Industries

 Industrial activities are divided in three sectors – Primary sector,

Secondary sector and tertiary sector.
 Secondary activities are those activities which change raw materials into
products of more value.
 Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with
production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services.
 Industries are divided on the basis of raw material, size, and ownership.

1. Raw Material:
 Raw materials are basic material used in any industry and
they can be classified on the basis of raw materials.
Industries under this are of

1. agro-based(depends of agriculture products),

2. mineral-based (based on mines),
3. marine-based(water-based)
4. forest-based.
Size of Industries: Size refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people
employed and the volume of production.
Industries based on size are classified into two type of industries.
 small scale
 large scale.
S.NO Small scale Large scale
1 Small scale industries Large scale industries produce
manufacture products by hand large volumes of products.
and include cottage and
household industry.
2 These industries use lesser The investment of capital is
amount of capital and higher and technology is
technology superior.
3 In India, small scale industry After independence, India
gives employment to around gave emphasis to this sector
35% population. for development.

4 small scale industries are exist in Most developed nations shows

developing and under existence of large scale
developed world. industries on the other hand
more
5 Example- Basket-weaving, Example- production of
pottery, and other handicraft automobiles and heavy
industries. machinery.
 2. Ownership: On the basis of ownership, industries can be classified into
the following sectors:
 Private Sector Industries are owned and operated by
individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Bharat
Heavy Electrical Ltd., Indian Oil Cooperation.
 Public sector industries are owned and operated by the
government. For example, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
and Steel Authority of India Limited.
 Joint Sector Industries are owned and operated by the state
and individuals or a group of individuals. For example Maruti
Udyog Limited.
 Cooperative Sector Industries: These industries are owned
and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials,
workers or both. For example Anand Milk Union Limited and
Sudha Dairy. Initially, in India most of the industries were
under public sector but with passage of time privatisation
was done at extensive level.Factors Affecting Location
of Industries:
 The availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport
and market are the factorsctor affecting the location of industries.
 Industrialisation leads to development and growth of towns and cities.
 Before setting up of any industry proper assessement is done by authorities
and then it is permitted.
 In this era when global warming is occuring at faster pace, much attention is
to be given to environment aspect.
Industrial System:
 An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs.
 Raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other
infrastructure are the inputs.
 The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw materials
into finished products.
 The result or the outputs are the end of product and income earned from it.
 Industrial set ups also depends on the political will.
Industrial Regions:
 Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each
other and share the benefits of their closeness.
 Major industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea
ports and especially near coal-fields.
 Major industrial regions of the world are eastern North America, western and
Central Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia.
 In India the industrial regions are Mumbai-Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu
region, Hugli region, Ahmadabad-Baroda region, etc.
  Industrial regions depends on technological advancement of a country too.
 Now industrial corridors are being set up by countries to utilise maximum
potential. China-India economic corridor is one of the such examples.
Distribution of Major Industries:
 The iron and steel industry, the textile industry and the information
technology industry are world’s major industries.
 Iron and steel industries are located in Germany, USA, China, Japan and
Russia.
 Textile industries are locate in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and
Taiwan.
 The Silicon valley of Central California and Bangaluru region of India are the
major hubs of information technology industry.
 In India Iron and Steel industry base is found at Chota Nagpur Plateau which
is rich in mineral resources.
Iron and Steel Industry:
 Iron and steel industry comprises various inputs, processes and outputs and it
is a mineral-based industry.
 Inputs in this industry include raw materials such as iron ore, core and
limestone, labour, capital and other infrastructure. In processing iron ore is
converted into steel by undergoing different stages like smelting, refining.
Output results obtained is the steel.
 Steel is called the backbone of modern industry as almost everything is made
of iron and steel.
 In India, iron and steel industry has developed taking advantages of raw
materials, cheep labour, transport and market.
 Major steel-producing centres in India are-Bhilai, Durgapur, Bumpur,
Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro and is spread over four states-West Bengal,
Jharkhand, Odisha and Chattisgarh.
 TISCO was the first major steel producing company in India in 1907 at
Jamshedpur. The availibilty of water from subernrekha and Kharkai rivers,
railways conectivity, markets presence and cheap labour provide the basis for
its establishment.
 Technological know how make the industries to flurish.
Cotton Industry:
 This was based on cotton, Jute, flax and silk. India was the leading country in
18th century but could not face the competition from the mechanised weaving
of western world.
 The famous Muslin, Chintz, Calico were famous all across the world.
 The textile mill in Mumbai was the first successful mill established in 1854.
 Ahmadabad comes second in terms of textile production after Mumbai and it
is also known as ‘Manchester of India’.
 Osaka is known as ‘Manchester of Japan’.
Information Technology (IT):
 Information technology industry deals in the storage, processing and
distribution of information.
 The main factors guiding the location of these industries are resource
availability, cost and infrastructure.
 The major hubs of the IT industry are the Silicon Valley, California and
Bengaluru in India.
 Bengaluru is known as ‘Silicon Plateau’.
 IT hubs in metropolitian centres of India are Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad,
and Chennai.
 IT sector provides jobs to maximum population in service sector.
 Indian IT engineers and technology is considered to be best among the world.