DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, RANIPUR HARIDWAR

GEOGRAPHY
CLASS VIII
CHAPTER 4 INDUSTRIES

The word ‘industry’ refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of
minerals or the provision of services. Thus, we have the iron and steel industry (production of goods), coal
mining industry (extraction of coal) and tourism industry (service provider).

Secondary activities are those that involve processing natural resources. Industries which are involved in
making more valuable and useful goods from the products of primary activities such as agriculture, forestry,
fishing and mining are called secondary activities. Manufacturing of cloth from cotton, sugar from sugarcane
etc. are the examples of secondary activities
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES:
On the basis of Raw Material:

Agro-based industries Those industries which draw their raw material from agriculture are called
agro based industries.
Example: Textiles—cotton, jute, silk and woolen. Rubber, Sugar, Coffee, Tea
and Edible Oil, etc.

Mineral based industries They obtain their raw materials from minerals like Iron and steel, cement,
machine tools, petro-chemicals, etc. The products of mineral-based industries
are used in other industries as well.
Example: heavy machineries made of iron, which is used in most industries,
come after processing of iron ore in a mineral-based industry.
Marine-based industries These industries use products obtained from the sea and oceans as raw
materials.
Example: The Sea food industry or manufacturing fish oils are some examples.
Forest-based industries These industries use forest produce as raw material.
Example: Pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, building and furniture making
industries.

On the basis of Size:

Size refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.
Industries based on size are classified into household industries, small scale and large-scale industries.

Household industries They may also be called cottage industries, i.e. run by the members of the familyto
supplement their income. They are found both in rural and urban areas and are
engaged in the production of household items like agricultural tools, carpentry and
hand-woven textiles.
Small Scale Industries: These industries are neither too large nor too small and found almost in all countries
of the world. These industries use lesser amounts of capital and technology.
For example, chalk making, wood making, potato chips making, toys making,
liquid soap making, fruit juice production plant etc.
If the investment is less than one crore, then it is known as small scale industry. In
India, small scale industry gives employment to around 35% population

Large Scale Industries Large scale industries produce large volumes of products. Investment of capital is
higher, and technology is superior. For example, production of automobiles and
heavy machinery. If the investment is more than one crore, then it is called large
scale industries. After independence, India gave emphasis to this sector for
development.
On the basis of ownership: Industries can be classified into the following sectors:

Private Sector Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of
Industries individuals and companies for profit.
Example: Reliance, Apple, PepsiCo etc.

Public sector Public sector industries are owned and operated by the government. Public sectors
industries include public goods and governmental services such as the military, law
enforcement, infrastructure like public roads, bridges, water supply and
telecommunications etc.
Example: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited,
BHEL, SAIL, ONGC, NTPC, BSNL, etc.
Joint Sector Joint Sector Industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a
Industries group of individuals.
Example: Maruti Udyog Limited, Cochin Refineries and Gujarat State Fertilizers
etc.

Cooperative These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw
SectorIndustries materials, workers or both.
Example: Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy, the Coir industry in
Kerala and the Sugar industry in Maharashtra.

FACTORS AFFECTING LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES:

There are physical and human factors that influence the location of an industry.
Physical Factors and Human Factors:

1. Land and topography: It is the site of the industry. The factors concerning business operations,
future expansion, wastedisposal, flat land to suit the mobility are the factors that must be considered
before setting up an industry. The general physical features of the area affect the accessibility of raw
materials as well as delivery of finished products.
2. Raw Materials: Some raw materials like coal and many other minerals are required to produce finished
goods by industry. As a result, factories should be located close to the source of raw materials to save
shipping cost and time also.
3. Climate: It affects both human inputs as well as the operations of industry. Pleasant climate is a
major factor determining the emergence of major industrial regions of the world.
4. Labour: labour supply is important in two respects: large numbers of employees are always required and
people with skills or technological experience are needed. Cheap labour should be available for labour-
intensive manufacturing. Skilled labour is costly.
5. Capital: finance is required for the setting up of an industry, for its running and at the time of its expansion.
It includes the investments, banking operations and transactions involved in business ventures.
Market: Markets provide places where the industries can sell their finished products, so they want to locate
near the markets. The products manufactured by industry are sold in the market where both wholesalers
and retailers interact for business.
6. Transport: It is responsible for the smooth functioning of operations in the supply chain of
the raw material and finished products.
7. Power: the heavy industries need power to run machines. These industries are generally
localized near the areas where power is easily available. Electricity allows freedom, but most
industries have their own power stations.
8. Government Policies: Today, on account of globalization of industries and outsourcing, government
policies include the licensing system and labour policies play a major role in the location of industries.
Industrialization leads to the development and growth of towns and cities. Before setting up any industry
proper assessment is done by authorities and then it is permitted.
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM:
An industrial system includes all those factors that are necessary for the setting up of industries like input,
processing and output of manufacture. The complexities, for example, include the design, technologies,
engineering, the information system etc. Raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other
infrastructure are the inputs.

The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw materials into finished products. The result
or the outputs are the end of product and income earned from it. Industrial set ups also depend on the political
will.

Industrial Regions of the World: Industrial regions emerge when several industries locate close to each other
and share the benefits of their closeness. Major industrial regions tend to be in the temperate areas, near
seaports and especially near coalfields.
Major industrial regions of the world are eastern North America, western and Central Europe, Eastern Europe
and Eastern Asia. There are several definitions for industrial regions. It is commonly referred to as
manufacturing regions, others call them agglomeration economies.

Industrial Regions of India: In India

the industrial regions are
 Mumbai-Pune cluster
 Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region
 Hugli region
 Ahmadabad-Baroda region,
etc.
Industrial regions depend on
technological advancement of a
country too. Now industrial corridors
are being set up by countries to utilise
maximum potential. China-India
economic corridor is one of the
examples.

INDUSTRIAL DISASTER:
In industries, accidents/ disaster mainly occurs due to technical failure or irresponsible handling of
hazardous material.
Risk Reduction Measures:
Densely populated residential areas should be separated far away from the industrial areas.
People staying in the vicinity of industries should be aware of the storage of toxins or hazardous
substances and their possible effects in case an accident occurs.
Fire warning and fighting system should be improved in industries. Storage capacity of toxic substances
should be limited in industries.
Pollution dispersion qualities in the industries should be improved.
Adequate training for the workers should be given from time to time.
Industrial Development in India:
In India the development of organized industries was started in 1854 in Mumbai when cotton textile industry
was established. In 1855, the jute textile industry was started in Kolkata by foreign collaboration and capital.
Several industries were developed during the First and Second world wars due to government efforts. But the
real big development was started with the first five-year plan. During that period three steel plants were started
under the public sector and two were in the private sector.
Distribution of major industries:
The iron and steel industries and the information technology industries are the major industries of the world.
Among them, iron and steel and textile industries are the older ones whereas IT industry is the new developing
industry.
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY:
The iron and steel industry comprises various inputs, processes and outputs and it is a
mineral-based industry.
Steel is called the backbone of modern industry as almost everything is made of iron and steel.

It is tough, can easily be shaped, cut, or made into wire-special alloys can be made by adding
small number ofother metals such as aluminum, nickel, and copper.

It is a feeder industry whose products are used as raw material for other industries.

Inputs for the industry are raw materials (iron ore, coal and limestone, along with labour, capital, site and
other infrastructure).
The process of converting iron ore into steel involves many stages (raw material is put in the blast
furnace where it undergoes smelting and is then refined). Output obtained is steel (may be used by other
industries as raw material).

Important steel-producing centres:

Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro are situated in a region that spread over four states:
West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Visakhapatnam
in Andhra Pradesh, Salem in Tamil Nadu.
Jamshedpur:
Before 1947, there was only one iron and steel plant in the country. Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited
(TISCO)was privately owned. After Independence, the government took the initiative and set up several iron
and steel plants. TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and
Kharkai in Jharkhand. Later Sakchi was renamed Jamshedpur.

Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons:

Raw materials: TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite
and manganese from Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
Transport: It is only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal- Nagpur railway line
Market: It was near Kolkata which provided a large market for its supply.
Water supply: The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured sufficient water supply to the plant.
Government initiatives: Government provides adequate capital for its later development.

Pittsburgh:
Important steel city of the United States of America that enjoys the locational advantages.
Raw material: Coal is available locally, while iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about
1500km from Pittsburgh

Transport: One of the world’s best routes for shipping more cheaply, the famous Great Lakes
waterway lies between these mines and Pittsburgh. Trains carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the
Pittsburgh area. Finished steel is transported to the market by both land and water routes.

Water supply: Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply to the plant.

Market: Pittsburgh area has many factories that use steel as their raw material to manufacture railroad
equipment, heavy machinery and rails.