implicit/explicit features- Determination of the storage in metal hydrides are discussed by giving examples of the related
based machine learning materials in crystal forms studies.
suitable for hydrogen storage
Gheytanzadeh Gaussian operation Prediction of hydrogen
As a comprehensive discussion about these three applications, sig
et al. [162] regression approach sorption energy on different nificant results are as follows:
kinds of metal hydrides
Rahnama et al. k-means algorithm Determination of the ➢ Nanofluid applications
[163] similarities of metals which
• Generally, the utilized nanoparticles are Al2O3, CuO, MgO, Fe2O3,
are put into different
categories GO, GO-SiO2 and GO-TiO2.
Suwarno et al. Forest model Exploration and optimization • Considering the study with the utilization of Al2O3/H2O, CuO/H2O
[164] of the features of AB2 based on and MgO/H2O nanofluid for each scenario [114], it’s seen that
zirconium-titanium and alloys nanofluid usage as a heat transfer fluid for cooling is a benefit for
suitable for hydrogen storage
Zhu et al. [165] State of charge (SOC) model Estimation of the buried metal
the MH hydrogen storage reactor.
hydride hydrogen storage • Considering the study with the utilization of Fe2O3 and CuO
tank nanofluid as the heat transfer fluid for each case and with the
Stark et al. [166] Repetitive neural network Estimation of the metal addition of CuO and graphene nanoparticles to the phase change
based model hydride bed storage for small
material [113], a reduction by 33.5% is seen in the hydriding
self-sufficient energy
providing systems process duration.
Rahnama et al. Multiclass logistic recession, Prediction of the suitable • The nanoparticle usage in the heat transfer fluid doesn’t have an
[167] multiclass decision forest, metal hydrides with desired important effect on the improvement of the hydriding process.
multiclass decision jungle features for hydrogen storage • The combination of CuO and PCM shows a better impact on
and multiclass neural in consideration of material
network. class
reduction of the hydriding process duration on the contrary to
Rahnama et al. Namely linear recession, Prediction of hydrogen graphene-PCM combination.
[168] neural network, Bayesian storage potential of metal • The GO nanofluid with 1 vol% had a tremendous effect in the
linear recession and boosted hydrides in terms of hydrogen metal hydride reactor on the contrary to water and other nano
decision tree weight percentage
fluids used in the system. It decreased the time of storage with a
Dong et al. [169] GBR and MLP model Estimation of the storage
potential of Mg and its alloys rate of 61.7% of the water by showing the same storage success
for hydrogen storage with a rate of 90%.
Tiwari et al. Linear recession, polynomial Searching for the impact of • It’s proven that using nanofluids based on nanoparticles appro
[170] recession, decision tree interior heat transfer priately selected for the system are useful for thermal management
recession, random forest adjustment of the metal
for hydrogen storage in metal hydrides.
recession, gradient boosting hydride hydrogen storage
recession, XGBoost recession, system for sorption and ➢ PCM applications
supply vector machine desorption. • Although different types of PCMs like metallic alloys based on
recession different forms of metal combinations, specific PCMs with appro
Maghsoudy et al. GA-LSSVM,PSO-LSSVM, Prediction of AB2 chemical
priate melting temperatures for the processes, Na3AlH6, calcium
[171] HGAPSO-LSSVM features of metal hydrides in
consideration of hydrogen chloride hexahydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate, sodium car
storage potential bonate decahydrate, lithium nitrate trihydrate are used in the
Griffin et al. Density functional theory Determination of structure studies, the ones generally used are NaNO3, LiNO3–3H2O, paraffin
[172] (DFT) feature relations of metal and paraffin based PCMs like Paraffin wax RT 35.
hydrides for hydrogen storage
⁃ The basic parameters of PCMs examined in the studies for opti
Batalovic [173] Graph neural networks Prediction of metal hydrides
(GNN) for finding new materials mum values are the amount, melting temperature, thickness,
suitable for hydrogen storage thermal conductivity,depth of usage, volume dispersion consid
Zhao et al. [174] ASME code validation with Prevention of disadvantages ering other parameters related to the metal hydride reactor
genetic algorithm (GA) and of experiments like cost, time
systems like supply pressure, inlet velocity, temperature etc. The
back propagation neural etc. for determination of bad
selection of appropriate PCM for the study is based on these
parameters.
1203
⁃ PCMs are enhanced with other substances like nanoparticles, 7. Suggestions

metal foams for better thermal conductivity in order to enhance
heat and mass transfer and heal the hydrogen sorption processes The applications of three major methods of thermal management for
[106,151,154]. hydrogen storage in metal hydrides have satisfying results, but this
⁃ Improvement in exergy and energy efficiency turn out to be definitely can’t be considered as sufficient and shouldn’t make us think
100% and 98.8% leading to an enhancement in the performance that scientists have come to the final destination in this field. Certainly
of metal hydride hydrogen storage in a study related to a solar there will be further search in order to increase the thermal enhance
hydrogen system and this could be considered as tremendous ment of hydrogen storage systems, especially hydrogen storage systems
advancement for a PCM enhanced hydrogen storage system in metal hydrides. Considering nanofluid applications, nanoparticles
[152]. which have better properties for thermal enhancement could be found to
⁃ The improvement in duration of absorption and desorption prepare nanofluids for hydrogen storage systems. For instance ferro
processes turn out to be averagely 80% and %70 respectively as fluid, a specific nanofluid which is affected by magneto effect could be
maximum depending on the results of the studies discussed. considered in order to rise the performance of the hydrogen storage
⁃ The systems with different designs of PCM addition in some system. In general, a micro-channel cooling system enhanced by a spe
studies such as sandwich structured PCM enhanced systems cific nanofluid could be used for a better thermal enhancement. Based
rather than systems conventionally surrounded by PCM show on the mostly used algorithms and methods in machine learning, further
remarkable improvement in reduction of duration in absorption studies about these methods should be conducted in order to get more
and desorption processes [140]. accurate results more rapidly. Studies related to using different geom
⁃ Best melting performance for PCM can be obtained by selecting etries about all three basic applications of hydrogen storage in metal
the suitable metal foam in order to enhance thermal manage hydrides like using tubes with different cross-sectional area shape etc.
ment of the system [154]. should be improved. More experimental studies and cost analysis of
⁃ The PCM thickness is important and an optimum value must be using nanofluids/PCMs should be considered in the future studies.
determined for a quicker response and less volume for a more
compact hydrogen system [138,144,145]. CRediT authorship contribution statement
⁃ The increase in the thermal conductivity of PCM is a benefit for
the hydrogen storage system to some point. The increment rate Gürel Şenol: Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Valida
in the thermal conductivity of PCM and thus the optimum tion, Writing – original draft. Fatih Selimefendigil: Conceptualization,
thermal conductivity value vary depending on other parameters Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing –
of the system specific for each study. review & editing. Hakan F. Öztop: Conceptualization, Investigation,
⁃ Increasing the melting point has a negative effect on heat Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing.
transfer and absorption since it reduces the temperature differ
ence between MH and PCM [146]. Declaration of competing interest
⁃ Within the decrease in the PCM depth underneath MH, the
melting reaction occurs faster and more heat is absorbed leading The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
to quick cooling of the reactor. Thus hydrogen absorption hap interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
pens faster [144]. the work reported in this paper.
⁃ It’s clear that PCM usage is useful for hydrogen storage when
optimum values are selected for the parameters of the system
References
taken for granted.
➢ Machine learning applications [1] European Commission. Hydrogen energy and fuel cells: a vision of our future.
• The willing of determining appropriate parameters by prediction Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2003.
[2] Chamoun R, Demirci UB, Miele P. Cyclic dehydrogenatione(Re)hydrogenation
for the thermal enhancement of hydrogen storage systems in metal
with hydrogen-storage materials: an overview. Energy Technol 2015;3:2015.
hydrides leads to using different methods in machine learning 100e17.
applications like Density functional theory (DFT), Gene expression [3] Rusman NAA, Dahari M. A review on the current progress of metal hydrides
programming (GEP),Cycle life prediction, Differential Evolution material for solid-state hydrogen storage applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy
2016;41:12108e26.
(DE), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm [4] de Jongh Petra E, Adelhelm Philipp. Nanosizing and nanoconfinement: new
(GA), Hydrogen storage predictor(HEART), EoE, Genetic Algo strategies towards meeting hydrogen storage goals. ChemSusChem 2010;3(12):
rithm (GA). The mostly used machine learning methods are Graph 1332–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201000248. December 2010.
[5] Iordache Ioan, Gheorghe Adrian V, Iordache Mihaela. Towards a hydrogen
Neural Network (GNN), k-means algorithm and Genetic economy in Romania: statistics, technical and scientific general aspects. Int J
Algorithm. Hydrogen Energy 2013;38(28):12231–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
• The studies using machine learning applications have been mostly ijhydene.2013.07.034. September 2013.
[6] Sun Yahui, Shen Chaoqi, Lai Qiwen, Liu Wei, Wang Da-Wei, Aguey-
performed in order to determine the potential of suitable mate Zinsou Kondo-Francois. Tailoring magnesium based materials for hydrogen
rials, metal hydrides, metals, material combinations etc. for storage through synthesis: current state of the art. Energy Storage Mater 2018;10
hydrogen storage considering different parameters [156,161,163]. (January 2018):168–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2017.01.010.
[7] Veziroglu TN, Sahin S. 21st Century’s energy: hydrogen energy system. Energy
• Some researchers are focused on different parameters via machine
Convers Manag 2008;49:1820e31.
learning for hydrogen storage like lifetime of materials [157,158], [8] Xing Luo, Wang Jihong, Dooner Mark, Clarke Jonathan. Overview of current
hydride creation enthalpy [12], the shape and material of the re development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application
potential in power system operation. Appl Energy 2015;137(January 2015):
action partition [159].
511–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.081.
• Due to the results of the studies discussed, it’s been verified that [9] Prabhukhot Prachi R, Wagh Mahesh M, Gangal Aneesh C. A review on solid state
machine learning is a vigorous, practical way to determine the hydrogen storage material. aep 2016;4(2):11–22. https://doi.org/10.13189/
parameters affecting hydrogen storage processes by prediction aep.2016.040202. June 2016.
[10] Rand David AJ. A journey on the electrochemical road to sustainability. J Solid
without having any disadvantages of the experimental methods State Electrochem 2011;15(7–8):1579–622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-
like long search process duration, expenditure. 011-1410-z. July 2011.
• The results have shown that machine learning is very helpful for [11] Ren Jianwei, Musyoka Nicholas M, Langmi Henrietta W, Mathe Mkhulu,
Liao Shijun. Current research trends and perspectives on materials-based
the researchers to perform studies related to thermal management hydrogen storage solutions: a critical review. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2017;42(1):
of hydrogen storage systems. 289–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.195. January 2017.
1204
[12] Durbin DJ, Malardier-Jugroot C. Review of hydrogen storage techniques for on Energy Rev 2010;14(8):2434–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.04.003.
board vehicle applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013;38(34):14595–617. October 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.07.058. November 2013. [40] Nilsson Mats. Red light for Green Paper: the EU policy on energy efficiency.
[13] Muellerlanger F, Tzimas E, Kaltschmitt M, Peteves S. Techno-economic Energy Pol 2007;35(1):540–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.12.023.
assessment of hydrogen production processes for the hydrogen economy for the January 2007.
short and medium term. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2007;32(16):3797–810. https:// [41] Riis T, Sandrock G, Ulleberg Ø, Vie PJ. Hydrogen storage–gaps and priorities. In:
doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.05.027. November 2007. HIA HCG storage paper 2005;11:1–11.
[14] Nejat Veziroglu T. Conversion to hydrogen economy. Energy Proc 2012;29 [42] Simonovski Igor, Baraldi Daniele, Melideo Daniele, Acosta-Iborra Beatriz.
(2012):654–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.09.075. Thermal simulations of a hydrogen storage tank during fast filling. Int J Hydrogen
[15] 05/01470 on hydrogen and hydrogen energy strategies I: current status and Energy 2015;40(36):12560–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
needs. Fuel Energy Abstr 2005;46(4):222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6701 ijhydene.2015.06.114. September 2015.
(05)81477-8. July 2005. [43] Zhang J, Fisher T, Ramachandran P, Gore J, Mudawar I. A review of heat transfer
[16] Hirscher M. Handbook of hydrogen storage: new materials for future energy issues in hydrogen storage technologies. J Heat Transfer-Trans Asme - J Heat
storage. Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2009. Transfer 2005;127.
[17] Chiari Luca, Zecca Antonio. Constraints of fossil fuels depletion on global [44] Breeze P. Power system energy storage technologies. Academic Press; 2018.
warming projections. Energy Pol 2011;39(9):5026–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/ [45] How hydrogen energy storage works [Online]. Available: https://energystorage.
j.enpol.2011.06.011. September 2011. Org/why-energy.storage/technologies/hydrogen-energy-storage/. [Accessed 15
[18] Sahaym Uttara, Grant Norton M. Advances in the application of nanotechnology September 2020].
in enabling a ‘hydrogen economy.’. J Mater Sci 2008;43(16):5395–429. https:// [46] Edwards PP, Kuznetsov VL, David WIF. Hydrogen energy. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.
doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2749-0. August 2008. 2007;365:1043–56. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1965. 1853 (April 2007.
[19] Sahlberg M. Light-metal hydrides for hydrogen storage. Digital comprehensive [47] Jia Yi, Sun Chenghua, Shen Shaohua, Zou Jin, Mao Samuel S, Yao Xiangdong.
summaries of uppsala dissertations from the faculty of science and technology Combination of nanosizing and interfacial effect: future perspective for designing
666. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis; 2009. p. 1e56. Mg-based nanomaterials for hydrogen storage. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015;
[20] Marbán Gregorio, Valdés-Solís Teresa. Towards the hydrogen economy? Int J 44(April 2015):289–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.032.
Hydrogen Energy 2007;32(12):1625–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. [48] Mazzolai G. Perspectives and challenges for solid state hydrogen storage in
ijhydene.2006.12.017. August 2007. automotive applications. Recent Pat Mater Sci 2012;5(2):137–48.
[21] Bossel U, Eliasson B. Energy and hydrogen economy. Alternative Fuels Data [49] Ozturk T, Demirbas A. Boron compounds as hydrogen storage materials. Energy
Center; 2003. Sources, Part A 2007;29(15):1415–23.
[22] Dincer Ibrahim, Acar Canan. Review and evaluation of hydrogen production [50] Sakintuna B, Lamaridarkrim F, Hirscher M. Metal hydride materials for solid
methods for better sustainability. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2015;40(34): hydrogen storage: a review. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2007;32(9):1121–40. https://
11094–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.12.035. September 2015. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.11.022. June 2007.
[23] Chaubey Rashmi, Sahu Satanand, James Olusola O, Maity Sudip. A review on [51] Zhang Yang-huan, Jia Zhi-chao, Yuan Ze-ming, Yang Tai, Qi Yan, Zhao Dong-
development of industrial processes and emerging techniques for production of liang. Development and application of hydrogen storage. J Iron Steel Res Int
hydrogen from renewable and sustainable sources. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015;22(9):757–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(15)30069-8.
2013;23:443–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.019. July 2013. September 2015.
[24] Jun Chi, Yu Hongmei. Water electrolysis based on renewable energy for hydrogen [52] Son Dae-Sung, Hong Jin-Ho, Chang Seung-Hwan. Determination of the
production. Chin J Catal 2018;39(3):390–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872- autofrettage pressure and estimation of material failures of a Type III hydrogen
2067(17)62949-8. March 2018. pressure vessel by using finite element analysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012;37
[25] Irfan Ahmad Gondal. Hydrogen integration in power-to-gas networks. Int J (17):12771–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.06.044. September
Hydrogen Energy 2019;44(3):1803–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 2012.
ijhydene.2018.11.164. January 2019. [53] Zheng Jinyang, Zhao Lei, Ou Kesheng, Guo Jinxing, Xu Ping, Zhao Yongzhi,
[26] Dutta Suman. A review on production, storage of hydrogen and its utilization as Zhang Lin. Queuing-based approach for optimal dispenser allocation to hydrogen
an energy resource. J Ind Eng Chem 2014;20(4):1148–56. https://doi.org/ refueling stations. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2014;39(15):8055–62. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jiec.2013.07.037. July 2014. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.112. May 2014.
[27] Abe JO, Popoola API, Ajenifuja E, Popoola OM. Hydrogen energy, economy and [54] Leh D, Saffré P, Francescato P, Arrieux R. Multi-sequence dome lay-up
storage: review and recommendation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2019;44(29): simulations for hydrogen hyper-bar composite pressure vessels. Compos Appl Sci
15072–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.068. June 2019. Manuf 2013;52:106–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.05.007
[28] Moradi Ramin, Groth Katrina M. Hydrogen storage and delivery: review of the (September 2013.
state of the art technologies and risk and reliability analysis. Int J Hydrogen [55] Liao BB, Wang DL, Hamdi M, Zheng JY, Jiang P, Gu CH, Hong WR. Acoustic
Energy 2019;44(23):12254–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. emission-based damage characterization of 70 MPa type IV hydrogen composite
ijhydene.2019.03.041. May 2019. pressure vessels during hydraulic tests. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2019;44(40):
[29] Mazloomi Kaveh, Gomes Chandima. Hydrogen as an energy carrier: prospects and 22494–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.217. August 2019.
challenges. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012;16(5):3024–33. https://doi.org/ [56] Janot R, Latroche M, Percheron-Guégan A. Development of a hydrogen absorbing
10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.028. June 2012. layer in the outer shell of high pressure hydrogen tanks. Mater Sci Eng, B 2005;
[30] Hanley Emma S, Deane Jp, Gallachóir Bp Ó. The role of hydrogen in low carbon 123(3):187–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2005.07.016. November 2005.
energy futures–A review of existing perspectives. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [57] Andersson Joakim, Grönkvist Stefan. Large-scale storage of hydrogen. Int J
2018;82(February 2018):3027–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.034. Hydrogen Energy 2019;44(23):11901–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[31] Parra David, Valverde Luis, Javier Pino F, Patel Martin K. A review on the role, ijhydene.2019.03.063. May 2019.
cost and value of hydrogen energy systems for deep decarbonisation. Renew [58] Chen Ying-Pin, Bashir Sajid, Liu Jingbo Louise, editors. Nanostructured materials
Sustain Energy Rev 2019;101(March 2019):279–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. for next-generation energy storage and conversion: hydrogen production, storage,
rser.2018.11.010. and utilization. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2017. https://doi.
[32] David Connolly. A review of energy storage technologies. org/10.1007/978-3-662-53514-1.
[33] Mahlia TMI, Saktisahdan TJ, Jannifar A, Hasan MH, Matseelar HSC. A review of [59] H. Dagdougui, R. Sacile, C. Bersani, and A. Ouammi. “Chapter 4—hydrogen
available methods and development on energy storage; technology update. storage and distribution: implementation scenarios,” Hydrog. Infrastruct. Energy
Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014;33(May 2014):532–45. https://doi.org/ Appl. Prod. Storage, Distrib. Safety, pp. 37–52.
10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.068. [60] Xu P, Zheng JY, Liu PF. Finite element analysis of burst pressure of composite
[34] Naish C, McCubbin I, Edberg O, Harfoot M. Outlook of energy storage hydrogen storage vessels. Mater Des 2009;30(7):2295–301. https://doi.org/
technologies. Brussels: Policy department economic and scientific policy. 2007. 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.03.006. August 2009.
[35] Étienne Beeker. Does hydrogen have a place in the energy transition?. 2014. [61] Dawood Furat, Anda Martin, Shafiullah GM. Hydrogen production for energy: an
2014. overview. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2020;45(7):3847–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/
[36] Gao Dan, Jiang Dongfang, Liu Pei, Zheng Li, Hu Sangao, Xu Hong. An integrated j.ijhydene.2019.12.059. February 2020.
energy storage system based on hydrogen storage: process configuration and case [62] Kayfeci M, Keçebaş A, Bayat M. Hydrogen production. Sol. Hydrog. Prod. Jan.
studies with wind power. Energy 2014;66(March 2014):332–41. https://doi.org/ 2019:45–83.
10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.095. [63] Yue Meiling, Lambert Hugo, Pahon Elodie, Roche Robin, Jemei Samir,
[37] Cau Giorgio, Cocco Daniele, Petrollese Mario, Knudsen Kær Søren, Hissel Daniel. Hydrogen energy systems: a critical review of technologies,
Milan Christian. Energy management strategy based on short-term generation applications, trends and challenges. 2021.
scheduling for a renewable microgrid using a hydrogen storage system. Energy [64] Nicoletti Giovanni, Arcuri Natale, Nicoletti Gerardo, Bruno Roberto. A technical
Convers Manag 2014;87:820–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. and environmental comparison between hydrogen and some fossil fuels. Energy
enconman.2014.07.078 (November 2014. Convers Manag 2015;89:205–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[38] Seyyed Mohsen Mousavi Ehteshami, Chan SH. The role of hydrogen and fuel cells enconman.2014.09.057 (January 2015.
to store renewable energy in the future energy network – potentials and [65] Shripad T Revankar. Chapter four - nuclear hydrogen production. In: Storage and
challenges. Energy Pol 2014;73(October 2014):103–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/ Hybridization of nuclear energy, hitesh bindra and shripad revankar. Academic
j.enpol.2014.04.046. Press; 2019. p. 49–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813975-2.00004-1.
[39] Kumar Ashwani, Kumar Kapil, Kaushik Naresh, Sharma Satyawati, Mishra Saroj. [66] Mustafa Balat. Potential importance of hydrogen as a future solution to
Renewable energy in India: current status and future potentials. Renew Sustain environmental and transportation problems. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008;33(15):
4013–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.05.047. August 2008.
1205
[67] Turgut Enis T, Rosen Marc A. Partial substitution of hydrogen for conventional [93] Inoue S, Iba Y, Matsumura Y. Drastic enhancement of effective thermal
fuel in an aircraft by utilizing unused cargo compartment space. Int J Hydrogen conductivity of a metal hydride packed bed by direct synthesis of single-walled
Energy 2010;35(3):1463–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.047. carbon nanotubes. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012;37:1836–41.
February 2010. [94] Meethom S, Kaewsuwan D, Chanlek N, Utke O, Utke R. Enhanced hydrogen
[68] Rosen Marc A, Koohi-Fayegh Seama. The prospects for hydrogen as an energy sorption of LiBH4–LiAlH4 by quenching dehydrogenation, ball milling, and
carrier: an overview of hydrogen energy and hydrogen energy systems. Energ. doping with MWCNTs. J Phys Chem Solid 2020;136:109202.
Ecol. Environ. 2016;1(1):10–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-016-0005-z. [95] Bae S-C, Tanae T, Monde M, Katsuta M. Heat transfer enhancement of metal
February 2016. hydride particle bed for heat driven type refrigerator by carbon fiber. J Therm Sci
[69] Carl-Jochen Winter. Hydrogen energy — abundant, efficient, clean: a debate over Technol 2008;3:2–10.
the energy-system-of-change. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009;34(14):S1–52. https:// [96] Fujioka K, Hatanaka K, Hirata Y. Composite reactants of calcium chloride
doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.063. July 2009. combined with functional carbon materials for chemical heat pumps. Appl Therm
[70] Drawer Chris, Lange Jelto, Kaltschmitt Martin. Metal hydrides for hydrogen Eng 2008;28:304–10.
storage – identification and evaluation of stationary and transportation [97] Yasuda N, Tsuchiya T, Okinaka N, Akiyama T. Thermal conductivity and cycle
applications. J Energy Storage 2024;77(January 2024):109988. https://doi.org/ characteristic of metal hydride sheet formed using aramid pulp and carbon fiber.
10.1016/j.est.2023.109988. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013;38:1657–61.
[71] Krishna Kukkapalli Vamsi, Kim Sunwoo, Thomas Seth A. Thermal management [98] Chaise A, de Rango P, Marty P, Fruchart D, Miraglia S, Olivès R, Garrier S.
techniques in metal hydrides for hydrogen storage applications: a review. Enhancement of hydrogen sorption in magnesium hydride using expanded
Energies 2023;16(8):3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083444. January 2023. natural graphite. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009;34:8589–96.
[72] Rana Mohtadi, Orimo Shin-ichi. The renaissance of hydrides as energy materials. [99] MacDonald BD, Rowe AM. Impacts of external heat transfer enhancements on
Nat Rev Mater 2016;2(3):16091. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.91. metal hydride storage tanks. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2006;31:1721–31.
December 2016. [100] Shim J-H, Park M, Lee YH, Kim S, Im YH, Suh J-Y, Cho YW. Effective thermal
[73] Sheft Irving, Gruen DM, Lamich GJ. Current status and performance of the conductivity of MgH2 compacts containing expanded natural graphite under a
argonne Hycsos chemical heat pump system. Journal of the Less Common Metals hydrogen atmosphere. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2014;39:349–55.
1980;74(2):401–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(80)90178-2. October [101] Zamengo M, Ryu J, Kato Y. Magnesium hydroxide—expanded graphite composite
1980. pellets for a packed bed reactor chemical heat pump. Appl Therm Eng 2013;61:
[74] Bjurstrom H, Komazaki Y, Suda S. The dynamics of hydrogen transfer in a metal 853–8.
hydride heat pump. J. Less Common Met. 1987;131:225–34. [102] Romanov IA, Borzenko VI, Kazakov AN. Influence of high thermal conductivity
[75] Klein H-P, Groll M. Development of a two-stage metal hydride system as topping addition on PCT-isotherms of hydrogen storage alloy. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2018;
cycle in cascading sorption systems for cold generation. Appl Therm Eng 2002;22: 1128:012105.
631–9. [103] Afzal Mahvash, Sharma Pratibha. Design of a large-scale metal hydride based
[76] Lee S-G, Lee H-H, Lee K-Y, Lee J-Y. Dynamic reaction characteristics of the hydrogen storage reactor: simulation and heat transfer optimization. Int J
tubular hydride bed with large mass. J Alloys Compd 1996;235:84–92. Hydrogen Energy 2018;43(29):13356–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[77] Muthukumar P, Prakashmaiya M, Srinivasamurthy S. Experiments on a metal ijhydene.2018.05.084. July 2018.
hydride based hydrogen compressor. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2005;30:879–92. [104] Wang H, Prasad AK, Advani SG. Accelerating hydrogen absorption in a metal
[78] Park J-G, Han S-C, Jang H-Y, Lee S-M, Lee PS, Lee J-Y. The development of hydride storage tank by physical mixing. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2014;39:
compressor-driven metal hydride heat pump (CDMHHP) system as an air 11035–46.
conditioner. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2002;27:941–4. [105] Wang Hui, Prasad Ajay K, Advani Suresh G. Hydrogen storage systems based on
[79] Veerraju Ch, Ram Gopal M. Heat and mass transfer studies on elliptical metal hydride materials with enhanced thermal conductivity. Int J Hydrogen Energy
hydride tubes and tube banks. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009;34(10):4340–50. 2012;37(1):290–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.096. January
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.03.022. May 2009. 2012.
[80] Ram Gopal M, Srinivasa Murthy S. Experiments on a metal hydride cooling [106] Lewis Swaraj D, Chippar Purushothama. Analysis of heat and mass transfer during
system working with ZrMnFe/MmNi4.5Al0.5 pair. Int J Refrig 1999;22(2): charging and discharging in a metal hydride - phase change material reactor.
137–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-7007(98)00033-4. March 1999. J Energy Storage 2021;33(January 2021):102108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[81] Anevi G, Jansson L, Lewis D. Dynamics of hydride heat pumps. Journal of the Less est.2020.102108.
Common Metals 1984;104(2):341–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(84) [107] Romanov IA, Borzenko VI, Kazakov AN. Using the copper-foam for thermal
90418-1. December 1984. conductivity improvement of La0.9Ce0.1Ni5 - alloy bed during interaction with
[82] Goodell PD. Thermal conductivity of hydriding alloy powders and comparisons of hydrogen. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2019;1359:012103.
reactor systems. Journal of the Less Common Metals 1980;74(1):175–84. https:// [108] Us Choi S, Eastman Jeffrey A. Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with
doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(80)90088-0. October 1980. nanoparticles. Argonne, IL (United States): Argonne National Lab.(ANL); 1995.
[83] Dehouche Z, Peretti H, Yoo Y, Belkacemi K, Goyette J. Catalyzed light hydride Retrieved January 29, 2024 from, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/196525.
nanomaterials embedded in a micro-channels hydrogen storage container. Recent [109] Liqiu Wang. Flows through porous media: a theoretical development at
Pat Nanotechnol 2009;3:116–34. macroscale.
[84] Meng X, Yang F, Wang Y, Deng J, Zhang Z. Design and process simulation of a [110] Wang Liqiu, Xu Mingtian, Wei Xiaohao. REMOVED: chapter 4 multiscale
micro-channel chemical heat pump reactor. In: Proceedings of the Chinese theorems. In: Advances in chemical engineering. Elsevier; 2008. p. 175–468.
chemical engineering machinery conference; 2008. Shanghai, China, 18–22 July https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2377(08)00004-5.
2008. [111] Kumar Kanti Praveen, Parmanand Shrivastav Ankush, Sharma Prabhakar,
[85] Nguyen Huy Quoc, Shabani Bahman. Review of metal hydride hydrogen storage Maiya MP. Thermal performance enhancement of metal hydride reactor for
thermal management for use in the fuel cell systems. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2021; hydrogen storage with graphene oxide nanofluid: model prediction with machine
46(62):31699–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.07.057. September learning. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2024;52:470–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
2021. ijhydene.2023.03.361 (January 2024.
[86] Gupta S, Sharma VK. Design and analysis of metal hydride reactor embedded with [112] Urunkar Rahul U, Patil Sharad D. Performance analysis of sodium alanate hydride
internal copper fins and external water cooling. Int J Energy Res 2021;45(2): reactor with different nanofluids. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2023;48(96):37944–53.
1836–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.105. December 2023.
[87] Bai XS, Yang WW, Tang XY, Yang FS, Jiao YH, Yang Y. Optimization of tree- [113] Elarem Raja, Alqahtani Talal, Mellouli Sofiene, Edacherian Abhilash,
shaped fin structures towards enhanced absorption performance of metal hydride Askri Faouzi, Jemni Abdelmajid. Numerical analysis of a built-in thermal storage
hydrogen storage device: a numerical study. Energy 2021;220:119738. system of metal hydride and nanoparticles enhanced phase change material and
[88] Nuchkrua Thanana, Leephakpreeda Thananchai. Control of metal hydride reactor nanofluid. Int J Energy Res 2021;45(4):5881–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/
coupled with thermoelectric module via fuzzy adaptive PID controller. In: 2013 er.6209. March 2021.
IEEE/ASME international Conference on advanced intelligent mechatronics, july [114] Urunkar Rahul U, Patil Sharad D. Enhancement of heat and mass transfer
2013, wollongong, NSW. Wollongong, NSW: IEEE; 2013. p. 411–6. https://doi. characteristics of metal hydride reactor for hydrogen storage using various
org/10.1109/AIM.2013.6584126. nanofluids. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2021;46(37):19486–97. https://doi.org/
[89] Suda S. Experimental evaluation of heat pump performance in connection with 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.03.090. May 2021.
metal hydride properties. J. Less Common Met. 1984;104:211–22. [115] Yao Jing, Zhu Pengfei, Guo Leilei, Duan Lian, Zhang Zaoxiao, Kurko Sandra,
[90] Lozano Gustavo A, Eigen Nico, Keller Claude, Dornheim Martin, Wu Zhen. A continuous hydrogen absorption/desorption model for metal hydride
Bormann Rüdiger. Effects of heat transfer on the sorption kinetics of complex reactor coupled with PCM as heat management and its application in the fuel cell
hydride reacting systems. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009;34(4):1896–903. https:// power system. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2020;45(52):28087–99. https://doi.org/
doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.12.028. February 2009. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.089. October 2020.
[91] Pourpoint TEL, Sisto A, Smith KC, Voskuilen TG, Visaria MK, Zheng Y, Fisher TS. [116] Garrier S, Delhomme B, De Rango P, Marty P, Fruchart D, Miraglia S. A new
Performance of thermal enhancement materials in high pressure metal hydride MgH2 tank concept using a phase-change material to store the heat of reaction.
storage systems. Heat Transfer Summer Conference 2008, January;48470:37–46. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013;38(23):9766–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[92] Gao Shichao, Wang Xinhua, Liu Haizhen, He Ting, Wang Yuanyuan, Li Shouquan, ijhydene.2013.05.026. August 2013.
Yan Mi. Effects of nano-composites (FeB, FeB/CNTs) on hydrogen storage [117] Dong Xiaofei, Zhao Hongxia, Li Hailong, Falcucci Giacomo, Zheng Qingrong,
properties of MgH2. J Power Sources 2019;438(October 2019):227006. https:// Zhao Honghua, Pu Jinhuan. A novel design of the metal hydride reactor
doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227006. integrated with phase change material for H2 storage. SSRN 2023. https://doi.
org/10.2139/ssrn.4589106.
1206
[118] Saedi Ardahaie S, Hosseini MJ, Eisapour M, Eisapour AH, Ranjbar AA. A novel [139] Ben Mâad Hatem, Miled Amel, Askri Faouzi, Nasrallah Sassi Ben. Numerical
porous metal hydride tank for hydrogen energy storage and consumption assisted simulation of absorption-desorption cyclic processes for metal-hydrogen reactor
by PCM jackets and spiral tubes. J Clean Prod 2021;311(August 2021):127674. with heat recovery using phase-change material. Appl Therm Eng 2016;96(March
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127674. 2016):267–76.
[119] Ali Rabienataj Darzi A, Hassanzadeh Afrouzi H, Moshfegh A, Farhadi M. [140] Ye Yang, Lu Jianfeng, Ding Jing, Wang Weilong, Yan Jinyue. Numerical
Absorption and desorption of hydrogen in long metal hydride tank equipped with simulation on the storage performance of a phase change materials based metal
phase change material jacket. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2016;41(22):9595–610. hydride hydrogen storage tank. Appl Energy 2020;278(November 2020):115682.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.04.051. June 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115682.
[120] Nguyen Huy Quoc, Mourshed Monjur, Paul Biddyut, Shabani Bahman. An [141] Nyallang Nyamsi Serge, Lototskyy Mykhaylo, Tolj Ivan. Optimal design of
experimental study of employing organic phase change material for thermal combined two-tank latent and metal hydrides-based thermochemical heat storage
management of metal hydride hydrogen storage. J Energy Storage 2022;55 systems for high-temperature waste heat recovery. Energies 2020;13(16):4216.
(November 2022):105457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105457. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164216. August 2020.
[121] El Mghari Hafsa, Huot Jacques, Xiao Jinsheng. Analysis of hydrogen storage [142] Luigi Facci Andrea, Lauricella Marco, Succi Sauro, Villani Vittorio,
performance of metal hydride reactor with phase change materials. Int J Falcucci Giacomo. Optimized modeling and design of a PCM-enhanced H2
Hydrogen Energy 2019;44(54):28893–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. storage. Energies 2021;14(6):1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061554. March
ijhydene.2019.09.090. November 2019. 2021.
[122] Alqahtani Talal, Bamasag Ahmad, Mellouli Sofiene, Askri Faouzi, Phelan Patrick [143] Mellouli Sofiene, Alqahtani Talal, Askri Faouzi, Algarni Salem,
E. Cyclic behaviors of a novel design of a metal hydride reactor encircled by Ghachem Kaouther. Parametric assessment of a hybrid heat storage unit based on
cascaded phase change materials. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2020;45(56):32285–97. paired metal hydrides and phase change materials. Appl Therm Eng 2023;226
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.08.280. November 2020. (May 2023):120257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120257.
[123] Parmanand Shrivastav Ankush, Kumar Kanti Praveen, Mohan G, Maiya MP. [144] Hassan Islam A, Mohammed Ramy H, Ramadan Haitham S, Saleh Mohamed A,
Design and optimization of metal hydride reactor with phase change material Cuevas Fermin, Hissel Daniel. Performance evaluation of a novel concentric metal
using fin factor for hydrogen storage. J Energy Storage 2024;77(January 2024): hydride reactor assisted with phase change material. Appl Therm Eng 2023;224
109975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109975. (April 2023):120065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120065.
[124] Ye Yang, Yi Yue, Lu Jianfeng, Ding Jing, Wang Weilong, Yan Jinyue. Enhanced [145] Ye Yang, Lu Jianfeng, Ding Jing, Wang Weilong, Yan Jinyue. Performance
hydrogen storage of a LaNi5 based reactor by using phase change materials. improvement of metal hydride hydrogen storage tanks by using phase change
Renew Energy 2021;180(December 2021):734–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. materials. Appl Energy 2022;320(August 2022):119290. https://doi.org/
renene.2021.08.118. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119290.
[125] Arslan Busra, Ilbas Mustafa, Celik Selahattin. Experimental analysis of hydrogen [146] Ye Yang, Zhu Hongxing, Cheng Honghui, Miao Hong, Ding Jing, Wang Weilong.
storage performance of a LaNi5–H2 reactor with phase change materials. Int J Performance optimization of metal hydride hydrogen storage reactors based on
Hydrogen Energy 2023;48(15):6010–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. PCM thermal management. Appl Energy 2023;338(May 2023):120923. https://
ijhydene.2022.11.083. February 2023. doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120923.
[126] Ben Mâad H, Askri F, Ben Nasrallah S. Heat and mass transfer in a metal hydrogen [147] El Mghari Hafsa, Huot Jacques, Tong Liang, Xiao Jinsheng. Selection of phase
reactor equipped with a phase-change heat-exchanger. Int J Therm Sci 2016;99 change materials, metal foams and geometries for improving metal hydride
(January 2016):271–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.09.003. performance. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2020;45(29):14922–39. https://doi.org/
[127] Chibani Atef, Mecheri Ghania, Merouani Slimane, Dehane Aissa. Hydrogen 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.03.226. May 2020.
charging in AX21 activated carbon-PCM-metal foam-based industrial-scale [148] Ye Yang, Zhou Deqiang, Rong Zhenzhou, Liu Jingjing, Yan Kai, Wang Weilong,
reactor: numerical analysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2023;48(82):32025–38. Cheng Honghui. Storage performance of a novel array metal hydride hydrogen
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.049. September 2023. storage reactor based on PCM thermal management. J Energy Storage 2024;76
[128] Mellouli S, Abhilash E, Askri F, Ben Nasrallah S. Integration of thermal energy (January 2024):109861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109861.
storage unit in a metal hydride hydrogen storage tank. Appl Therm Eng 2016;102 [149] Ye Yang, Ding Jing, Wang Weilong, Yan Jinyue. The storage performance of metal
(June 2016):1185–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.03.116. hydride hydrogen storage tanks with reaction heat recovery by phase change
[129] Bouzgarrou Fatma, Mellouli Sofiene, Alqahtani Talal, Salem Algarni. Parametric materials. Appl Energy 2021;299(October 2021):117255. https://doi.org/
study of a metal hydride reactor with phase change materials and heat pipes. Intl 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117255.
J of Energy Research 2022;46(4):4588–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7451. [150] Nyallang Nyamsi Serge, Tolj Ivan. The impact of active and passive thermal
March 2022. management on the energy storage efficiency of metal hydride pairs based heat
[130] Mellouli Sofiene, Alqahtani Talal, Askri Faouzi, Bashiri Abdullateef H, storage. Energies 2021;14(11):3006. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113006. May
Salem Algarni. Method for screening paired metal hydrides with appropriate 2021.
phase change material for a thermochemical energy storage system. Appl Therm [151] Tong Liang, Xiao Jinsheng, Bénard Pierre, Chahine Richard. Thermal
Eng 2024;236(January 2024):121781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. management of metal hydride hydrogen storage reservoir using phase change
applthermaleng.2023.121781. materials. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2019;44(38):21055–66. https://doi.org/
[131] Nyallang Nyamsi Serge, Tolj Ivan, Pasupathi Sivakumar. Multi-objective 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.127. August 2019.
optimization of a metal hydride reactor coupled with phase change materials for [152] Nguyen Huy Quoc, Shabani Bahman. Thermal management of metal hydride
fast hydrogen sorption time. J Energy Storage 2023;71(November 2023):108089. hydrogen storage using phase change materials for standalone solar hydrogen
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108089. systems: an energy/exergy investigation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2022;47(3):
[132] Alireza Mostafavi Seyed, Hajabdollahi Zahra, Ilinca Adrian. Multi-objective 1735–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.10.129. January 2022.
optimization of metal hydride hydrogen storage tank with phase change material. [153] Alqahtani Talal, Mellouli Sofiene, Bamasag Ahmad, Askri Faouzi, Phelan Patrick
Therm Sci Eng Prog 2022;36(December 2022):101514. https://doi.org/10.1016/ E. Thermal performance analysis of a metal hydride reactor encircled by a phase
j.tsep.2022.101514. change material sandwich bed. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2020;45(43):23076–92.
[133] Mellouli S, Ben Khedher N, Askri F, Jemni A, Ben Nasrallah S. Numerical analysis https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.126. September 2020.
of metal hydride tank with phase change material. Appl Therm Eng 2015;90 [154] Chibani Atef, Merouani Slimane, Gherraf Noureddine, Benguerba Yacine.
(November 2015):674–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Thermodynamics and kinetics analysis of hydrogen absorption in large-scale
applthermaleng.2015.07.022. metal hydride reactor coupled to phase change material-metal foam-based latent
[134] Chibani A, Mecheri G, Dehane A, Merouani S, Ferhoune I. Performance heat storage system. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2022;47(64):27617–32. https://doi.
improvement of adsorptive hydrogen storage on activated carbon: effects of phase org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.06.079. July 2022.
change material and inconstant mass flow rate. J Energy Storage 2022;56: [155] Shinde Pramila P, Shah Seema. A review of machine learning and deep learning
105930. applications. In: 2018 fourth international Conference on computing communication
[135] Chibani A, Mecheri G, Dehane A, Merouani S. Industrial-scale for hydrogen Control and automation (ICCUBEA), august 2018, pune, India. Pune, India: Patent;
charging in activated carbon (AX-21)-phase change material-nano-oxides 2018. p. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCUBEA.2018.8697857.
systems. J Energy Storage 2023;65:107326. [156] Lee Junho, Sung Dongchul, Chung You Kyoung, Song Seon Bin, Huh Joonsuk.
[136] Ben Mâad Hatem, Miled Amel, Askri Faouzi, Nasrallah Sassi Ben. Effect of thermal Unveiling two-dimensional magnesium hydride as a hydrogen storage material
conductivity of the phase change material (PCM) on the absorption process of a via a generative adversarial network. Nanoscale Adv 2022;4(10):2332–8. https://
metal-hydrogen reactor (LaNi5-H2). In: Exergy for A better Environment and doi.org/10.1039/D1NA00862E. 2022.
improved sustainability 1, fethi aloui and ibrahim dincer. Cham: Springer [157] Tian Qifeng, Zhang Yao, Wu Yuanxin, Tan Zhicheng. The cycle life prediction of
International Publishing; 2018. p. 767–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys by artificial neural network. Int J Hydrogen
62572-0_49. Energy 2009;34(4):1931–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.11.077.
[137] Zhu Chen, Mou Xiaofeng, Bao Zewei. Numerical investigation of the heat-release February 2009.
performance of a metal hydride reactor-integrated phase change material. J Clean [158] Suárez SH, Chabane D, N’Diaye A, Ait-Amirat Y, Djerdir A. Stochastic
Prod 2024;437:140662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140662. January optimisation-based methods for the identification of the physical parameters of a
2024. metal hydride tank. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2024;50:178–89. https://doi.org/
[138] Disli Tacettin, Çetinkaya Sera Ayten, Ezan Mehmet Akif, Ozgur Colpan C. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.323 (January 2024.
Numerical investigations on the absorption of a metal hydride hydrogen storage [159] Wang Chun-Sheng, Brinkerhoff Joshua. Predicting hydrogen adsorption and
tank based on various thermal management strategies. Int J Hydrogen Energy desorption rates in cylindrical metal hydride beds: empirical correlations and
2023;S0360319923035590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.07.122. machine learning. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2021;46(47):24256–70. https://doi.
August 2023. org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.05.007. July 2021.
1207
[160] Nations Sean, Nandi Tarak, Ali Ramazani, Wang Shengnian, Duan Yuhua. Metal [168] Rahnama Alireza, Zepon Guilherme, Sridhar Seetharaman. Machine learning
hydride composition-derived parameters as machine learning features for based prediction of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage, part I: prediction of
material design and H2 storage. J Energy Storage 2023;70(October 2023): hydrogen weight percent. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2019;44(14):7337–44. https://
107980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107980. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.261. March 2019.
[161] Zhou Panpan, Xiao Xuezhang, Zhu Xinyu, Chen Yongpeng, Lu Weiming, [169] Dong Shuya, Wang Yingying, Li Jinya, Li Yuanyuan, Wang Li, Zhang Jinglai.
Piao Mingyuan, Cao Ziming, Lu Miao, Fang Fang, Li Zhinian, Jiang Lijun, Exploration and design of Mg alloys for hydrogen storage with supervised
Chen Lixin. Machine learning enabled customization of performance-oriented machine learning. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2023;48(97):38412–24. https://doi.
hydrogen storage materials for fuel cell systems. Energy Storage Mater 2023;63 org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.108. December 2023.
(November 2023):102964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.102964. [170] Tiwari Saurabh, Gupta Nandlal, Kumar Sahil, Kumar Abhijit, Sharma Pratibha.
[162] Gheytanzadeh Majedeh, Rajabhasani Fatemeh, Baghban Alireza, Experimental investigation, development of machine learning model and
Habibzadeh Sajjad, Abida Otman, Amin Esmaeili, Munir Muhammad Tajammal. optimization studies of a metal hydride reactor with embedded helical cooling
Estimating hydrogen absorption energy on different metal hydrides using tube. J Energy Storage 2023;72(November 2023):108522. https://doi.org/
Gaussian process regression approach. Sci Rep 2022;12(1):21902. https://doi. 10.1016/j.est.2023.108522.
org/10.1038/s41598-022-26522-2. December 2022. [171] Maghsoudy Sina, Zakerabbasi Pouya, Baghban Alireza, Amin Esmaeili,
[163] Rahnama Alireza, Sridhar Seetharaman. Application of data science tools to Habibzadeh Sajjad. Connectionist technique estimates of hydrogen storage
determine feature correlation and cluster metal hydrides for hydrogen storage. capacity on metal hydrides using hybrid GAPSO-LSSVM approach. Sci Rep 2024;
Materialia 2019;7(September 2019):100366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 14(1):1503. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52086-4. January 2024.
mtla.2019.100366. [172] Griffin William O, Darsey Jerry A. Artificial neural network prediction indicators
[164] Suwarno Suwarno, Dicky Ghazy, Suyuthi Abdillah, Effendi Mohammad, of density functional theory metal hydride models. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013;
Witantyo Witantyo, Noerochim Lukman, Ismail Mohammad. Machine learning 38(27):11920–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.06.138. September
analysis of alloying element effects on hydrogen storage properties of AB2 metal 2013.
hydrides. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2022;47(23):11938–47. https://doi.org/ [173] Batalović Katarina, Radaković Jana, Mamula Bojana Paskaš, Kuzmanović Bojana,
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.210. March 2022. Ilić Mirjana Medić. Predicting the heat of hydride formation by Graph neural
[165] Zhu Dan, Ait-Amirat Youcef, N’Diaye Abdoul, Djerdir Abdesslem. On-line state of network - exploring the structure–property relation for metal hydrides. Advcd
charge estimation of embedded metal hydride hydrogen storage tank based on Theory and Sims 2022;5(9):2200293. https://doi.org/10.1002/adts.202200293.
state classification. J Energy Storage 2021;42(October 2021):102950. https://doi. September 2022.
org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102950. [174] Zhao Ping, Zeng Xiangguo, Kou Huaqin, Chen Huayan. A kind of numerical model
[166] Stark M, Krost G, Lemken D, Oberschachtsiek B. Neural network based modeling combined with genetic algorithm and back propagation neural network for creep-
of metal-hydride bed storages for small self-sustaining energy supply systems. In: fatigue life prediction and optimization of double-layered annulus metal hydride
2011 IEEE trondheim PowerTech, june 2011, trondheim. Trondheim: IEEE; 2011. reactor and verification of ASME-NH code. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2024;54
p. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2011.6019335. (February 2024):1251–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.284.
[167] Rahnama Alireza, Zepon Guilherme, Sridhar Seetharaman. Machine learning [175] Rana K Anthea, Andrei Acantilado John, Santos Jared Ethan, Tan Raymond R,
based prediction of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage, part II: prediction of Aviso Kathleen B. A binary hyperbox classifier model for hydrogen storage in
material class. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2019;44(14):7345–53. https://doi.org/ metal hydrides. Chem Eng Transac 2021;88:637–42. https://doi.org/10.3303/
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.264. March 2019. CET2188106. November 2021.
1208

A Review On Nanofluid, Phase Change Material and Machine Learning Applications For Thermal Management of Hydrogen Storage in Metal Hydrides

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Review On Nanofluid, Phase Change Material and Machine Learning Applications For Thermal Management of Hydrogen Storage in Metal Hydrides

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Review On Nanofluid, Phase Change Material and Machine Learning Applications For Thermal Management of Hydrogen Storage in Metal Hydrides

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 68 (2024) 1178–1208

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

A review on nanofluid, phase change material and machine learning

Li-on battery 600–2500 5–20 100–5000 75–250 85–90

Fig. 1. Hydrogen storage technologies [57,58].

Fig. 2. Hydrogen production cost based on different production techniques [62].

in absorption and desorption and circularity are not satisfying enough,

4. Thermal management methods of hydrogen storage in metal

Hydrogen absorption and desorption encounter some thermal

The tubular reactors have been used in applications of heat pumps

Fig. 4. The combination of a hydride tank in a fuel cell system [72].

Fig. 5. Hydrides for hydrogen storage [72].

Fig. 6. A characteristic tubular reactor [71].

Fig. 9. Integration of cooling tubes into metal hydride bed [85].

Fig. 7. Cross-sectional area of an annulus reactor [71].

Fig. 10. Fin usage in metal hydride bed [86].

schematic depiction of the system related to the study is given.

applications as a way of heat transfer enhancement. One of these ap­

The energy is stored or released within the phase change as from

Fig. 19. System depiction in a 3D cross-sectional way [118].

capacity of PCM591 reached to a value of 45%, the cascaded system had

Fig. 26. a)3D model of MH reactor b) 2D domain for simulation [123].

illustrates the temperature distributions with and without PCM and

Fig. 28. Temperature distributions for two different reactors [124].

configuration in four different scenarios. In all cases the system con­

Fig. 36. a) MH reactor b) domain for simulation [129].

Fig. 40. The physical model [131].

Fig. 42. The porosity effect on the absorption duration [132].

experimental results [116] and simulation results in terms of volumetric

applications for thermal management of hydrogen storage in metal hy­ Table 3

Lewis et al. LiNO3–3H2O Heat enhancement The combination of

Table 3 (continued ) Table 3 (continued )

ability to quickly release process, the

Table 3 (continued ) Table 3 (continued )

Ye et al. LiNO3–H2O With optimum PCM An enough amount of thermochemical and

Fig. 49. Comparison of experimental and predicted results of discharge ca­

Fig. 50. Convergence comparison for different optimization methods [158].

Fig. 53. The machine learning process of the study [161].

Fig. 51. Impermanent variations of hydrogen fraction during absorption for

Rahnama et al. [163], conducted a study in order to determine the

Table 4 Table 4 (continued )

⁃ PCMs are enhanced with other substances like nanoparticles, 7. Suggestions

You might also like

applications as a way of heat transfer enhancement. One of these ap

configuration in four different scenarios. In all cases the system con

applications for thermal management of hydrogen storage in metal hy Table 3

Fig. 49. Comparison of experimental and predicted results of discharge ca