%fiTgI 0fiATfiDE

This is certify that Anshika

Jaiswal o1 class XII A Roll
no.30 has sotisfiictorily
completed her Biology
lnvestigdtorypmjert
as pn•srribed hy the CBSE during
lhe academlc year 2020-2021

Internal examiner
Teacher incharge

External examiner
I wouLd Like to sincerely and profusely
thanks to my Biology teacher
Mr. Sameer ShukLa , PGT (Biology)
and our Lab attend for their guidance
and support in completing my project.

I wouLd ako Like to extend my gratitude

to the Principal Dr. A.K. Singh for
providing me with aLL the facility that
was required.

•!t’$raitire»fikide«t
 Dejjcjenc¿
AIDS (Acquired immune deficienc y syndrome or acquired immunodeficienc
y syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a virus c ailed HIV ( I Sum an
Imm unodeficienc y 1*ir us). T he illness al ters the immune system, m aki ng’
people muc h m ore vulncr abIe to infcc tions and disease s. T his susc cptibility
orsensasthesyndrome
pro¿res ses.

I I IV is found in the body

fluids of an infcc ted
person (semen and
AIOS
vaginal fl uids, blood and
breast milk). T he virus is
passed from one person
to anot her through b lood
to blood and sex ual
contact. In addition,
infcc ted pr cgnant x•om en can pa ss I MIV to their babies during prcgnanc y,
delivering t he baby duri ng childbirt h, an d through breast feeding.

II IV can be transmitted in many «may s, such as v aginal, oral sex,

anal se x, blood transfusion, and contaminated hypodcrmic
needles.
“The red ribbon is the worldwide symbol a/ support and
••••••••• lorpeople living with HfV."

Boththe virus and the syndrome are often referred to together as

HI+I+IDS. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a
result, some will then develop AIDS.

The development of numerous opportunisticinfections in an AIDS

patient can ultimately lead to death.

According to research, the origins of HIV date back to the late

nineteenth or early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS
and its cause, HIV, were first identified and recognized in the
early ‹98os.

There is currently no cure for

HIV or AIDS. Treatments can
slow the course of the
cond'‹tion - some infected
people can live a long and
relatively heakhy life.

HIV is the virus which attacks the

-cells in the immune
system. AIDS is the
syndrome which appears in
advanced stages of HIV
infection.
< HIV is a virus.
AIDS Is a medicaIcond”ition
 HIV infection causes AIDS to
develop. However, it is possible to
be Infected with HIV without
developing AiDS. Without
treatment, the HIV infection b
allowed to progress and
eventually it will develop into AIDS
in the vast m@orltyof cases

HIV testingcan identifyinfection in

the early stages. This allowsthe
patient to
use prophylactic (preventive) drugs whkhwlll slow the rate at
which the virus replicates, delayingthe onset of AIDS.

AID5 patlentssrill have the HIV virus and are st›lI Infectious
Somaona wKh AIDS can pass HIV to someone ebe.

Causes of HIV/AIDS
HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human
immune system. The virus progresses In the absence of
antiretroviral therapy. The rate of virus progressk›nvaries widely
between Individuals and depends on many factors(age of the
patIe1body'sabilIty to defend against HIV, access to heakh care,
existence of coexistinginfections,the infected person'sgenetic
Inheritance, resistance to certainstralns of HIVE
 Sexual emission. It can happen when there is contact
with infected sexual seCredons(rectal,genltal or oralmucous
membrares\ This can happen while fraying unprotected sex,
Including vaginal, oral and anal sex or sharing sex toys with
someone Infectedwlth HIV.
Prenatal t smlsslon. The mother can pass the Infection on
to her child during childbirth, pregnancy, and also through
breastfeeding.
Blood Swzsmbslon. The risk of transmitting Hlv through
blood transfusion Is nowadays extremely low Indeveloped
coumrles, thanks to meticulous screening and precautions.
Among drug users, sharing and reusing syrlnges
contaminated with HIV-infectedbIood b axtremely
hazardous

Symptoms of HIV and AIDS

what is to difference between asign and a symptom*
A sigo is something other people, apart from the patient can
detect, such as a swelling, rash, or change in skin colour. A
symptom is something only the patient feels and describes, such
as a headache, fatigue, or dbziness.
For the most part,the symptoms of HIV are the result of
infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. These
conditions do not normally develop In indMduals wkh heakhy
Immune systems, which protect the body against Infecdon.

Symptoms of early HIV infection

Many people with HIV have no symptoms for several years.
Others may devebp symptoms slmibr to flu, usudly two to six
weeks after catching the virus. Tha symptoms canlast up to four
weeks.
• fever
• chills
• joint pain
• muscle ache
• sore throat
• sweats(particularly at night)
• enlarged glands
• a red rash
• tiredness
• weakness
• weight loss

Asymptomatic HIV infection

In many cases, after the initial symptoms disappear, there will
not be any further symptoms for many years. During this time,
the virus carries on developing and damages the immune system.
This process can take up to o yearn. The infected person will
experience no symptoms, feel well and appear healthy.

Late-stage HIV infection

If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The
person becomes vulnerable to serious illnesses. This stage of
infection is known as AIDS.

Symptoms of late-stage HIV infection may indude:

• blurred vision
• diarrhoea, which is usually persistent or chronic
• dry cough
• fever of above 37d(1OOF) lasting for weeks
• night sweats
permanent
tiredness
shortness of
breath
swoJen glands lasting for weeks
welght loss
white spots on the tongue or mouth

stage HIV infection, the risk of developing a life

threatening illness is muchgreater. Examples include:

esophagitis(aninflammation of the Ilning of the lower end of the

esophagus)
infections to the nervous system(acute aseptic meningitis,
subacute encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy)

Some cancers, such as Aaposi s sarcoma, invasive cervical cancer,

lung cancer, rectalcarcinomas,hepatocellular carcinomas, head
and neck cancers, cancers of the immune system known as
lymphomas
Toxoplasmosis(a dbease caused bya parasite that infects the
brain. It can also cause disease In the eyes and lungs)
tuberculosis
threatening
illnesses may be
tontrolledand treated wkh
proper HIV treatment.

Diagnosis of
HIV/AIDS
A 3oJ \ report issued by the
CDC (Centres for Disease
Control and
Prevention), USA,found that about z in every $ HIV-positive
Americans is unaware of their HIV-status, and only qgz of those
who are aware receive ongoing medical care and treatment.
Blood test
Diagnosis is made through a blood test that sc reens specifically for

the virus. If the HIV virus has been found, the test result is

"positive". The blood is re-

tested several times before a positive resuk is given to the patient.

For those whose tests came back positive, they will be asked to
undergo some other tests to see how the infection has
progressed, and also to dec ide when to start treatment.

If a person has been exposed to the virus, it is cruc ial that they get
tested as soon as possible. The earlier HIV is detected, the more
likely the treatment will be successful. Also,
precautions can be taken to
prevent the virus from
spreading to other people.

ELISA Test?
An enzyme-l‹nked
immunosorbent assay, also called ELISA or EIA, is a test that
detects and measures antibodies in your blood. This test can be
used to determine rf you have antibodies related to certain
infectious conditions. Antibodies are proteins that your body
produces in response to harmful substances callRd antigens. An
ELISA test may be used to diagnose:
HIV, whic h causes
AIDS Ly FFIR dls base
pernicious anaemia
Rocky Mountain spotted Never (RMSF)
rotavirus
squamous cell carcinoma
substrate syphilis
4) toxoplasmosis
ver icella zoster virus, which causes
chicken pox and shingles
ELISA is often used as c sc re ening
tool before more in depth tests are
ordered. A doctor may suggest this
test if you're having signs or
symptoms of the conditions above
or your doctor wants to rule out
any of these conditions.

How the Test 1s

Performed

the ELISA test is simple and straightforward. You'll probably need to sign a
consent form, and your doctor should explain the reason for doing the test.

The ELISA test involves tak ng a samplR of your blood. First, a

healthcare provider will cleanse your arm with an antiseptic.
Then, a t ourniquet, or band, will be applied around your arm to
create pres sure and cause your veins to swell with blood. Next, a
needle will be placed in one of your veins to draw a small sample
of blood. When enough blood has been co Elected, the needle will
be removed and a small bandage will be placed on your arm where
the needle was. You'll be asked to elevate your arm and place
pressurR oEt it with gauze to reducR blood flow.
This proc edure should be r elatively
painless, but your arm may throb a
little after the proc edure.

The blood sample will be sent to a

laboratory for analysis. In the lab, a
technician adds the sample to a Pe tri
dish containing the spRcific antigen
related to the c ondition for which you
are being tested. If your blood contains
antibodies to the antigen, the two wi IT
bind together. The tec hnician will
check this by adding an enzyme to the
Petri dish and observing how your
blood and the antigRn react. You may
have the condition if the contents of thE'
dish change colour. How much chanbe
the enzyme causes allows the technic
ian to. Determine the presence and

Ultra-sensitive HIV
sensor
Scientists from ImperialCollege
London reported in Noture
Nanotechnology (October
too t issue) that they have developed an extremely sensitive sensor
that detects viral infections, including HIV. T hey say the sensor is
ten times more sensitive at detecting an HIV biomarker that
anything else on the market today; it is also extremdy cheap. The
doctor can see the results by looking at the c olour change in a
liquid solution.

Recent developments on HIV

Genetic changes identified that make HIV elusive to drugs
The team used a new form of technology that c an detect infection
early on and track the body's immune system.

Recent developments in HIV treatment

le dau a a ten hHe dee s

A new study suggests a class of drugs already being tested in

clinical trials for the treatment of cane er may also hold the key to
complete eradication of HIV.

Envelope protein

Envelope

Viral genome

Nucieocapsid

Viral tequment

lism

A drug used to treat alcoholism - called disulfiram - could bring us c

loser to a cure for HIV, according to the results of a new study led by
researchers from the University of Melbourne in Australia.

ftl¥ wine.priest inllnwiogstudrut'nntibodies uithlnopn’

A new study suggests it may be possible to induce a rapid anti-HIV
immune response fnunexposed people by dewloplng a vaccine
that triggers antlbodles contalnlngloop-like structures.

A new study of the effects of a new antibody treatment suggests it

may offer a long-term solutionfor the control of HIV.
HIV Prevention
To prevent being
Infected with HIV,
heakhcare
profesAnats advice
precautions related
to:

Unprotected
sex
HarJng sex wfiJ›out a
condom can put a person
at risk of being infected
with HIV and other
sexually transmitted
Infections{STIs).HIV
ca»be
spread by having unprotected sex(vagInaI, oral and anal sex). Tt can
ako be caught from sharlngsex toys with someone infected with
HIV.

Drug abuse and needle sharing

Imravenous drug use b an important factor InHIV transmission
indeveloped countries. Sharingneedlescanexpose users to HIV
and other viruses, such as hepatitb C.
Strategies such as needle-exchangeprograms are used to reduce
the Infections caused by drug abuse.
Managing HIV
. HIV treatment is effective if the patient is committed
and constant in taking the medication on time. Missingevena few
doses wi£ jeopardize the treatment.A daily methodical routine has
to be programmed to fit the treatment plan around the patient's
lifestyle and schedule.
*Adherence" is sometimes known as "compkance".

. It is crucial for patients to take medication

correctly and take steps to avold IIk›ess. Patients should seeL to
improve their general heakh and reduce the risk of falling i0 by
practicing regular exercise, heaKhy eating, and not smoking.

Additional precaztloza. HIV-Infected people should be extra caudous

to prevent exposure to Infection. They should be careful aroundan\
maIs, avoid coming Into contact with cat litter, animal feces.
Meticulous and regular washing of hands Is recommended.

jew HIV is a lasting condition, and therefore

patients have to be in regular contact withtheir healthcare team.
Treatment plan is reviewed regularly.

.Commonmistonceptlons about AJDS/ HfV are

dlminlshing. However, the stigma ofthe condition persists in
many parts oftke world. People Infected withthe virus may feel
excluded, rejected, discriminated and Isolated.

Being diagnosed with HIV can be very distressing, and feelings

of anxiety or depression are common. If you feel anxious or have
symptoms of depression, seek medical help immediately.

CONCLUSION
After studying the cause and effects of'AIDS*from dffferent
views, we conclude that it k a pandemlc disease. It is mainly
spreading sexually and person ofthe age group of 3$ g$ years are
the most affected group. There
are some methods like‘AntMral Therapy'and Immuno Slmulative therapy
whlch bring some hope that even then no specific treatment has been
fourd so for and morality form is virtually zoos. So only prevention in the
test medicine care.

HYPOTHESIS
AIDS is non curable due to its nature of pathogen. It also
damage immune system ofthe body. Therefore any
medicine(Antiyiral)drugs are not effective against HfV virus.
Ignorance and bck of knowledge about thls disease is the root
cause ofwide spread of this disease Malaria is one oftke major
diseases which is caused by Protozoan. Protozoan causes many
diseases in human beings. Malaria has been for thousands of
years a very serious disease of the tropical and temperateregions.
Prevalence of malaria continues to be one of the ma|or heakh
problems of developing countries. It was almost eliminated a few
years back with the efforts of WHO and our National Malaria
Eradication Programme(NMEP),but unfortunately it has appeared
again. Plasmodium isa genus of Protozoa belongjngto subphyltzn
Sporozoa, class Telosporidea, includes causati e agent of malaña
in man and lower animab. Members of the genusplasmodium are
collectively known a Malaria paraske, because they cause a
horrible disease called
Bibliography
Parts of this project have been referred from foreign
sources and have been included in this project after
editing.
The reference of sources Is as follows:-
Books:”
a) Biology NCERT Book dass ‹3*'
b) National Geographic Magazine
Internet Sources:-
a) •'xv¿ oo Ie_conj
b) SVSVSY.I €/ 4U , CO UI

c) Bioflowcom
d) Natlonalgeographiccom

3o‹znat
a.Biology Today
b. Science Reporter