ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA

Vol 33, No 1 (2024)

Entomologia hellenica 33(1)

Influence of the region and the sap flow of orange

trees on the population dynamics of Aonidiella
aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Mitidja (Algeria)

Khaoula AROUA

Copyright © 2024, Khaoula AROUA

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AROUA, K. (2024). Influence of the region and the sap flow of orange trees on the population dynamics of Aonidiella
aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Mitidja (Algeria). ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA, 33(1), 1–14. Retrieved from
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 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 33 (2024): 1–14
Received 10 April 2024 Accepted 09 June 2024 Available online 11 June 2024

Influence of the region and the sap flow of orange trees on the
population dynamics of Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera:
Diaspididae) in Mitidja (Algeria)

AROUA Khaoula1, 2*, MELLAL Hanane3, 4, KAYDAN Mehmet Bora5,

HANOUN Saida3, BOUKHOBZA Lalia6, OUANES Miyada4, NAILI
Oumaima3, 4, AICHE Mohamed Amine3, TANGE Denis Achiri7,8 &
BICHE Mohammed1
1
Department of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Natural and life Sciences, University of Abbes
Laghrour, 40004, Khenchela, Algeria.
2
Plant protection laboratory in agricultural and natural environments against crop pests,
Department of Agricultural and Forestry Zoology, ENSA, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
3
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Natural and life Sciences,
University of Abbes Laghrour, 40004, Khenchela, Algeria.
4
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health (BWEH), Faculty of Natural
and life Sciences, University of Abbes Laghrour, 40004, Khenchela, Algeria.
5
Biotechnology Development and Research Centre, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkiye.
6
Département des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie; Centre Universitaire Nour Bachir, 32000,
El-Bayadh, Algeria.
7
Department of Agronomic and Applied Molecular Sciences,Faculty of Agriculture and
Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea. P. O Box 63, 00237, Buea, Cameroon
8
Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Science, Biaka University Institute of Buea,
P.O. Box 77, 00237, Buea, SWR, Cameroon

ABSTRACT
The objective of this work is to study the influence of the region and the sap thrust on some
bioecological aspects of the red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha:
Diaspididae). The monitoring of the life cycle of A. aurantii has been conducted by periodic
counting of populations on different parts of the tree such as branches and leaves during two
consecutive years (2017 and 2018) in the region of Rouiba [36°44′00′′N; 3°17′00′′E] and Oued
El Alleug [36°44′00′′N; 3°17′00′′E]. The study of population dynamics shows that the armored
scale develops three annual generations on the orange tree in the regions of Rouiba and Oued
Alleug, which also coincide with the three flushes of sap: spring, summer and autumn. The spring
period also remains the most favorable for its development. In addition, it has a very marked
affinity for the center orientation and the branches of the tree, which offer it the optimal
conditions for its development. As for the previous species, the shift observed in the temporal
distribution depends essentially on the region (distance from the sea) but also on the triggering
of sap surges. In fact, it was determined that the three periods of activity in Oued Alleug began
a little later compared to those in Rouïba. In autumn and winter, the crawlers of the red scale
insect are more abundant in the center of the tree while in spring and summer they shelter in the
east of the tree where the climatic conditions are more favorable. The average values of fecundity

*Corresponding author: aroua.khaoula@univ-khenchela.dz / arouakhaoula@gmail.com

2 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 33 (2024): 1–14

varied from 1 to 20 crawlers/female in Rouïba, while in Oued Alleug, from 0 to 19

crawlers/female. The analysis of variance reveals that the factor year, month and region induce
a very highly significant difference (p<0.0001) in the two years in the region of Rouïba and Oued
Alleug with a probability of (p<0.0001). The distribution of neonate larvae was a good indicator
for understanding the red scale insect behavior. The findings of this study have huge implications
for A. aurantii control of red scale.
KEY WORDS: Sap thrust, orange tree, Rouiba, Oued Alleug.
complete desiccation of infected trees
Introduction within two to three years (Walker et al.,
Citrus fruits are economically important in 1999). In Algeria, studies conducted on the
monetary value, since this sector has an bioecology of the red scale are few (Biche
agricultural upstream and an industrial et al., 2012; Belguendouz et al., 2013;
downstream, because in addition to the Biche et al., 2016).
fresh sold products, a certain quantity is In recent years, a recrudescence of red
destined for processing. They represent the scale has presented severe infections on
most important fruit group in international most of the citrus plants including lemon
trade (Koutti and Bounaceur, 2013). trees, bitter orange trees, clementine trees
The orange culture occupies a very and orange trees, where the degree of attack
important part in the production of citrus is the same on the fruits as on the branches
fruits, and it represents a strategic segment and the leaves. The aim of this work was to
for our country. The production of oranges study red scale, which has both a qualitative
evolves from one year to another. This is and quantitative impact on fruits, its
reflected by the input of young plantations reproductive biology, dynamics, how they
planted in the recent years under the distribute in the plant and how they are
national agricultural development plan affected by seasonal distribution of crawler
(MADR, 2015). Unfortunately, this (mobile larvae) according to cardinal
production is confronted with several orientations and the composition of natural
difficulties, the most important of which are enemies on orange in Rouiba and Oued El
those related to diseases and pests. The Alleug for two years to be able to improve
diseases, such as psorosis (Citrus psorosis control and interventions.
virus (CPsV)), tristeza (Citrus tristeza virus
(CTV)) and Phytophthora gum disease are Materials and Methods
predominant in old plantations. Pests, such
Study site. This work was carried out in
as scale insects, aphids, whiteflies, mites,
two study sites in the east and west of the
leafminers etc cause enormous damage and
Mitidja. The first site is a private farm
affect the quality of citrus orchards
(agricultural exploitation) located in the
(Jacquemond et al., 2013). Hemipterans,
commune of Rouiba, Algers [36°432N
can cause significant yield losses or at the
3°162E], 7 km from the Mediterranean Sea
very least, diminish the quality of crops and
and at an altitude of 17 m. The second site
cause marketing problem (Quilici and al.,
is also a farm located in the commune of
2003; Biche et al., 2012). Citrus pests are
Oued El Alleug, Blida [36°332N 2°472E]
numerous, amongst them is included the red
and it is at an altitude of 54 m. Both sites
scale A. aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera:
contain several varieties of citrus. This
Coccomorpha: Diaspididae). This armored
experiment was conducted in an orange
scale insect is considered as one of the key
orchard (Figure 1).
pests of citrus worldwide (Quilici, 1993). If
not effectively controlled, it can cause

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AROUA et al: orange tree sap flow and population dynamics of Aonidiella aurantii 3

FIG. 1.: Localization of the studied field in Mitidja (Algeria).

Sampling and counting. The study was the different stages of development of the
conducted between the beginning of red scale insect on both sides of the leaves
December 2015 and December 2017. as well as on the branch for each cardinal
Vasseur’s and Schvester (1957) method direction, under the binocular magnifying
was used to accomplish this study. The glass. On the sampling cards the number of
sampling was done every 10 days, 3 times living individuals of each stage.
per month (36 outing per year in general).
The survey orchards were divided into 9 Data exploitation and statistical analysis.
plots, each plot containing 24 trees (216 The data were submitted to the various
trees in total). For each survey, 2 trees from statistical analyses to study the dynamics of
each sample plot were randomly sampled; a the total population of A. aurantii on orange
total of 18 trees were sampled. Two tree in the regions of Rouiba and Oued
branches of 20 cm of length and two leaves Alleug.
at man height for each cardinal direction Fecundity (F) of A. aurantii and the
and on the center of the tree were taken. The seasonal distribution (D) of crawler
samples were placed in Kraft paper bags on according to orientations were calculated
which all the sampling information (date, using the following expressions:
direction and region) were mentioned.
Along with the sampling, we supplement
our observations by recording the dates of F = Number of crawlers (mobile larvae) /
the sap bursts and the phenological stage of Number of females
the host plant in the two sites (flowering,
fruit set, growth and maturation). D = Number of crawler of each orientation
of the red scale*100 / Total number of
In the laboratory, the counting method crawlers.
comprised of recognizing and counting of

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4 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 33 (2024): 1–14

One-way analysis of variance three sap flushes. The first one has larger
(ANOVA) was conducted to compare the numbers and lasts about four to more five
effect of cardinal direction on the months. The second one, with less numbers
distribution of A. aurantii at different and lasts about three to five months. The
seasons. When there were statistically third one, on the other hand, lasts only two
significant differences at p<0.05, Duncan's months with lower numbers. It is noted that
multiple range test (DMRT) was used to the red scale insect presents a different
separate the means. SPSS (version 23) was behavior according to the region.
used for the analysis.
Indeed, we noticed a shift in the
development of the populations of A.
Results aurantii. The three periods of activity in
Population dynamics Oued Alleug started a little later compared
to those of Rouïba. We noticed a delay of
The results of the dynamics of the global 18 days in 2016 and 17 days in 2017 for the
population of orange tree in Rouïba and first generation. For the second generation,
Oued Alleug were obtained during the there was also a delay of 18 days in 2016
period from January 4, 2016, to December and 24 days in 2017. Finally, for the third
21, 2017, that is, a period of 2 years. The generation, we noted a delay of 43 days in
results reported in Figure 2 allows us to 2016 and 18 days in 2017.
distinguish three periods of intense activity:
spring, summer and fall in the two study
sites. They practically coincide with the

FIG. 2.: Fluctuation in global population numbers of A. aurantii on orange trees in Rouïba and
Oued Alleug from January 2016 to December 2017.

In 2016, the first peak of the overall individuals in Rouïba and on April 22 with
populations was noted on April 2 with 1184 728 individuals in Oued Alleug for the first

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AROUA et al: orange tree sap flow and population dynamics of Aonidiella aurantii 5

generation. The second peak was noted on Population distribution by plant organ
August 3 with 928 individuals in Rouïba The red scale on orange trees prefers to
and on August 21 with 558 individuals in settle on the branches than on the leaves.
Oued Alleug. The last peak was recorded on Indeed, we noted in Rouiba a rate of
October 23 with 353 individuals in Rouïba 76.72% in 2016 and 54.80% in 2017 but in
and on December 3 with 225 individuals in Oued Alleug we recorded a rate of 68.67%
Oued Alleug. in 2016 compared to 73.60% in 2017.
As for the year 2017, we noticed a first Although the red scale insect was
total population peak on April 23 with 845 significantly less present on the leaves, in
individuals in Rouïba and on May 4 with Rouiba it was found on the upper surface
548 individuals in Oued Alleug for the first with a rate equal to 12.93% in 2016 while
generation. The second population peak 31.50% in 2017. In Oued Alleug we
was noted on August 21 with 448 recorded a rate of 17.63% in 2016 as
individuals in Rouïba and september 14 opposed to 13.54% in 2017. On the
with 595 individuals in Oued Alleug. The underside of the leaves, we noted a low rate
last peak was recorded on November 23 that did not exceed 13.70% in the 2 study
with 263 individuals in Rouïba and on sites and for the two years of study also
December 3 with 500 individuals in Oued (Fig. 3).
Alleug.

FIG. 3.: Distribution according to plant organ of A. aurantii populations on orange trees in
Rouïba and Oued Alleug from January 2016 to December 2017.

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6 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 33 (2024): 1–14

Cardinal distribution recorded a rate of 44.58% in 2016 and 67,

The center of the tree was the most 81% in 2017. This location seems to be a
affected by this scale. Indeed, we noted in preferential place for this scale insect in
Rouïba a rate of 57.31% in 2016 and both sites and for both years of study (Fig.
30.13% in 2017 while in Oued Alleug we 4).

FIG. 4.: Cardinal distribution of A. aurantii populations on orange trees in Rouïba and Oued
Alleug from January 2016 to December 2017.

Seasonal distribution of crawlers (mobile continues its migration towards the center
larvae) according to cardinal of the tree to mark percentages higher than
orientations 54% in Rouiba and higher than 43.51% in
The seasonal distribution of crawlers of A. Oued Alleug and low percentages on the
aurantii according to orientations showed other orientations. In spring, when the
identical behavior on orange trees, in both climatic conditions become more favorable,
study sites and in both years (Fig. 5). the mobile larvae migrate from the center of
the tree to the east of the tree to mark
In autumn, the center of the tree percentages higher than 64.22% in Rouiba
represents the most desired place by the and higher than 28.16% in Oued Alleug
mobile larvae for the fixation with followed by the center. In summer, the
percentages higher than 54.93% in Rouiba summer population continues its migration
and higher than 34.51% in Oued Alleug for towards the east of the tree to mark a
both years. In winter, the population percentage that exceeds 28.80%.

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AROUA et al: orange tree sap flow and population dynamics of Aonidiella aurantii 7

FIG. 5.: Cardinal distribution of A. aurantii populations on orange trees in Rouïba and Oued
Alleug from January 2016 to December 2017.

In addition, ANOVA analyses revealed years of study. In winter, the insects

that cardinal directions of the tree are significantly preferred the center, followed
statistically significant, influenced the by the southern directions of the trees. The
distribution of mobile larvae of A. aurantii spring season showed a migration of A.
on orange trees, in both regions and both aurantii from the center to the east.

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8 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 33 (2024): 1–14

A similar pattern to that of spring was Study of overall fecundity

observed in summer. In the fall, the insects The reading of the results of the average
also migrated to the center of the trees. fecundity shows that there are three periods
For all seasons, the western orientations of laying which coincided mainly with the
remained the least desirable. The center of three sap flushes of the plant in the two sites
the trees gave the insect the best and for the two years of study: a spring, a
microclimatic conditions for its summer and an autumn laying. The first one
development. This only implies that presents important averages and lasts from
effective and efficient control of A. aurantii four to five months approximately. The
in winter and summer requires careful second with less important averages and
application of insecticides in the center of lasts approximately three months. The third
trees. one, on the other hand, lasts only two
months with smaller averages (Fig. 6).

FIG. 6.: Average fecundity in A. aurantii on orange trees in Rouïba and Oued Alleug from
January 2016 to December 2017.

Furthermore, we noted a time lag in the March where the first peak of fecundity was
average fecundity of A. aurantii. The three noted on March 2 with an average of 20
periods of activity in Oued Alleug started a larvae / female. The second oviposition
little late compared to those in Rouïba. We started during the first ten days of June and
noted a shift of 33 days (in 2016) and 21 ended around the beginning of September
days (in 2017) for the first generation, 18 where the peak was noted on June 24 with
days (in 2016) and 17 days (in 2017) for the an average equal to 16.67 larvae/female.
second and 41 days (in 2016) and 23 days The third oviposition began during the
(in 2017) for the third. second ten days of September and ended by
the end of December. The last peak of egg
In 2016, the first period of oviposition
laying was recorded on October 13 with a
in Rouïba started in the first ten days of
rate of 7.50 larvae/female.
February, which coincided with the first
flush of sap and ended towards the end of

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AROUA et al: orange tree sap flow and population dynamics of Aonidiella aurantii 9

On the other hand, in Oued Alleug the "Date" on the fecundity of A. aurantii has a
first period of oviposition, began during the very highly significant effect for (p <
second ten days of February and ended 0.0001) and a significant effect for the
towards the end of June with a peak noted factor region (p =0.0269).
on April 4 with a maximum average equal
to 19 crawler /female. The second Discussion
oviposition began in the second decade of
June and ends on October 21. The second The A. aurantii’s number of generations
peak was noted on August 12 with an that have been studied on orange trees, over
average equal to 12.38 crawler /female. two years; 2020, 2021, in Rouiba and Oued
Finally, the third peak began in late October Alleug regions, Algeria, were three annual
and ended in late December. The last peak generations, one in each of spring, summer
was on November 23 with an average of and fall. Our results confirm those reported
8.50 larvae/female. by Biche et al. (2012) and Belguendouz
(2014). El Kaoutari et al. (2004) and
In 2017, the first period of oviposition Belguendouz et al. (2013) stated that the
of the red scale insect in Rouïba began California Red Scale, has a very variable
around the last ten days of February and number of generations, largely influenced
ended by the end of March passing by the by the climatic conditions of the region,
first peak on March 13 with an average particularly the temperature and
equal to 18 crawler/female. The second precipitation levels.
oviposition started during the first ten days
of June and ended by the end of September. The California Red Scale insect has a
The second peak was recorded on June 24 great capacity for adaptation to climatic
with an average of 10 crawler/female. variations (Belguendouz et al., 2013). In
Finally, the third period of egg laying began certain regions of the world, the number of
during the second ten days of September A. aurantii generations can reach up to
and ended towards the end of December seven per year. In the Tadla region,
with a peak on 23 October with an average Morocco, El Kaoutari et al. (2004) noted
of 8 crawler/female. But in Oued Alleug the that this insect has developed four
first period of spawning, began towards the generations. In South Africa, this armored
end of February and ended towards the end scale insect is present throughout the year,
of July and the peak of fecundity was noted developing four annual generations and up
on April 3 with an average equal to 18.25 to seven in sunny environments (Bedford,
crawler/female. While the second spawning 1998). Grout and Richards (1989), by using
began during the first ten days of August sex pheromone traps, recorded four to six
and ended on October 15, the second peak generations / year on orange trees and five
was on August 11 with an average equal to to seven generations / year on lemon trees.
13.86 crawler/female. The third spawning According to Miller and Davidson (1990),
started towards the end of October and the California Red Scale has scored two to
ended by the end of December and the last three generations per year in California, six
peak was reached on November 15 with an in Argentina and four in Cyprus. Asplanato
average equal to 10.50 crawler/female. The et al, (2002), noted three A. aurantii
average values of fecundity varied from 1 generations in Uruguay. In Italy,
to 20 crawlers/female in Rouïba. While in Tumminelli et al, (1996) observed between
Oued Alleug it varied from 0 to 19 three and five generations as well as in
crawler/female. Spain (Pekas, 2010).

The results of the analysis of variance

(ANOVA) show that the effect of the factor

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10 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 33 (2024): 1–14

During our observations, it was possible conditions for its development.

to discover a continuous presence of the Additionally, Smirnoff (1950) noted that
various insect stages throughout the entire shade creates favorable microclimatic
year, which was due to the overlapping conditions with very low evaporation and
generations resulting from the continuous higher humidity, influencing red scale
emission of crawler by the females. Indeed, insect population. It is possible that the high
El Kaoutari et al. (2004) and Biche (2012) abundance of A. aurantii populations in the
asserted that the A. aurantii generations are center of the tree may be linked to the
all overlapping. In the present study, we influence of shade.
found that the larval stages and adult
Furthermore, our results showed that
females were the most predominant stages
this scale insect is more abundant on
in Cochineal populations, this current result
branches than on leaves. This aligns
was agreement with that of Boutaleb and El
perfectly with the findings of El Kaoutari et
Hardouni, (2011).
al. (2004), who reported that the branches
The adult female stage was the most are the most occupied area by the
resistant, especially at low temperatures Cochineal, because they better maintain
and heavy precipitation, because of their Cochineal populations. Alongside
thick shield and their body’s encystment. temperature and humidity, the effects of
Our findings were similar to those of which have been extensively discussed
Benassy and Bianchi (1974), who found previously, Abbassi (1980) noticed that
that the overwintering stages of A. aurantii light constitutes a third factor that directs
include the second stages and the adult the activity of neonate larvae and defines
females. According to El Kaoutari et al. their level of fixation on trees.
(2004), an increase in temperature
Likewise, we observed that spring is the
stimulates the resumption of activity of the
best season for A. aurantii proliferation.
overwintering stages. It is only in summer
The results obtained by Biche et al. (2012)
that the biological activity is optimal, and
in the Rouiba region on lemon trees are
these results are consistent with those
similar to ours.
shown by Belguendouz et al. (2013).
Concerning fertility, the study showed
Scale insects always seek out places that
that the slope is much higher during the
provide the best conditions for their
spring and summer seasons. Stofberg
development (Biche et al., 2012). Their
(1937) reported the same result for the
distribution according to the plant organ
California Red Scale, noting that fertility is
and cardinal orientation, as well as their
greater throughout the summer season on
seasonal distribution, is primarily
orange trees. Contrary to our findings, Bliss
influenced by climatic factors, specifically
et al. (1931) observed that the fertility of A.
temperature and precipitation. Carroll and
aurantii on lemon trees is higher in the
Luck (1984) observed that the California
spring.
Red Scale locates itself mainly on parts of
the tree that contain the highest nutrient The statistical analysis demonstrated
content. The obtained results showed that that orientation, stage, season, and plant
the insect exhibited a marked preference for organ significantly influence the total
the center of the tree. Effectively, Biche et population development of A. aurantii. As
al. (2012) and Belguendouz (2014) a result, we can infer that light, seasonal
affirmed that the red scale insect prefers to climate changes, and nutrient source appear
concentrate much more in this part of the to be limiting factors for the red scale insect
tree, because it searches for the least sunny development and proliferation, as
zones that offer the necessary microclimatic underlined by several authors (Abbassi,

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AROUA et al: orange tree sap flow and population dynamics of Aonidiella aurantii 11

1980; Biche and Sellami, 1999; and Maher, good development, this explains the results
2002). These authors have also indicated we have found. In fall and winter, the larvae
that the host plant is responsible for were more abundant in the center of the
numerous bioecological variations in the tree, while in spring and summer they
insect, such as the difference found in the migrated towards the east direction of the
spatiotemporal distribution of A. aurantii trees, seeking more favorable microclimatic
on the feeding organ, the geographic region, conditions, notably temperature and
the period of year, and particularly the host luminosity.
plant.
The branches were the preferred
location for the red scale insect to attach,
Conclusion rather than the leaves. Fertility has been
The California Red Scale developed three influenced by ecological factors. Larvae are
generations per year; one in spring, one in emitted throughout the year, resulting in
summer and one in fall. The adult female overlapping generations. According to our
stage was the most dominant, with a rarity results, shaded areas promoted higher
of adult males. The distribution of neonate fertility. Fertility was higher in the center of
larvae was a good indicator for the tree, on the lower side of the leaves, and
understanding the red scale insect behavior, on the branches. It is also noted to be higher
since it is the only mobile stage. As in spring and summer compared to other
mentioned above, the red scale insect was seasons.
always looking for areas that ensure its

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Επίδραση της γεωγραφικής περιοχής και της ροής του χυμού

της πορτοκαλιάς στη δυναμική των πληθυσμών του Aonidiella
aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) στη Mitidja (Αλγερία)
AROUA Khaoula1, 2*, MELLAL Hanane3, 4, KAYDAN Mehmet Bora5,
HANOUN Saida3, BOUKHOBZA Lalia6, OUANES Miyada4, NAILI
Oumaima3, 4, AICHE Mohamed Amine3, TANGE Denis Achiri7,8 &
BICHE Mohammed1

ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ

Στόχος αυτής της εργασίας ήταν να μελετήσει την επίδραση της γεωγραφικής περιοχής και της
ροής του χυμού σε ορισμένες βιοοικολογικά χαρακτηριστικά του Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell)
(Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae). Η παρακολούθηση του βιολογικού κύκλου του A.
aurantii διεξήχθη με τακτική καταγραφή των σταδίων ανάπτυξής του σε διαφορετικά φυτικά
μέρη των δένδρων, όπως κλάδους και φύλλα κατά τη διάρκεια δύο διαδοχικών ετών (2017 και
2018) στις περιοχές Rouiba [36°44′00′ 'Ν; 3°17′00′′E] και Oued El Alleug [36°44′00′′N;
3°17′00′′ Α]. Η μελέτη της δυναμικής του πληθυσμού έδειξε ότι στην πορτοκαλιά, στις περιοχές
Rouiba και Oued Alleug, το είδος αναπτύσσει τρεις γενεές / έτος, οι οποίες χρονικά συμπίπτουν
με τις αντίστοιχες τρεις αυξήσεις την κινητικότητας του φυτικού χυμού των δένδρων: άνοιξη,
καλοκαίρι και φθινόπωρο. Η περίοδος της άνοιξης είναι η πιο ευνοϊκή για την ανάπτυξη του
εντόμου. Επιπλέον, έχει πολύ έντονη τάση συγκέντρωσης προς το εσωτερικό και τους κλάδους
του δέντρου, που του εξασφαλίζουν καταλληλότερες συνθήκες για την ανάπτυξή του. Όπως και
σε άλλα είδη, η χρονική εμφάνιση της κάθε γενεάς εξαρτάται από τη γεωγραφική θέση των
φυτών ξενιστών (απόσταση από τη θάλασσα) αλλά και από την κινητικότητά των φυτικών

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 14 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 33 (2024): 1–14

χυμών. Διαπιστώθηκε ότι οι τρεις περίοδοι εντονότερης δραστηριότητας του εντόμου στην
περιοχή Oued Alleug ξεκίνησαν λίγο αργότερα από ότι στην περιοχή Rouïba. Το φθινόπωρο και
τον χειμώνα, οι έρπουσες του κοκκοειδούς καταγράφονται κυρίως στο κέντρο της κόμης του
δέντρου, ενώ την άνοιξη και το καλοκαίρι εγκαθίστανται κυρίως στην ανατολική πλευρά της,
όπου οι συνθήκες για την ανάπτυξή τους είναι πιο ευνοϊκές. Οι μέσες τιμές γονιμότητας
κυμάνθηκαν από 1 έως 20 έρπουσες/θήλυ στην περιοχή Rouïba, ενώ στην περιοχή Oued Alleug,
από 0 έως 19 έρπουσες/θήλυ. Η ανάλυση διακύμανσης δείχνει ότι οι παράγοντες έτος, μήνας και
περιοχή προκάλεσαν σημαντικές διαφορές (p<0,0001) στη βιολογία του εντόμου κατά την
περίοδο της μελέτης στις περιοχές Rouïba και Oued Alleug, με πιθανότητα (p<0,0001). Η
κατανομή των ερπουσών απετέλεσε έναν καλό δείκτη για την κατανόηση της συμπεριφοράς του
κοκκοειδούς. Τα ευρήματα αυτής της μελέτης έχουν πολύ μεγάλη σημασία για τον έλεγχο του
κοκκοειδούς εντόμου A. aurantii.

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