ANSWERS

1. (a)(i)
(ii)

(b)(i) Period 2, two energy levels

(ii) I. A2 has greater atomic number than A1
A2 has greater nucleus charge than A1
A2 has more protons than A1.
Therefore across the period from left to right nuclear charge, exert greater pull on electrons
hence reduction in size.
II. A4 gains electrons, incoming electron is repelled by existing electrons then electrons cloud
increases
(iii)A2
(iv)

2. (a)(i) -magnesium is more reactive than copper; Mg reduces Cu2+ to Cu/copper ions are removed
from the solution
-
(ii) in the presence of air(oxygen)and water, iron is oxidized to hydrated iron (III) oxide which is a
brown substance/rust
(b) -add ammonia solution in excess
-add NaOH until in excess
-add HCl or H2SO4;soluble carbonate/soluble
(c)(i)-heat strongly, cool and weigh repeatedly until a constant mass is obtained.
(ii)

3. ii) SO3 concentration would decrease since high temp favours reverse reaction (decomposition of
SO3).
b) i) Excess air used to ensure optimum yield of SO3
ii) Temperature of 450°C to ensure equilibrium is attained faster.
iii) Pressure slightly in excess of one atmosphere is economical // less expensive.
iv) Catalyst used to enable equilibrium be attained faster.
c) i) SO2(g) oxidation state of S increases +4 to +6 // takes away combined oxygen from NO2
ii) Acid rain corrodes metallic roofs and cemented walls.
 iii) Scrubbing SO2 is reacting SO2 with a base to form a less harmful compound.
4. a) Chemical reaction Nuclear reaction
Involves valency electrons Involves the nucleas (P and N)
Rate of chemical reaction is
Dependent on temp and pressure Reaction?s independent of external
factors(eternal conditions)
No huge amount of energy involved Huge amount of energy involved.
No change in mass There is mass change.

b) (i) I - alpha particle

III - Beta particle
(ii) 210 PO >206 Pb + 4 He
84 82 2 Conventional way of writing

c) I 20 minutes (value to be read from graph +2)

II % value at 70 min from graph 9 % +2
Mass = 0.16X100
9 (value must be read from the graph +2)
d) -Treatment of cancer
- Sterilization of surgical equipment
- Regulation of heat pace makers
- Detection of uptake of iodine 131 in kidneys.

5. (a) (i) Propanoic acid (1mk)

(ii) Pent - 1 - ene (1mk)
(iii) But - 1 - yne (1mk)
(b) (i) Ethane (1mk)
(ii) C3H6Cl2 (1mk)
(iii) I. Water/ steam/ Conc H2SO4 (1mk)
II. Acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
(iv) 2CH3CH2CH2OH + 2Na 2CH3CH2CH2ONa + H2 (1mk)
(c) Cleansing agent has the hydrophilic (1/2mk) and hydrophobic ends (1/2mk), the hydrophobic end
is attracted to grease (1/2mk) while the hydrophilic end attracted to water (1/2mk) during agitation the
grease is pulled off (1/2mk) the cloth then surrounded by soap molecules (1/2mk).

6. 3 (a) (i) To remove oxide layer on the metal.

(ii) Beaker I:

Bubbles of a colourless gas / effervescence

Solution tums green;

the size of iron rod decreases

 Beaker II:

The solution remained colourless

No bubbles/effervescence

iii) Beaker I:

Iron is above hydrogen in the reactivity

Series therefore will react with the acid to form iron(II) sulphate (F eSO4 )

which is green and produces hydrogen gas.

or

Iron is more reactive than hydrogen hence it reacts with sulphuric(VI) acid to

produce hydrogen gas and ir0n(IIl) sulphate which is green.

Beaker II:

Copper is below hydrogen hence no reaction will take place.

(b)

(i) To dry hydrogen gas.

(ii) Calcium oxide /anhydrous calcium chloride /silica gel.

(iii) To suck the products of the burning into the boiling tube.

(iv) Water , ,

(V) Boil the liquid. If it boils at 100°C/ constant, then this con?rms that it is

water.

or

freeze the liquid . if it freezes at 0°C,then this confirms that it is water

determine density of liguid if its 1 g/cm3 then it is water.

(Accept any one correct @ lmk)

(vi) Dry -The substance is free from m0isture.

Anhydrous - The substance has lost its water of crystallization through heating
 to form anhydrous substances.

7. (a) Sublimation

(b) Add ethanol to the mixture. Filter and evaporate filtrate to obtain red dye. Add water to the residue.
Filter to obtain sunflower flour. Evaporate filtrate to obtain salt.

(c) (i) W accepts electrons more readily than X. W has small atomic radius/ W has less energy levels
than X/ W has less screening effect than X/ W has greater effective nuclear attraction than X. W is more
electro negative than X.

(ii) T has a lower melting point than R because it exists in simple molecular form with weak Van der
Waals forces while R has strong metallic bonds.

(iii) (I) Q

(II) N

(d) (i) Elements Compounds

- Iodine - Water
- Diamond - Candle wax

(ii) - making drilling bits/making glass cutters

- Jewellery

8. (a)

(b)(i)Coloured water moves towards the flask.Cold cloth contributes to decrease in temperature
causing decrease in volume; this creates a vacuum making the ink to move towards the flask.
(ii)Charle?s law
(c)(i)W+(aq), W2(g) / Pt
(ii)U, Z, W2, V, Y
(iii)V2+/ V and W+/ W2
(iv) e.m.f= 0.00- (-0.40)
= +0.40 V

9. (i)
 (ii)

(b) Propan -1-ol dissolves in water because it is polar while Prop-l-ene is non-polar.

(c) The purple colour would be decolourised because oil from nuts is unsaturated. contains a

double bonds

(d) Hydrogenation

(e) Add NaOH /KOH to the oil (1 mark), stir(1/2 mark), boil the mixture (1/2 mark ) . Add NaC1
solution (1 mark), skim off or filter.

(f) Moles of KOH = 62.5x0.08

1000

= 0.005 Moles

0.44 = 0.005
R.M.M
R.M.M = 0.44
10. a) Electrolysis // Hall/ Heroult cell

b) Al2O3 . Al2O3. H2O /al2O3. 2H2O

 c) i) Iron
ii) Add hot cone. NaoH /KOH2, silca and AlO3 dissolves. Filter iron(iii) oxide. Bubble CO2
through filtrate/ add water/ add Al(OH)3 to precipitate. Al(OH)3. Filter al (OH)3 / silca
remain in solution.
iii) Oxide Fe2O3 silica Silica SiO2

d) Lower melting point of Aluminum oxide/Acts as an electrolyte.

e) The oxide ion (O2-) is discharged at the graphite to form carbon dioxide.

f) The reaction of aluminium with oxygen forms a firm layer of aluminium oxide. This layer
prevents aluminium metal from further attack.
11. (a) (i) - It acts as a preservative
- It gives it taste/adds flavour/sweetens

(ii) Effervescence/ fizzing/bubbles/sound (1) CO2 is dissolved under pressure in the soft drink. On
opening, the pressure is released the pressure is decreased.

(iii) H2CO3

(b) (i) 2Zn(NO3)2(s)------------> 2ZnO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

(ii) Moles of Zn(NO3)2 = 5.76 = 0.03 moles

189.4

Moles of NO2 = 2x 0.03 = 0.06

Moles of O2 = 0.03 = 0.015

2
Total no. of moles of gases = 0.06 + 0.015 = 0.075

Volume of gases = 0.075 x 24 = 1.8 dm3

2
(iii) Nitrogen. Its oxidation state decreases/oxidation state changes from +5 to +4.
12. (a)
(i) C = 2.8 ; F = 2.8.8
(ii) Period 3
Group II
(b) B has a giant metallic structure with strong metallic bonds hence B.P very high compared to F
which has molecular structure with weak van der waal forces between the molecules hence low B.P.
(c) BG2
(d) Chloride of A is ionic has strong ionic bonds hence high B.P.While C has molecular structure with
weak van der waal forces hence low B.P.
(e) A2O C2O3 DO2 G2O7 G2O
(f) C2O3 its amphoteric.
(g) +4
13. a)
 (i) Metal K - zinc
(ii) Acid A- dilute sulphuric (vi) acid
(iii) Salt C- zinc sulphate
b)
(i) A solution that cannot dissolve any more of solute at given temperature.
(ii) Allow crystallization.
(iii) Dip a glass rod when heating. Allow solution on glass rod to cool. Formation of crystal.
c) To ensure all the acid have reacted.
d) Filtration: To remove excess metal K.
e) W1 Zinc hydroxide
W2 Barium sulphate
S1 Tetra ammine zinc (ii) hydroxide.
f)
14. (a) (i) Heat ( Rej. Warm)
(ii) I Reagent K K2 CO3 (aq) / NaCO3 (aq) / (NH4)2 CO3
II Gas Q Oxygen
III S Nitric acid/ HNO3
R Nitrous acid / HNO2
(iii) I Pb (OH)42-(aq)

II PbP(s) + H2 (g) ?Pb(s) + H2O(l) (g)

(b) (i) Cheap, corrosion resistant/ durable/ lead is poisonous/ Flexible

(ii) Lead is poisonous/ harmful

(c) (i) The reaction produces insoluble lead (II) sulphate which coats the surface of Pb (NO3)2
preventing further constant ( mention of lead nitrate is a must.)
(ii) KNO3 / NaNO3

15. (a)(i) R - (l) it has the largest atomic radius with the weakest nuclear attraction for outermost electron
(1)
(ii)Across the period the atomic radius decreases due to the increase in nuclear attraction(1).
Number of electrons in P is greater than in H.
(iii)2M (s) + 2H2O(l) 2MOH(aq)+H2(g)
Moles of H2 = 200 = 0.0083
24000
Moles of M = 0.0083 X 2 = 0.0166
Mass of M = 0.0166
RAM
Mass of M = 0.0166 x 7
Mass of M = 0.117g
W- (1) forms a basic oxide which forms an ionic bond(1)
Y- (1) the oxide is gaseous that forms a neutral solution(1)
U- (1) the oxide is solid at room temperature, which is acidic with covalent bond (1)
16. (i)
(I) F
 (II) G

(ii) Manganese (IV) oxide oxidises hydrogen to water/depo1ariser.

It increases the surface area of the electrolyte

(b) (i) Cathode J

(ii) Cu(s) --------------> Cu2+(aq) + 2e1

(iii) Slag /impurity / sludge

(iv)

(v) Uses of copper metal

- soldering bits / wires
- Electrical cables and alloys - coins, ornaments/lightening arrestors/ diodes/ calorimeters.
17. (a)
(i) Chlorine
Solid N - Potassium manganate (VII).
M - Conc HCl
SO2 - N is sodium sulphite/ Potassium sulphate
M is dilute HCl/ H2SO4

(ii)
 (b) Presence of SO2
- Use of acidified potassium dichromate (VI)(1) which turns from orange to green
- Bubble gas through acidified potassium manganate (VII) which decolourises/ changes i.e from
purple to colourless.
- Iron (III) sulphate solution - yellow/brown changes to green.
- Bromine water colour changes from yellow/brown / orange to colourless

(c) - Fumigation - Bleaching agent

- Preservative - Disinfectant
- Antioxidant

18. (a) Ammonia or Copper (II) Chloride

This is because they form ions or ionize when they dissolve in water.
(b) (i)

(ii) Potassium nitrate, potassium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, potassium sulphate,
sodium sulphate.
(c) (i) Improve appearance/ beautify
To prevent rusting/ corrosion.
 (ii) 108 x (0.5 x 60 x 60)
1 x 96500
= 2.01g

19. (a)
(i) I. Condensation
II. Melting
(ii) Iodine, Benzoic acid, Camphos, Dry Ice. Solid Co2 Naphthalene
(iii) H2O(g) ?H2O(g)
(b)
(i) I.Van des waals and hydrogen bonding
II.Van des waals forces
(ii) I. The separation distance is smaller during fusion than during vaporization hence requires much
lower energy than in vaporization and vice versa.
II. Heating time NP is far much less than heating time in QR/ Heating time
(c)
(i) Hydrogen burns to produce steam which is a non pollutant/ does not cause pollution to the
environment
- Hydrogen has a high energy content hence very small amount produce a lot of heat energy
- Hydrogen is renewable hence cannot be exhausted/ used completed.