Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 1 views

    Lecture Note-IV (E.M-III)(RKM)

    Uploaded by

    Himanshu Sahani
    Engineering Maths

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture Note-IV (E.M-III)(RKM)

    Uploaded by

    Himanshu Sahani
    1 views4 pages
    Engineering Maths

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Engineering Maths

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1 views4 pages

    Lecture Note-IV (E.M-III)(RKM)

    Uploaded by

    Himanshu Sahani
    Engineering Maths

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Lecture Note-IV (Test for convergence for alternating series)

    (Engg.Mathematics-III)
    Dr.Ramakanta Meher
    Leibnitz’s test for Alternating series:

     ( −1)
    n +1
    An alternating series un = u1 − u2 + u3 − u4 + .... ,where all un  0 , converges

    if

    (i) un  un +1 for every n (i.e. un  is a monotonically decreasing sequence)

    (ii) lim un = 0
    n →

    Note:

    (i) If a finite number of terms is neither alternating nor monotonic, then the

    series converges, if it is an alternating series with the conditions of the test

    satisfied for n greater than some M .

    (ii) If, sn is the sum of the first n -terms of the alternating series satisfying the

    conditions of Leibnitz’s test, then it can be shown that sn − l  un +1 .

    Thus the upper bound for the error in approximating the sum by n terms is

    given by the first unused term.

    Examples:

    1
     ( −1)
    n
    1. Test the convergence of the series sin
    n

    1
     ( −1) un , when un = sin and un → 0 as n →  .
    n
    This is an alternating series
    n

    Further, un  is a monotonically decreasing sequence, for


    Lecture Note-IV (Test for convergence for alternating series)
    (Engg.Mathematics-III)
    Dr.Ramakanta Meher
    1 1
    sin  sin , ( n  1)
    n +1 n

    Therefore, by Leibnitz test, the series is convergent.

    x x2 x3
    2. Test the convergence of the series − + − ...... ( 0  x  1) .
    1 + x 1 + x 2 1 + x3

     ( −1)
    n −1
    This is an alternating series un ,

    Where

    xn
    un = → 0 ( x n → 0 when 0  x  1 )
    1+ x n

    Further,

    xn x n +1
    un − un +1 = −
    1 + x n 1 + x n +1
    x n + x 2 n +1 − x n +1 − x 2 n +1
    =
    (1 + xn )(1 + x n+1 )
    x n (1 − x )
    =  0, ( x  1)
    (1 + x )(1 + x )
    n n +1

    Therefore, the terms are monotonically decreasing. The given series converges

    by Leibnitz’s test.

    Absolute and Conditional Convergence:

    An infinite series u n is said to be absolutely convergent if u n is convergent.

    If u n convergent and if u n diverges, then we say that u n is conditionally

    convergent.
    Lecture Note-IV (Test for convergence for alternating series)
    (Engg.Mathematics-III)
    Dr.Ramakanta Meher
    Theorem:

    Absolute convergence implies convergence. That is if u n converges, then u n

    converges.

    Proof: Since for each n , − un  un  un

    we have , 0  un + un  2 un

    If u n converges, then 2 u n converges and by the comparison test  (u n + un )

    converges. Therefore  (u n + un − un ) =  un converges.

    Note: If u n is divergent, u n is divergent.

    n n
    Example: Test the convergence of the series  ( −1)
    n −1
    .
    22 n + 1

    n n
     ( −1)
    n −1
    This is an alternating series un , where un =
    22 n + 1

    Hence the absolute series is u n .

    n n n n
    un =  = vn ,say
    22 n + 1 22 n

     
    Now vn n = n n  2  → 2  1 .
    1 1

    e  e
    Lecture Note-IV (Test for convergence for alternating series)
    (Engg.Mathematics-III)
    Dr.Ramakanta Meher
    Therefore, by the root test, v n converges and by the comparison test u n

    converges. That is, the given series is absolutely convergent. Since absolute

    convergence implies convergence, the given series is convergent.

    Note:

    Suggestions for choosing an appropriate test:

    1. If the series is an alternating series, use Leibnitz’s test. One can consider the

    absolute series and determine convergence by using the results that absolute

    convergence implies convergence. The last statement holds if the series contains

    positive and negative terms in some order.

    2. If the nth term contains factorials, the ratio test is suggested.

    3. The difference of finite powers of n in the numerator and denominator is

    suggestive of a comparison test.

    4. If the exponent of simple functions of n contain (without the occurrence of

    factorials) the root test is suggested.

    5. For power series, when the ratio or root test fails, the logarithmic is suggested

    un
    if Lim involves e , otherwise Rabbe’s test is suggested.
    un +1

    You might also like