VINS SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE [CBSE]

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

PROJECT REPORT ON
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

NAME : MOHAMED AADIL.M

CLASS : XII

SUBJECT : PHYSICS

SUBCODE : 042
 Certificate

This is to certify that Master M.MOHAMED AADIL a

student of class 12th PHYSICS has successfully completed
his project work under the guidance of subject teacher Mr.
A. SURESH KUMAR during the year 2024/2025 from
VINS SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE in Partial
fulfillment of physics practical examination Conducted by
CBSE.

Signature Signature Signature

(Sub Teacher) (Ext. Teacher) (Principal)
 INDEX

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2. INTRODUCTION
3. OBJECTIVES
4. PRINCIPLE
5. CONSTRUCTION
6. THEORY
7. EFFICIENCY
8. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
9. ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
10 . USES
11 . APPLICATIONS
12 . PRECAUTIONS
13 . BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

my chemistry teacher Mr. A.SURESH KUMAR for
his able guidance and support in completing my
project.

I would also like to extent my gratitude to the principal

Sir Dr. A Peter Antony Suresh for his motivation and
his ardent attitude in providing necessary facilities
 INTRODUCTION
TRANSFORMER
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.
A transformer which increases the A.C. voltage is
called a “Step up transformer.’
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltage is
called a “Step down transformer”
A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step-down transformer is one whose secondary

voltage is less than its primary voltage. It is designed to
reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the
secondary winding. This kind of transformer “step
down” the voltage applied to it

As a step-down unit, the transformer converts high-

voltage, low- current power into low-voltage,
high-current power.
 OBJECTIVE

Prepare a project on
“STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER.”
 PRINCIPLE

A Transformer is based on the principle of mutual

induction. According to this principle, ‘When the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing,
an e.m.f. is induced in the neighboring coil.’
 CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core

made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another.
Two coils P1& P2 and S1& S2 are wound on the same core,
but are well insulated with each other.
Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core. The
source of alternating e.m.f. is connected to P 1P2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to S 1S2,
the secondary coil through an open switch S.
Thus there can be no current through the secondary coil as
long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we
assume that the resistance of the primary & secondary
winding is negligible.
Further, the energy loses due to the magnetic iron core is
also negligible.
 THEORY

When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary

coil P1P2, an alternating current starts flowing in it. The
alternating current in the primary coil produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces alternating
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary coil.
In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary coil is also linked with the
secondary coil, then the induced e.m.f. induced in each
turn of the secondary coil is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary coil. Thus if E p and Esbe the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary coil and the secondary coil and Np and Ns are
the number of turns of the primary and secondary coils
of the transformer and

dфь/dt =rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil

at this instant,
We have
 Ep=-Npdфь/dt (i)

Es=-Nsdфь/dt (ii)

Since,

The above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing (ii) by (i),

We get

Es/Ep=-Ns/ Np (iii)
 As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced

in the primary coil P1, so the instantaneous current in

primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep) in the

instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.

Further if Rp is the resistance of P1P2 coil, then the

instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = (Ep)/Rp
(E – Ep) = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, RpIp can be

neglected so therefore

E–Ep=0 or Ep=E

Thus back e.m.f. = input e.m.f.

Hence equation (iii) can be written as

Es/Ep=Es/E=output e.m.f/input e.m.f=Ns/Np=K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
IN a step-down transformer:-

Es<EsoK<1,
Hence
Ns< Np

If
Ip =value of primary current at the same instant
And

Is =value of sec .current at this instant,

Then
Input power at the instant t =EpIp

And
Output power at the same instant = EsIs
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then

Input power=Output power

EpIp = EsIs
Es/ Ep = Ip/Is = K
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power.

i.e.

η = output power /input power = EsIs / EpIp

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power

losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many
power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in

the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to

joule heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss_ is the energy loss in the form of heat in the

iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation
of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by
taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux_occurs in spite of best

insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with each turn of S1S2is less than the rate
of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss_is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magnet ostriction i.e. humming noise of a

transformer.
 USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations:-

1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,

air conditioner etc.

2. In the induction furnaces.

3. A step-down transformers used for welding

Purposes.

4. A step-down transformer is used for obtaining

Large current.

5. In transmission of A.C. over long distance.

 APPLICATIONS

A major application of transformer is to increases

voltage before transmitting electrical energy over long
distance through wires. Wires have resistance and so
dissipate electrical energy at a rate proportional to the
square of the current through the wire. By transforming
electrical power to a high-voltage (and there for low-
current) form for transmission and back again
afterward, transformers enable economical transmission
of power over long distance. Consequently,
transformers have shaped the electrical supply industry,
permitting generation to be located remotely from
points of demand. All but a tiny fraction of the world’s
electrical power has passed through a series of
transforms by the time it reaches the consumer.

Transformers are also used extensively in electronic

products to step down the supply voltage to a level
suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain.
 The transformer also used electrically isolates the end
user from contact with the supply voltage.
Transformer range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge unit
weighing hundreds of tons used in power stations, or to
interconnect portions of power grids All operate on the same
basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While
new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers
in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
nearly all electronic devices designed for household
(“mains”) voltage. Transformer are essential for high voltage,
electrical power transmission, which make long distance
transmission. Single and audio transformers are used to
couple stages of amplifier and to match devices such as
microphones and record players to the input of the
amplifiers. Audio transformer allowed telephone circuit to
carry on a two-way conservation over a single pair of wires.
economically practical.
A balun transformer In the world of electronics, it’s common
to hear about two varieties of lines—balanced and
unbalanced. Balanced lines have two conductors, which
feature equal currents running in opposite directions. An
example of balanced lines is twisted pair cables. On the other
hand, unbalanced lines feature just one conductor and
ground, like a coaxial cable.

Baluns are two-port components that are placed between a

source and a load. They serve to join balanced lines to
unbalanced lines. The term “balun” is derived by combining
the words “balanced” and “unbalanced.” Baluns are a
specific variety of transformers used to convert unbalanced
signals into balanced ones (or vice versa).

They often isolate a transmission line and provide a balanced

output. While there has been a recent emphasis on the
importance of balun transformers,
They aren’t a new development. Baluns have been utilized to
resolve the single-ended/balanced dilemma since the early
days of wireless telephony.

However, recent expansion in the realm of portable,

handheld, and IoT applications has created exceptional
demand for small, low-power baluns.

Baluns are often viewed as a passive component and can

sometimes be “glossed over” in RF discussions because they
do not add noticeable value to the RF signal chain. Despite
this, baluns have numerous typical applications.

They are a critical part of countless electronic devices that

the public relies on daily.

Some of these include:

 TVs
 Antennas
 Microwaves
 Cable moderns
 Coax Alliance applications
Recent years have seen an increased use of differential
configurations when it comes to RF ICs.
Their internal topology allows for improved noise
immunity and heightened RF performance at a low-cost
increment. The nature of IC designs affords
manufacturers the capability to create products with
improved capabilities that cost less than their
predecessors. Converts a single that is referenced to ground
to a signal hath as balanced voltage to ground, such as
between external cables and internal circuits.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. The loss of power in the transmission lines is I2 R,

where I is strength of current and R is the resistance
of wires. To reduce the power loss, a.c. is transmitted
over long distance at extremely high voltages. This
reduces I in the same ratio. Therefore, I 2R becomes
negligibly low.
2. Permeability of magnetic material of transformer
core must be high.

3. Oiling in transformer provides insulation as well as

cooling.

4. The transformer core must be laminated to minimize

loss of energy due to eddy currents.

5. Safety from high voltage is maintained.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. PhysicstextbookforclassXII,1stEdition NCERT(2007).

2. Concepts of Physics, H.C.VERMA, 1STEdition,

Bharti Bhawan(1993).

3. Fundamentals of Physics , David Halliday,

Robert Resnick and Jearl walker, 7th Edition,
Wiley-India(2004)

4. Practical physics for classXII, J.S.Jaiswal and Dr.

Rajendra Singh ,3rd Edition ,
Laxmi Publications(2009).