Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
Course Contents: • C++ Overview • C++ Basics • C++ Variables and Constants • C++ Data Types and Literals • C++ Operators • C++ Input/Output • C++ Control Statements • C++ Functions • Class and Objects • File Handling • C++ Pointers and References • C++ Arrays • C++ Strings • C++ Structures and Unions • C++ Dynamic Memory Management • C++ Object-Oriented Programming • C++ Encapsulation and Abstraction • C++ Function Overloading • C++ Operator Overloading
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
Reference Books: 1. “The C++ Programming Language” by Bjarne Stroustrup 2. “Effective C++: 55 Specific Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs” by Scott Meyers 3. “C++ Primer Plus” by Stephen Prata 4. “C++ For Dummies” by Stephen R. Davis 5. “Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C++” by Mark Allen Weiss 6. The name of C++ signifies the evolutionary nature of the changes from C. “++” is the C increment operator. 7. C++ is one of the predominant languages for the development of all kind of technical and commercial software. 8. C++ introduces Object-Oriented Programming, not present in C. Like other things, C++ supports the four primary features of OOP: encapsulation, polymorphism, abstraction, and inheritance. 9. C++ got the OOP features from Simula67 Programming language. 10. A function is a minimum requirement for a C++ program to run.(at least main() function)
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
Features of C++ • C++•• is a general-purpose programming language that was developed as an enhancement of the C language to include an object-oriented paradigm. It is an imperative and compiled language. C++ has a number of features, including:
• Object-oriented Programming • Machine Independent • Simple • High-Level Language • Popular • Case-sensitive • Compiler Based • Dynamic Memory Allocation • Memory Management • Multi-threading
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
1. Object-Oriented Programming
C++ is an Object-Oriented Programming Language, unlike C which is a procedural programming
language. This is the most important feature of C++. It can create/destroy objects while
programming. Also, It can create blueprints with which objects can be created. We have
discussed the Object-Orient Programming Concepts in C++ in this article.
Concepts of Object-oriented programming Language:
• Class
• Objects
• Encapsulation
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Abstraction
2. Machine Independent
A C++ executable is not platform-independent (compiled programs on Linux won’t run on
Windows), however, they are machine-independent. Let us understand this feature of C++
with the help of an example. Suppose you have written a piece of code that can run on
Linux/Windows/Mac OSx which makes the C++ Machine Independent but the executable
file of the C++ cannot run on different operating systems.
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
3. Simple
It is a simple language in the sense that programs can be broken down into logical units and
parts, has rich library support and has a variety of data types. Also, the Auto Keyword of C++
makes life easier.
Auto Keyword
The idea of the auto keyword was to form the C++ compiler to deduce the data type while
compiling instead of making you declare the data type every freaking time. Do keep in mind
that you cannot declare something without an initializer. There must be some way for the
compiler to deduce your type.
4. High-Level Language
C++ is a High-Level Language, unlike C which is a Mid-Level Programming Language. It
makes life easier to work in C++ as it is a high-level language it is closely associated with the
human-comprehensible English language.
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
5. Popular
C++ can be the base language for many other programming languages that supports the
feature of object-oriented programming. Bjarne Stroustrup found Simula 67, the first object-
oriented language ever, lacking simulations, and decided to develop C++.
6. Case-sensitive
It is clear that C++ is a case-sensitive programming language. For example, cin is used to take
input from the input stream. But if the “Cin” won’t work. Other languages like HTML and
MySQL are not case-sensitive languages.
7. Compiler Based
C++ is a compiler-based language, unlike Python. That is C++ programs used to be compiled
and their executable file is used to run them. C++ is a relatively faster language than Java
and Python.
8. Dynamic Memory Allocation
When the program executes in C++ then the variables are allocated the dynamical heap space.
Inside the functions, the variables are allocated in the stack space. Many times, We are not
aware in advance how much memory is needed to store particular information in a defined
variable and the size of required memory can be determined at run time.
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
9. Memory Management
• C++ allows us to allocate the memory of a variable or an array in run time. This is
known as Dynamic Memory Allocation.
• In other programming languages such as Java and Python, the compiler automatically
manages the memories allocated to variables. But this is not the case in C++.
• In C++, the memory must be de-allocated dynamically allocated memory manually
after it is of no use.
• The allocation and deallocation of the memory can be done using the new and delete
operators respectively.
10. Multi-threading
• Multithreading is a specialized form of multitasking and multitasking is a feature that
allows your system to execute two or more programs concurrently. In general, there
are two sorts of multitasking: process-based and thread-based.
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy • Process-based multitasking handles the concurrent execution of programs. Thread-
based multitasking deals with the multiprogramming of pieces of an equivalent
program.
• A multithreaded program contains two or more parts that will run concurrently. Each
part of such a program is named a thread, and every thread defines a separate path of
execution.
• C++ doesn’t contain any built-in support for multithreaded applications. Instead, it
relies entirely upon the OS to supply this feature.
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
C++ Hello World Program
Below is the C++ program to print Hello World.
// C++ program to display "Hello World"
// Header file for input output functions
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
// Main() function: where the execution of
// program begins int main() { // Prints hello world cout << "Hello World";
return 0; }
Output Hello World
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
Working of Hello World Program in C++
Let us now understand every line and the terminologies of the above program.
1. // C++ program to display “Hello World”
This line is a comment line. A comment is used to display
additional information about the program. A comment does not contain any programming logic. When a comment is encountered by a compiler, the compiler simply skips that line of code. Any line beginning with ‘//’ without quotes OR in between /*…*/ in C++ is a comment.
2. #include
This is a preprocessor directive. The #include directive tells the
compiler to include the content of a file in the source code. For example, #include<iostream> tells the compiler to include the standard iostream file which contains declarations of all the
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
standard input/output library functions.
3. using namespace std
This is used to import the entity of the std namespace into the current namespace of the program. The statement using namespace std is generally considered a bad practice. When we import a namespace, we are essentially pulling all type definitions into the current scope.
The std namespace is huge. The alternative to this statement is to
specify the namespace to which the identifier belongs using the scope operator(::) each time we declare a type. For example, std::cout.
4. int main() { }
A function is a group of statements that are designed to perform a
specific task. The main() function is the entry point of every C++ program, no matter where the function is located in the program.
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
The opening braces ‘{‘ indicates the beginning of the main function and the closing braces ‘}’ indicates the ending of the main function.
5. cout<<“Hello World”;
std::cout is an instance of the std::ostream class, that is used to
display output on the screen. Everything followed by the character << in double quotes ” ” is displayed on the output device. The semi- colon character at the end of the statement is used to indicate that the statement is ending there.
6. return 0
This statement is used to return a value from a function and
indicates the finishing of a function. This statement is basically used in functions to return the results of the operations performed by a function.
LECTURE 1 Dr. Sherif Kamal
Egyptian Korean Facility of Technological Industry and Energy
Important Points 1. Always include the necessary header files for the smooth execution of functions. For example, <iostream> must be included to use std::cin and std::cout. 2. The execution of code begins from the main() function. 3. It is a good practice to use comments in programs for easy understanding. 4. cout is used to print statements and cin is used to take inputs.
