Directional well types

Rotary Systems
Mud motors, Turbines and RSS
Hydraulics and T&D
Drill Bit suitable for DD operations
Side Track
Whipstock settings
Anti-Collision

By: Dr. Mohammad Hassaan Khan

Initiating DD work with Well planning
• Need to know about the target coordinates.
• Need to know about the target radius.
• No of targets sec by sec.
• Well type/trajectory
• Offset wells data.
• Any limitations or restrictions.
• BHA designing
• Bit Selection
• Hydraulics
• Torque and Drag
• Anti Collision
Directional Well profiles

J-Type (Slant) S-Type Horizontal Type

Well profile terminologies
Kick off Point:
For all well profiles, the start of the build section is called the kickoff point (KOP). At the kickoff point,
the well begins to deviate from vertical. During well planning, the kickoff point is given as a certain
vertical depth below the surface location.
End of Build:
The point where the build section ends is called the end-of-build.
Start of Drop:
The point where the tangent section ends and the drop section begins is called the start-of-drop.
End of Drop:
The end of the drop section is the point where inclination stops decreasing.
Start or End of Turn:
In terms of Azimuth where we start or finish the well turning procedure.
(Note: In case of change in both Inclination and Azimuth, the well profile will be planned in 3D)
Tangent Sec:
The interval where inclination or azimuth holds.
Horizontal Sec:
The interval where the inclination of well is close to 90 degrees.
Rotary assemblies
Rotary assemblies
Tools for Directional Drilling
Positive Displacement Mud Motors:
The mechanisms of PDMs is the Displacement of mud where the hydraulic energy has
been converted into mechanical energy.
Turbines:
The mechanism of turbines is the impact of mud flow.
Rotary Steerable Systems:
The contemporize and expensive technology of steering the well without the need of
slide. Point to bit and Push to bit systems are two of its characteristics.
Jet bits:
Old applied mechanism where one of the side nozzle of the drill bit was deliberately
kept larger in order to wash the formation and tilt assembly through that side. Mostly
used for very soft formations.
Rotary Assemblies:
Use of stabilizers, DC and HWDPs in order to produce Fulcrum or Pendulum effect of
BHA.
Tools for Directional Drilling
Mud Motor Characteristics
BEARING ASSEMBLY
• The Bearing Assembly carries all radial and thrust loading.
• Companies utilizes a special rotary shaft seal designed
specifically for drilling motor use that is isolated from
drilling fluid at all times.
• The Bearing Assemblies are designed to reduce the
bearing load with more radial support for side loading and
with high capacity thrust bearings for on or off bottom
Housing and drive loading.
shaft ADJUSTABLE ASSEMBLY
• The Adjustable Assembly connects the stator to the
housings of the Bearing Assembly and houses the Drive
Shaft Assembly.
• The Adjustable Assembly is easily set in the field from
straight to 3 degrees of bend angle.
DRIVE SHAFT ASSEMBLY
• The Drive Shaft Assembly connects the Power Section’s
rotor to the rotating components of the Bearing Assembly.
The Drive Shaft converts the eccentric motion of the rotor
into concentric rotation.
POWER SECTION
• The Power Section converts hydraulic power into rotary
motion. Rotor Stator Lobes configuration and stages
derives the selection of power section.
Adjusting mud motor settings
Mud Motor Performance Chart
Example of 6 ¾’’ 6-7 LB 5 STG Mud Motor:
 Advantages of RSS System

1. Continuous rotation while steering means less friction between the wellbore and the pipe, resulting in better
weight transfer to the bit. This, in turn, gives higher penetration rates both directly and by allowing the use of
more aggressive bits. It also facilitates the drilling of extended-reach wells.
2. Compared with rotated bent housings, these RSS drilling systems produce smoother, “in-gauge”, non-spiraled
borehole, which further reduces friction and results in an easier casing, wireline, and completion operations,
as well as simpler tripping operations.
3. Constant steering over the full drilling cycle instead of short periods of sliding results in a less tortuous well
profile and again reduces friction, with the same benefits accruing.
4. Constantly rotating pipe means improved cuttings removal, reducing the need for wiper trips and the chances
of pipe stuck.
 RSS System (Push the bit System)
•
A Bias Unit

•
A Filter Sub

•
A Control Unit

•
A Stabilizer

A pure “push the bit” rotary steerable system steers simply by applying a side load to the bit – usually using pads
close to the bit to apply this load. This forces the bit’s outer cutting structure and gauges to cut sideways into the
formation. This will drill a curved hole in that direction, therefore, achieving the desired trajectory. Systems
employing this principle are restricted to concise gauge bits (typically less than 2″ gauge length) where the gauge
is set with an active cutting structure.
Caution: While these systems are agile, permitting a quick and precise response to any required changes in
wellbore deviation, the short gauge bits used by these systems may drill a “spiraled hole” when high side-loading
is applied.
RSS System (Point the bit System)

Point-the-bit systems use the same principle as is employed in bent-housing motor systems. A pure “point the
bit” RSS rotary steerable system steers by precisely pointing (tilting) the bit in the direction the well path needs to
be steered.
In doing so, the drill bit’s face points perfectly in the required direction, and there is no side loading on the bit.
The advantage of this operating principle is that we can use longer gauge bits to avoid hole spiraling
Tools for Directional Drilling (RSS Point to bit)
Tools for Directional Drilling (RSS Push to bit)
Navigation chart for RSS

Lets take example of 5, 6 commands which

shows 180 deg TF while having 40% build rate.
Directional Well radius Differentiations

What about ERDs???

Hydraulics/
Starting with pressures

Hydrostatic Pressure(psi): Density (ppg) x 0.0519 x TVD(ft)

Hydraulic Pressure Loss(psi):
 Mud Properties and Rheology for Hydraulics

Mud Properties:

Flow properties of fluids:

Proper Hole Cleaning for better Hydraulics

Equivalent Circulating Density:

• Combination of Hydrostatic and Annular
pressure gives you ECD. (Good indicator of
Hole cleaning).
• It will always be greater at bit and reduces
as moving up in annulus.
• Shouldn’t increase fracture pressure of
formation and casing shoe.
 Hydraulics Calculations requirement
Inputs for Hydraulics Calculations:
• BHA with proper Lengths, ODs and IDs.
• Open hole and Casing data.
• Mud data, i.e MW, PV, YP, constants.
• Bit data, TFA. Pb: Bit pressure
drop
• Anticipated Directional tools pressure drop. HSI: Bit Hydraulic
HP/sq in
• Rheology Law used: Power Law is the commonly used method. BHHP: Bit
• Expected depth, ROP. Hydraulic HP
IF: Jet Impact force
• Either pressure range or flow range data required. Q: Flow rate
Db: Bit Size
• Rig Category Vj: Jet velocity
Outputs of Hydraulics Calculations: MW in ppg

• Bit Pressure drop

Total
• Surface pressure drop
System
• String pressure drop Pressure
drop
• Annulus pressure drop + Directional Tools
• HSI Pressure drop

• HHP
• Jet Velocity Recommendations
• ECD
BHA weight and Forces

W X BF
So what’s the Neutral point???
Torque and Drag
Influencers of Torque and Drag
Buckling
Stress and strain could be measured
both in tension and compression.
Too much compression of a column
(like DP,DC) leads to BUCKLING and it
can lead to FAILURE.
Buckling
Drill Bits
Why a drill bit:
In order to drill a well, you need something with hardness characteristics to fulfill given objectives.
That’s where drill bit comes with a purpose.

Types of Drill Bit:

Two categories to be fitted within:

a) Roller Cone Bits
b) Fixed Cutter Bits

Bit Selection Objective:

a) Meet the customer’s objective (ROP, Hole quality, Cutting quality, Well position)
b) Optimize drilling efficiency
c) Provide least cost per foot / best value
d) Avoid catastrophic failure (or indeed high service costs)
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Bits

Side View Face View

Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Bits

• A PDC cutter consists of two main

sections bonded together:
a) Diamond table that consists of
many synthetic diamonds
b) Cemented tungsten carbide
substrate, or backing.
• Cobalt act as a catalyst.
• The diamond table has a 45º-edge
chamfer to improve durability.
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Bits

PDC cutters are positioned in the PDC drill bit with Side rake is the angle between the face of
some negative rake angle (tilted backward) to the the cutter and a line formed between the
formation, known as back rake. center of the cutter and the center of the bit.
Prefer more Back Rake! Prefer Positive!
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Bits

Better Stability:

Anti-Whirl:
• The cutters are laid out in a
spiral pattern.
• The cutters are positioned in
order to provide a high
imbalance force that pushes
the bit toward the hole wall To compensate
using the wall to guide the Lateral Vibration:
bit.
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Bits

Characteristics of better Steerable PDC bit

• Short Gauge
• High Back rakes
• Aggressive Gauge
• Un-aggressive Cutting Structure More the DOC:
• Smaller Cutters • Better Sliding
• Stable Tool face
• Better ROP
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Bits

• Identifying IADC no of PDC bit ?

For example if using bit of Smith, Varel, DBS Security if IADC is “713”.
1. First Digit “7” shows number of Blades.
2. Second and third digit “13” gives mm of Cutter penetrated size.
However in case of HC Bits IADC could be different, for example in case of
“406D”
1. First digit represents mm of cutter size, e.g 4 means 13mm, 5 means 16mm
and 6 means 19mm.
2. Second and third digit shows number of blades.
3. Sometimes there is an alphabet for distinguishing, i.e “D” for Directional,
“M” for Matrix.
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Bits

Dull Characteristics

IR and OR: Location:

Reason Pulled:

Gauge:
Tricone Bits
Tricone Bits

Bigger the cone offset, softer the

Cone offset (Skew Angle):
formation the bit should drill.
Tricone Bits
• IADC Identification of Tricone Bit:
What do you think about 137C IADC?
Tricone Bits
Sidetracks
Why Sidetrack?

Planning a Sidetrack?

Methods of Sidetrack?
Sidetracks
Sidetracks
Sidetracks

Sidetracking Open hole cement Plug(an example):

• Prepare proper BHA with proper mud motor bend settings. LSS should be near full gauge.
• Drill off some cement and judge cement integrity. Properly choose the hardest patch of cement near side track point.
• Align mud motor and reciprocate to create a ledge for an hour.
• Make time marks on DP and Time Drilling @5min/in.
• Keep on judging formation cement ratio. Enhance time drilling interval after getting 50-60% formation. WOB, differential
pressure and reactive torques are good indicators.
• Slide at least 5-10m after getting 80+% formation.
• POOH after completing sidetrack if running aggressive mud motor bend.
Sidetracks
(Using Whipstock for Re-entry from casing in vertical sec)
1. Identifying the better depth for the Kick-off to exist the well
2. Run in hole whipstock with milling assembly having three milling
stabs. Gyro tool UBHO will be placed to align the hole direction
with Gyro readings.
3. Remember to free the torque of the string by Up and down
movement on the surface prior setting the Whipstock.
Afterwards derive the results of Gyro wireline at least 3 times
with all three readings showing same result.
4. Set the Whipstock hydraulically and start the milling operation to
drill the casing. Exist the casing by milling the window and also go
ahead making at least 10ft of the rat hole
5. Dress the windows with the milling stabs.
6. Afterwards POOH milling assembly and go with mud motor
assembly and MWD tool having Gyro UBHO on top of it.
7. After taking Gyro TF slide the well ahead according to the
requirement and keep on periodically check the window
smoothness.
8. As soon as MWD sensor pass the window and reach horizontal
distance of 5m, you can start taking the TF and surveys from
MWD.
Anti-Collision

Close Approach Functions:

Designated anti-collision scanning tool to allow evaluation of the proximity of
offset wells:
• Calculating proximity to other wells
• Creating Spider Plots
• Creating Traveling Cylinder Plots
• Evaluating external magnetic interference
Proximity Analysis:
• Geometrical Analysis :
Key parameter: Center-to-center distance
– shortest distance between a defined point in the subject well and the
whole offset well (also wellbore-to-wellbore distance)
• Statistical Analysis:
Key parameter: Separation Factor
– ratio between the center-to-center distance and the combined uncertainty
of both offset and subject well positions.
Anti-Collision

Center to center Analysis (Geometrical Analysis):

Anti-Collision

Proximity and Eclipses of Uncertainty, EOU, (Statistical Analysis):

• Limited accuracy and precision in measurements of MD, Azi & Inc lead to a degree of
uncertainty in the borehole position.
• This uncertainty is defined in statistical terms (think probability, standard deviation etc)
• The uncertainty in 3D-space has the shape of an ellipsoid (3D-ellipse, Ellipse of Uncertainty-
EOU).
• The probability of a well being within the its own EOU is 95% (by definition).
• The size of the EOU’s are calculated using a survey error model.
Anti-Collision

Spider
Plots:
• Plan View Plot
with EOU’s
• Use TVD tick
marks
• Zoom into
problem
zones in a
separate plot
• Intersection
of two wells is
not
necessarily
the closest
point.
Anti-Collision
-1500 -750 0

2250 2250

Spider Plots: 3000 TVD

2900 TVD
Well C North

2800 TVD

Subject Well
2700 TVD

2600 TVD

2500 TVD
1500 1500
2400 TVD

2300 TVD

2200 TVD

2100 TVD

2000 TVD

1900 TVD
750 750
1800 TVD

1700 TVD

Well C West 1600 TVD

1500 TVD

0 TVD
3000 TVD

2900 TVD

2800 TVD

2700 TVD

2600 TVD

2500 TVD

2400 TVD

2300 TVD

2200 TVD

2100 TVD

2000 TVD

1900 TVD

1800 TVD

1700 TVD

1600 TVD

1500 TVD

1400 TVD

1300 TVD

1200 TVD
TVD
100 TVD
1400 TVD

1100
1000
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1300 TVD

0
Offset Well 0

-1500 -750 0
Anti-Collision

Travelling
Cylinder
Plots:
• The center of
the plot is the
subject well.
• All other wells
are plotted
relative to the
subject well
like a radar
(azimuth and
distance).
• MD tick
marks (MD of
subject well).
• Green circles
are no-go
circles, not
EOU’s.
Anti-Collision
Anti-Collision
Some Tips of mitigation:
• Use a rock bit in preference to a PDC or diamond type.
• Where a drilling motor is used, use low speed in preference to high
speed. Where there are mud returns, monitor for the presence of
cement,
• Where there are mud returns, install a ditch magnet upstream of the
shale shakers and monitor for the presence of metal shavings.
• Control the ROP to reduce the potential for damage should a well
collision occur.
• Closely monitor drilling torque.
• Annular pressures on potentially intersecting wells should be monitored
continuously for fluctuations and any such fluctuations reported
immediately.
• When drilling in close approach situations, ensure that the top stabilizer
and not just the bit has safely passed the potentially intersecting well,
before drilling ahead at full speed.
• Using MWD and monitor Magnetic Interference
• Monitoring the shock and vibration
This is not the end of journey…..
It’s a start of whole new chapter…..

THANKS