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Lecture 6

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Muhammad Umar Munir
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11 views

Lecture 6

Uploaded by

Muhammad Umar Munir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power Generation

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


Important Terms and Factors
• Load Curves
The curve showing the variation of load on the power station with respect to (w.r.t) time is known as a load curve. (Daily, Monthly or
Yearly load curves)
(i) The daily load curve shows the variations of load on the power station during different hours of the day.
(ii) The area under the daily load curve gives the number of units generated in the day.
Units generated/day = Area (in kWh) under daily load curve.
(iii) The highest point on the daily load curve represents the maximum demand on the station on that day.
(iv) The area under the daily load curve divided by the total number of hours gives the average load on the station in the day.
Average load = Area (in kWh) under daily load curve/24 hours
(v) The ratio of the area under the load curve to the total area of rectangle in which it is contained gives the load factor

. .
. .
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
( )

(vi) The load curve helps in selecting the size and number of generating units.
(vii) The load curve helps in preparing the operation schedule of the station.

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


• Load Duration Curves
When the load elements of a load curve are arranged in the order of descending
magnitudes, the curve thus obtained is called a load duration curve

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


• Connected Load
It is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipment connected to supply
system.
• Maximum Demand
It is the greatest demand of load on the power station during a given period
• Demand Factor
It is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to its connected load
• Average Load
The average of loads occurring on the power station in a given period (day or
month or year) is known as average load or average demand.

. / /

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


• Load Factor
The ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period is
known as load factor.

If plant is in operation for ‘T’ hours

• Diversity Factor
The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum
demand on power station is known as diversity factor
.

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


• Plant capacity Factor
It is the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible
energy that could have been produced during a given period

If plant is in operation for ‘T’ hours

• Plant use Factor


It is ratio of kWh generated to the product of plant capacity and the
number of hours for which the plant was in operation

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


Types of Load
• Domestic Load
• Commercial Load
• Industrial Load
• Municipal Load
• Irrigation Load
• Traction Load

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


Load Calculations on Power Station
Base load
The unvarying load which occurs almost the whole day
on the station is known as base load
Peak load
The various peak demands of load over and above the
base load of the station is known as peak load

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


Load Management in an Interconnected Grid
System

• Exchange of peak loads


• Ensures economical operation
• Increases diversity factor
• Reduces plant reserve capacity

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


Example
Q1. A generating station has a connected load of 43MW and a maximum demand of 20 MW; the units
generated being 61·5 × 10^6 per annum. Calculate (i) the demand factor and (ii) load factor.

Q2. A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6 hours and is shut down for the rest of
each day. It is also shut down for maintenance for 45 days each year. Calculate its annual load factor.

Q3. A generating station has a maximum demand of 25MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor of
50% and a plant use factor of 72%. Find (i) the reserve capacity of the plant (ii) the daily energy produced and
(iii) maximum energy that could be produced daily if the plant while running as per schedule, were fully loaded.

Q4. A generating station has the following daily load cycle


Draw the load curve and find (i) maximum demand (ii) units generated per day (iii) average load and (iv) load
factor.
Time (hr) 0–6 6 – 10 10 – 12 12 – 16 16 – 20 20 – 24
Load (MW) 40 50 60 50 70 40

Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


Example
Q5. A base load station having a capacity of 18 MW and a standby station having a capacity of 20 MW share a
common load. Find the annual load factors and plant capacity factors of two power stations from the following
data
Annual standby station output = 7·35 × 10^6 kWh
Annual base load station output = 101·35 × 10^6 kWh
Peak load on standby station = 12 MW
Hours of use by standby station/year = 2190 hours

Q6. A power station has to meet the following demand


Group A : 200 kW between 8 A.M. and 6 P.M.
Group B : 100 kW between 6 A.M. and 10 A.M.
Group C : 50 kW between 6 A.M. and 10 A.M.
Group D : 100 kW between 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. and then between 6 P.M. and 6 A.M.
Plot the daily load curve and determine (i) diversity factor (ii) units generated per day (iii) load
factor
Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

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