TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Exam.

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE Full Marks BO

Examination Control Division Programme BEL Pass Marks : 32

2077 Chaitra Year /Part IV/II Time 3 hrs.

Subject: - Biomedical Instrumentation (Etective I, (EX76505)

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own'uvords as far as practicable.
Attempt All questions.
Thefigures in the margin indicate Full Marks.
Assume suitable data if necessat)). t@*ffiffiB
istryeeryEi
1. a) What is Cardiac fibrillation? How is it caused? What is the solution to restore the
more normal cardiac rhyhm during cardiac fibrillation? Describe your solution with
necessary diagram and explain its function.
t8l
b) Draw a Basic Pulse Echo Apparatus. How it operates? Describe its Amplitude
modulated and Brightness modulated dispiay modes.
t8l
2. a) What is Electromyograply? Explain its recording technique with proper types of
electrodes. Describe the design of electrodes you have chosen. Is EMG recording
technique is useful for sports medicine?
t8l
b) Expiain the basic principle of CT-SCAN Machine. Ho-w images are scanneC in
CT-Scanner? Define its profiie. What are the differences between CT and digital
x-ray machine?
t8l
3. a) What types of transducer is used in Ultrasonic blood flow meter? Describe it
equivalent circuit and output performances. By using ultrasonic transducer how blood
flow in certain blood vessel are measured? Expiain it briefly.
t8l
b) What is Dialyzer? How it works as a mass exchanger during application in medicine?
Draw a lay-out diagram for ESWL machine. What are the major components of this
machine?
t8l
4. a) What is leakage current? How a cardiac patient is protected from this current during
treatment? Draw a protective circuit diagram assuming 500f) patient resistance and
100 pA leakage current with low value of ground wire. How much value of leakage
current will flow through a patient? Show it is the circuit diagram.
t8l
b) What is wireless Telemetry system? Design a Telemedicine using mobile
communication devices to transmit an ECG signal of a patient to the hospital during
medical evacuation.
t8l
5. Write short notes on:
[2x 8]
a) Man Instrument system and design consideration factors
b) ECG Recording configurations with 12 leads
***
J NATIONTAL COLLEGE OF'trNGINtrERNG

QUESTION BANK
Biomedical Instrumentation
(EIective IIXEX76505)

BEL IV/II

BIO13
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 15 C TR}BHU\i,{I,NTINIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
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Examination Control Division
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2075 Bhadra
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sysrrna nf h*sp.itals *nd Medic*i
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iurrolvns,tire ****r*r**nt
r)*srrihe *&u$e$ *f irakmge *urrcnt
and ils ttpes.
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and multi-chairnei tcremetry.
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tr *,,'-"r *ffi ffi ;;[Jr"]* *,-**,unrn* i
t8l
Describe different types of dialyzers. J defibrillator?
il] Xlgit*rihc tho.qvc{er'r r!,\*\Hr1h"aa+". -r.^ry. t8l
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dffiffi.*-|",|,{,fi }_#L,1.ffi_Yj}1,
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ur;rl, nlr,-*T*uri*
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it*l*r**} fijs*as*s. Hxpiain thm [fi]
}2 l**ds *or:Jiguration fr:r
5ffi-Tffitrffi:ll-X**"*'esr;1*}' Als* dwsc::u,*" il,* K},tr}d;d
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*I**:tr*eies rvith r*rmtgd ili*grnrns: --."'ilru {"{Iu * ry$)s$ ,.,r lri*,- p*t*nti*I
b) Describe the blood flow ."* " [s]
mechanism in human body-
Define RBc and compute the
Explain the ar--**"er.,jl^ irr"*o no* *.t.r-
Xil$h ".,tput' ;il appropriate
5. Write short notes on: t8l
a) MAN Instrurnentation system 4x4J
b) Active Vs passive fransaucer
c) X-ray h{achine
d) ESWL Machine
**$
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i Exarn.
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEHRING
I tr\ t'l
Exa rnination Control flivision i $'r*gn*,r,rr,r,
ZA74 Bhadra i \,'*,ur./ Ilxr.t

subiect; - Biomedicar Instrumentation

(E/,cri,c It) 1E-y-650_i1
to give their ansrvers in rheir o*,n
I:,:iJ:,i,i il:;:;;:,i:,:::c1 words as trr as pracricabre.
All que.rtiolls. cer.r)t equal nrurks.
,4s',sltme suitable data if necc.r.ra/,I,.

1' a) what is man-instrument s'stern? whar arc trre

system? Exprain briefly.
li,e ohr.it-:ctir,,es
a nran-instrument of
writc'fen clesign ractors.
b) Explain clcctrocie theory' r]r11 "on^rii..urio^
an eqr.rivaient circLrit of erectrodes
mea'urenlent of a cell p.rtenlial.
what are ,n" iiry...n.", b"t*,i.,r- tbr the
Jr'ansducers? writc thcii apprications iit..trudes ancr
in medicar fierci.
l' a) l)esig. a Pc baseci EcG niachine. Explain
diflbr.enccs bctween IEG anc] its f,nction briefly. what are the
"i
HMG poterrt*tri

'" o'#:loi.i:11;:iffiilitili::i:: or broo<r now insrrunrentarion basecl o* Dopprer

3 a) r:'chs Apparar,s or urrraso,nrr
H,ni::l,l?i::['f ,,?l]::::,,::sic machin*vith its
o'
,?,xti;i,!iff1':idllil'I;:;jiX-ra1'machinc Hou'irs inrc,sirv is varierr,? whar are
4 a)
JIi;';: ,iil}ff::;,]Tiiff:11l|1i.:,Xgt;t:,,:.fff;ilg proc,edure rvirh comp,cre
h) artiilcial kiclney? Dratv it lar'-o,r
tY]lIJ diagram of trrerodiary.sis
anci cxprain its
5. Wl'jtc shor-t notcs on: (iuy two)
Elecrroenciphalography
l]
ii) Litho triprlr
iii) Dcfi brillator nracirine
ir,) Physiological eflf-ect of elcctriciry
 25C TRIBHUVAN Lt\IVER.SITY Exam. Rcgular
TNSTITUTE OF ENGINEERiNG Level BE Full Marks 80
Examinatioir Control Division P.ogrr-me ji---eel
ii---E------ Pass Marks 32
2072 Ashwin i;;/Pil
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-i-**--..--
iVl rr
Ii lY
ra_-------_-.----.-_L___- Time 3 hrs.

Sybject: - Biomedical Instrumentation (Etective rI) (F-y76505)

'/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
r' Attempt Alt questions.
{ &tt questions carry equal marlcs.
{ Assume suitable data if necessary.

1. a) What is wireless Telemetr,y system? What arg the most indispensable components
required to transrnit ECG and B.P signals of a patient who is under *iai"utty
evacuated to the well equipped hospital? Draw an overall diagram showing the
information flow between telemedicine unit and base unit.'Explain urieny.
b) What is cardiac febrillation? Explain normal ECG waveform and its characteristics.
What tlpes of device and electrical machine are used to restore a normal ECG
rhythm? Explain it.
2. a) What is electrocardiography system? oShow the connection diagram of three
Augmented unipolar limb leads. Explain with suitable diagram of computer aided
Elechocardio graph and briefl y explain.
How an SCR circuit discharges a capacitor through the crystal to generate large
@ amplifude pulses? How theses pulses are used 1s sxamirrs various structures of the
body?
3. a) Explain the MR'phenomenon. Draw a schematic diagram of system composition of
MR[ machine. Explain the fi.r.nction of detection system.
b) What is artificial kidney? How it serves as a mass exchanger during clinical use?
Explain. How shock-wave is generated for lithotripsy in electro-hydraulic method?
4- a) What are the differences between micro and macro shocks? What is leakage currents?
Draw a circuit diagram showing to flow leakage current safely to ground. How
ground fault intemrpter detect leakage current?
b) What is the physicat principte used for designing video angiography? How this
technique is used to assess the extent of darnage after heart and brain stroke? What are
the biological effects of X-rays?
5. Write short notes on: (any two)
i) Resting and Action potentials
ii) Scanning system of CT-Scan
iii) Electromyography recording

htrffirt'
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 \2^)
z5c TRIaI{UV.+I'i-LD{IYEBS-I}: -
II.ISTITUTE OF ENGINEERO'{G f,evel BE Full Mari<s BO

Examination Control Divisi-o n Frogramirae BEL Pass Marks 32

7B72Mragh Year / Fart IV/II Tirne 3 hrs. I

'9n,
: - Biomedical trnstrumentation (Eleaiue ID @X76505)

Candidates are required tb give their answ-ers in their own wordq as far as'practicable.
./ Atrempt All guestions.
+

, .,j.,.t:. :,.- . , ..,.

, ,,,,: : ,,
:a' . .::

1. i) g"ptaiilee,' of
ineeri$.contrilution in medical field.,Dqsign a cornplete set
as
,, up to ,G*fit.an,,pCG and B.P sign-als of the patient,to the,centr4l;monilcring unit
:

floww iou.lgd q, e more dbs.irable components in thi.'d9 to transmit other

b) Discuss some electrode theory. What are the differences between ventricular
fibritlatioilaad,:defibrillation?,Ho-w defibrillator works as'an electrical;nachine?
Exphinisfunction. '
,,.. l

2. a) Draw an equivalent circuit of the transducer used in ultrasonic blood flow meter. How
the. response of thil;gnsducer, effbcted? Explain ultrasomc blood flow meter.

b)' What is the basls of generalion, of ultrasound? ,Describe the function of basic pulse
echo ,ppr-rt l"
. exiqination in'B-mode display. Write its application.
,.

J. a)
' What is. computer tonnography? 'How system in CT -scurn is used to acquire
informatiol torreconstuct a picture of internal structures of a human body? What are

U1 Wfrat are"tk.di@rences Uet'ween li'rhotripter and haemedialyzer? What are the major
componens ofthbse.nraehiue? Eiplain dialysis proc€ss. ':
'

:1
4. a) What is leak4ge'current? How.. 100pA leakage cr4rrent will flow through the
'ground / ffie in a correctly grounded instrument if the safety limit is 5pA for the
heart patient with catheter?

b) tr\&at are thi differEnces betvreen'EEG and Evoked potentials? Which circuit should
be added to measure these polentials in an instrument? Explain a practical EEG
machine-

5. Write short rctes on: (anY tu'o)

a) PC bas€dECG with lead connection
b) MRI mrhire
c) WirelessTelemetrY
. *rk*
 25A TRIBHUVAN I.INIVERSITY Exam. Regular / Back
TNSTITUTE OF ENGTNEERING Level BE Full Marks 80

Bxamination Control llivision Programme BEL Pass Marks 32

2071 Bhadra Year / Part tv/il Time 3 hrs

Subject: - Biomedical Instrumentation (Elective II) (8X76505)

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
AttemptAll questions.
Thefigures in the margin indicate Full Marks.
Assume suitable data if necessary.

1. a) What is Wireless Telemetry? What would be the most indispensible compouents &at
you need to flow information between telemedicine unit and base unit? Complete this
deiign with neatdiagram. t8l
b) What is Electrocardiography? Describe the typical characteristics of the normal ECG.
How one can record ECG by using bipolar leads (t, II and III) and also the chest leads
' (Vr, Yz,Y3, V+,'Vs and V6)? t8I
) a) How the capacitive properties of the piezo-electric transducer affect the response of
the transducer? o'Most transducers used for mechanical variables utilize a tesistive
element called the strain gauge". How? tSI
b) How Conventional lmage Intensifier X-Ray Machine differs from CT-Scan Machine?
Explain the scanning and processing system of CT-Scan rnachine with complete
diagram. How "free-radicals" are formed in human body? t8]
3. a) What are the major components of Lithotripter machine? Explain the function of
ESWL based on Electro-hydraulic system with neat diagram. t8l
b) What is leakage current? What are the differences between Micro Shock and Macro
Shock? Discuss some physiological effects of electricity. t8]
4. a) "The bio-electric potentials associated with muscle activities constitute the EMG'.
What type! of electrodes are used to measure these potentials? Desigu its equivalent
circuit and explainthe function ofEMG. t8l
b) What is ultasound? Explain basic pulse echo apparatus of ultrasonography. Write
display.
applications of B-mode t8l
5. Write short notes on: (any two) [8+8]
a) EEG Recording Technique
b) Objectives of man-instrument system
c) PC-based ECG Machine
tt,k*
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25C TR]BHI]VAN LD.TIVER.SITY.

l'r'{STl TUTE OF trNC I-\!E ERIN'G
Exarerinatlcn Control Divisio n Progra:nrne
2*71Magh Year / Pai:t

,Szbjecl.' - Biornedical Instrumentation (Elective ID (EXZ6S05)

'/ Caadidates are required to gir)e their ansr,vers in their own words as far as practicable.
./ Anernpt Alt questions.
./ Thefigures in tlte rnargin indicate Full Marks.
./ Assume suitable data if necessary.

1. a)
,.'i
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4. a)

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5.
[8+8]
e\ ?vR[ Machiae
i'b)Telemetry and Telemedicine
',: . i., C) Resting and Action Potentials
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2$70 Eiradr"a

Subjecl_etg*-,1irrl i"rtryg ion {Etective Ifi {EXZ6S0S)

,/ C:*didates are requiied to give their answers in their orim words as far as practicable.
,/ Ailcn,'--' AJI quesiiuzs.
./ T!'ie figu-res in the mo.rgin indicate Fwt! Msriis
,/ Assume stitable data if necessqry.

1. a) Fxplain six areas of eiectrical and other engineering coniribution in man-instrument

system. Design a complete set-up for the telernedicine uslng n:obile ccmmunicaiion to
-\' ' tmnsmit ECG and HR signal of the patient to a modem hospitai. t8]
b) Compare cardiac fibriilation with the normal cardiac rh5rthm by.plofting ihe normal
ECG. Draw an equivaient crcuit of elecirode. Ho'w these elecirodes are appiied on the
surface of the heart to restore a norrnal cardiac rhy,ihm? Explain. tB]
2. a) Expiain elech'ode theory and Nernst equation. Vhat types of electrodes are used to
record EEG potentials? Explain both available recording techniques. Design a pre-
amplifier required for the rneasurement of both EEG and evoked potentials in pfC
t8l
, ffitfIrn" pliysical principle used for designing electromagnetic blood flow nrerer? :,li
:n
. How- ihis blood flow meter is used to detect blood flow in certain blood vessel? How ?l
' blood flow is estimated by radiographic techaique.
tg]
3. a) w-hat are the major system components of MRI machine? How MRI system
components detects the MR signai and generates an output signal? Give four
differences between CT-scan and I'{RI nachine.
IB]
b) Ii/nat is wave equation? How 'Doppler effect' assoiiated with piezo elecii:ic crystal in
fansmitting uiirasonic energy? How basic pulse echo apparatus is used to visualize
vmious organs of the bociy?
tg]
4. a) 'rVhat aie the major functions of krdneys? What is dialyzer? How waste pioducis are
removed {rom arterial blood in Haemodialysis machiae? Explain with suitable
dagram. t8l
b) iioiv an inccrectly grourded instrument on a ground cannection with some
' r:peiaace cai:r allorv ieakage cui'reat to fiow through a human bodr,? Y&at is leakage
cu:reais? iio-u-r gror,ad fauit inter*pter eeteci leakzge curreni?
ig]
5. T/riie short notes oa: (any trvo) [B+g]
z) Sca-n:ring s)/siem oi CT-scan Maci:ine
hi X-Rzv fulachine ani iis eftcis cn human
ci ili:-relear lMedicine Machiae
-
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- 25A. - TPJBIiU-vAr\ Lr'\:ivEts-SiTy fl -ro o
I1',IS TiTTJTE O F E}IGIJ.JPERJhTG Level i>_D
i Full }y{arks i80
Exami*atic n Co ai-roE Elv-isicsi j Frograrame BEL Fass Marks J!
2S70 Magh Yearl Fart Mil Tirne 3 hrs.

S ubj ect.- - B io-tu{eciical Instrumen tafi;;1; m

I'/ Candidates _____::_:::_:_"*:":-:*"_:_y_ t

^ - are required to give their answers in their own

./ 'rr words
rYvruo qJ
as far
r4r practicable.
' as
45
Attentpt AII questions. I.)

/ 4ll questions cnrry equal morks.

/ Assume suito-ble dati if ruecessary.

1. a) ]pat are the six areas of electrical.and. other engineering conkibution

in biomedical
field? what woutd be rhe most indisp*Fi;;;il;;;;e ,h#;",fi:#,]ffi;;
'. complete set up-to^ tran$nit any signal of man-under
investigation.to the main
monitoring console for ICU iathe Hospital? Complete this syst.*"*irn
rr* &";
b) "Eioelegffi" potentials are actually
.,".n," voltages produces as a J;;a
electrochemicar acrivities of certain sFeciar types of Jeil,,. rr"*i pltt;,r#;;i
uand
biopotetials- Discuss and compare betweeo uuror,ri" ;"fril1i;;*H
relative

? a)':Compare cardiac, fibrillation,' with aonnal cardiac rhythm

electrocardiogram. Hor'v extemal surface elecn'odes are
by plotting normal
applied
-"^'-* vu'vcLr
on treartt to restore a
norrnal cardiac rhythm? Exprain with necessary diffi .
b).'How one can record ECG by trsiir.F, bi-polar leads (i, rI and
tr-t) and also the chest
leads (vr-v6)? Design pc b;ed ECb rnachin" *a
briefly.
J. a) ]p1.is the physical principl" utgg tu: "iprri"
.d*ig-*"g.ultrasonic blood flow meter? How
this brood flow meter is used to &tect blood-{ioriin.*rtuin
uffi
fiow is estrmated by radisgraphic technique? ";;iro* blood
b) what is wave ee3fi3n?.ryo1l5" puise echo apparatus is used to visualize
verious
orga4s ofthe body? Explain. writssome applications of
B-mod, airpiiy}""rt.
A. a) what are the basic components of MRI. system?
n141v a layout schematic compositior
P*plu_* with necessary
uYwoDcui diagram.

b)
"yrtp*
What are the differences between Micro shock and Macro
"rvnirirrri""'+ar
shocks? What is leakage
current io the medical equipment?
5. a) what are the major
T1"99* of kidneys? what is dialyzer?*Iow waste products are
re:'aoved frorn arteriat brood ia haemcdiarlrcis ."u"uo"r Exprain .,^,t,|:];ffi;
diagram.
b) Write short notes on: (any cne )
i] EF.G Recording Techniqre *nd its insln:meats
ii) X-B-ay naachine and its effects *n human
* *:F
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L.

I-=;eni-ati : :: C,: nrr"li *i-rlsi*n

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=*69

(-Eiec;f,,e i)
*/ Calcicates are requiled io give their answers in lherr o',rm words as far as piacticable.
{ .:riernPt 1l! Etesnon's.

1. a)7What is wireiess telemeiry-? Discuss the five objectives of man-insirument

-' the coatext of wireiess telemetry system. Design a complete sei-up for
'.channe1ie1enretrysystemandexp1ainbrief1y,

leaCs fV1,'V2,.Y3,

.'' conlpeerris'of a's11stem?

'
,b) Y.Lx*r-&e main differences b*tt*"n CT-Scar: and I\,{RI systems? How Ir&J systern
V"o*pstr"-nt detecrs'tre nuclear mao:etization.sienal aed geaeiatqs an cutp,;i signal?
.iE.-pl,l"'*,iihnecessaryCiiagIFjE.wiatar-eihe*iio.Sy't*;;ffi
4t, $7BAat are 6.e physi" ? EIow
r-l magpedc. blood flow w io Utooa ;iow
"Eain "essei?
: biood flow is estimated by radiograpliic technique.

St'*x
b) ere the differences befween X-ray machine and
nuclear medicine r:aachine?
oEIo'o,1ow1eve1radiaiion$.adioactiveisotcpe)t"acerd.eteifuto
E*r*iergetorgenfuaction?Explaur. -

fi Saf:ty aspeots of medical h.sfuments

bi eacmoiiail'sis llnshine

-----