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Module 3 SQL

Data bases(Microsoft Access, SQL)

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Melanie Loremia
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36 views

Module 3 SQL

Data bases(Microsoft Access, SQL)

Uploaded by

Melanie Loremia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3: Databases (Microsoft Access, SQL)

Learning Objectives

By the end of this module, students will be able to:

1. Understand fundamental database concepts and design principles.


2. Create and manage databases in Microsoft Access.
3. Utilize SQL for data retrieval and manipulation.
4. Write and execute complex SQL queries for data analysis.
5. Apply best practices in database design and management.

Module Content

1. Introduction to Database Concepts

 What is a Database?
o Definition: A structured collection of data that allows for easy
access, management, and updating.
o Importance of databases in various applications (business,
education, healthcare, etc.).
 Types of Databases
o Relational Databases (e.g., Microsoft Access, MySQL,
PostgreSQL).
o NoSQL Databases (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra).
 Database Management Systems (DBMS)
o Overview of DBMS and its functions: data storage, retrieval,
security, and backup.
o Introduction to Microsoft Access as a DBMS.

2. Database Design Principles

 Entities and Attributes


o Understanding entities (tables) and their attributes
(fields/columns).
 Primary and Foreign Keys
o Definition and significance of primary keys for unique
identification.
o Foreign keys and their role in establishing relationships between
tables.
 Normalization
o Importance of normalization to reduce data redundancy.
o Overview of normalization forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF).
 Relationships
o Types of relationships: one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many.
o Creating an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) to visualize
database structure.

3. Creating and Managing Databases in Microsoft Access

 Creating a Database
o Step-by-step guide to creating a new database in Access.
o Setting up tables and defining fields with appropriate data types.
 Managing Tables
o Adding, modifying, and deleting records in tables.
o Implementing primary and foreign keys.
 Forms and Reports
o Creating user-friendly forms for data entry.
o Generating reports for data analysis and presentation.

4. Introduction to SQL (Structured Query Language)

 What is SQL?
o Definition and role of SQL in database management.
 Basic SQL Commands
o SELECT: Retrieving data from one or more tables.
o INSERT: Adding new records to a table.
o UPDATE: Modifying existing records.
o DELETE: Removing records from a table.

5. SQL Queries for Data Retrieval and Manipulation

 Basic Queries
o Writing simple SELECT queries to retrieve data.
o Filtering data using the WHERE clause.
 Sorting and Grouping Data
o Using ORDER BY to sort results.
o GROUP BY and aggregate functions (SUM, COUNT, AVG) for data
analysis.
 Joins
o Understanding different types of joins (INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN,
RIGHT JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN).
o Writing queries to combine data from multiple tables.
 Subqueries and Nested Queries
o Using subqueries to perform complex data retrieval.
 Data Manipulation
o Executing INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements in SQL.

6. Best Practices in Database Management


 Data Integrity and Security
o Importance of maintaining data integrity and implementing
security measures.
 Backup and Recovery
o Strategies for regular database backups and recovery planning.
 Performance Optimization
o Tips for optimizing database performance (indexing, query
optimization).

Here are the key characteristics of databases, along with explanations and
examples:

1. Data Independence

 Definition: The ability to change the database schema without having


to change the application programs that access the database.
 Example: If a new field (e.g., a customer’s phone number) is added to
the customer table in a relational database, applications that query
customer data do not need to be modified if they are designed to
accommodate changes.

2. Data Integrity

 Definition: Ensures the accuracy and consistency of data within the


database. This includes maintaining data validity through constraints.
 Example: A relational database may implement primary key
constraints to ensure that each record in a table is unique and that
foreign keys maintain valid references to related tables (e.g., each
order must reference an existing customer).

3. Data Security

 Definition: Protecting data against unauthorized access and ensuring


that only authorized users can perform certain actions.
 Example: Databases can use user authentication, permissions, and
roles to restrict access. For instance, a user may have read-only access
to certain tables but full access to others.

4. Data Redundancy and Elimination

 Definition: The degree to which data is duplicated in the database.


Effective databases aim to minimize redundancy to save storage and
ensure consistency.
 Example: In a well-normalized relational database, customer
information is stored in a single table rather than repeated in every
order record, reducing redundancy.

5. Scalability

 Definition: The ability of the database to handle increasing amounts


of data and the number of users efficiently.
 Example: A cloud-based database like Amazon RDS can scale storage
and compute resources based on demand, allowing organizations to
grow without significant downtime or performance degradation.

6. Multi-User Support

 Definition: Databases can support multiple users accessing and


modifying data simultaneously without interference.
 Example: In an enterprise database, several employees can update
inventory records at the same time while the system manages
transactions to maintain data integrity.

7. Data Consistency

 Definition: Ensures that any changes to data are reflected throughout


the database and that data remains valid according to predefined
rules.
 Example: If a customer’s address is updated in a customer table, the
change should automatically reflect in related tables (e.g., orders)
where that address is referenced.

8. Transaction Management

 Definition: The ability to manage and ensure the integrity of a series


of operations performed on the database as a single unit (transaction).
 Example: In a banking database, transferring funds from one account
to another is a transaction that requires both debit and credit
operations. The transaction management ensures that both operations
succeed or fail together, maintaining consistency.

9. Backup and Recovery

 Definition: Features that ensure that data can be recovered after a


failure or loss, either due to hardware failure, corruption, or other
unexpected events.
 Example: Regularly scheduled backups and point-in-time recovery
features in databases like SQL Server or Oracle ensure that data can
be restored to a specific state prior to a failure.

10. Data Relationships

 Definition: The ability to define and manage relationships between


different data entities within the database.
 Example: In a relational database, relationships can be established
between tables, such as between customers and orders. A foreign key
in the orders table refers to a primary key in the customers table,
linking the two entities.

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