Outline:

 PHP Decision making

🞑 if
🞑 if…else
🞑 if…else...elseif
🞑 switch…case statements
 PHP Loops
🞑 While
🞑 Do…While
🞑 For
🞑 Foreach
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 if Statements
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 Used to execute specific programming code if the

evaluation of a conditional expression returns a
value of TRUE
 The syntax for a simple if statement is:
if (conditional expression)
statement;

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 Conditional Expression
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 if Statements (continued)
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 Contains three parts:

🞑the keyword if
🞑a conditional expression enclosed within parentheses
🞑the executable statements

 A command block is a group of statements

contained within a set of braces
 Each command block must have an opening brace (
{ ) and a closing brace ( } )

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 if Statements (continued)
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 if...else Statements
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 An if statement that includes an else clause is

called an if...else statement
 An else clause executes when the condition in an
if...else statement evaluates to FALSE
 The syntax for an if...else statement is:

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 if...else Statements (continued)
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 An if statement can be constructed without the

else clause
 The else clause can only be used with an if
statement

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 if…else…elseif Statements
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 When we want to execute different code for different

set of conditions, and we have more than two possible
conditions, then we use if...elseif...else

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 switch Statements
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 Control program flow by executing a specific set of

statements depending on the value of an expression
 Compare the value of an expression to a value
contained within a special statement called a case
label
 A case label is a specific value that contains one or
more statements that execute if the value of the
case label matches the value of the switch
statement’s expression

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 switch Statements (continued)
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 Consist of the following components:

🞑The switch keyword
🞑An expression

🞑An opening brace

🞑One or more case labels
🞑The executable statements
🞑The breakkeyword
🞑A default label

🞑A closing brace

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 switch Statements (continued)
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 The syntax for the switch statement is:

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 switch Statements (continued)
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 A case label consists of:

🞑The keyword case
🞑A literal value or variable name

🞑A colon (:)

 A case label can be followed by a single

statement or multiple statements
 Multiple statements for a case label do not need
to be enclosed within a command block

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 switch Statements (continued)
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 Thedefault label contains statements that

execute when the value returned by the switch
statement expression does not match a case label
 A default label consists of the keyword
default followed by a colon (:)

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 Example:
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 Loop Statement
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 A loop statement is a control structure that

repeatedly executes a statement or a series of
statements while a specific condition is TRUE or until
a specific condition becomes TRUE
 There are four types of loop statements:
🞑while statements
🞑do...while statements

🞑for statements

🞑foreach statements

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 while Statements
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 Tests the condition prior to executing the series of

statements at each iteration of the loop
 The syntax for the while statement is:

 As long as the conditional expression evaluates to

TRUE, the statement or command block that follows
executes repeatedly
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 while Statements (continued)
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 Each repetition of a looping statement is called an

 iteration
 A while statement keeps repeating until its
conditional expression evaluates to FALSE
 A counter is a variable that increments or
decrements with each iteration of a loop statement

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 while Statements (continued)
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 do...while Statements
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 Test the condition after executing a series of

statements then repeats the execution as long as a
given conditional expression evaluates to TRUE
 The syntax for the do...while statement is:

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 do...while Statements (continued)
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 do...while statements always execute once,

before a conditional expression is evaluated

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 do...while Statements (continued)
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 for Statements
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 Combine the initialize, conditional evaluation, and

update portions of a loop into a single statement
 Repeat a statement or a series of statements as
long as a given conditional expression evaluates to
TRUE
 If the conditional expression evaluates to TRUE, the
for statement executes and continues to execute
repeatedly until the conditional expression
evaluates to FALSE

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 for Statements (continued)
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 Can also include code that initializes a counter and

changes its value with each iteration
 The syntax of the for statement is:

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 for Statements (continued)
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 foreach Statements
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 Used to iterate or loop through the elements in an

array
 Do not require a counter; instead, you specify an
array expression within a set of parentheses
following the foreach keyword
 The syntax for the foreach statement is:

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 foreach Statements (continued)
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 PHP - Functions
 PHP provides us with two major types of functions:
Built-in functions & User Defined Functions.
 Built-in functions provides us with a huge collection
of built-in library functions. These functions are
already coded and stored in form of functions. To use
those we just need to call them as per our
requirement like, var_dump, fopen(), print_r(),
gettype() etc.
 The real power of PHP comes from its functions; it
has more than 1000 built-in functions.

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PHP - Functions
 PHP User Defined Functions
 Apart from the built-in functions, PHP allows
programmers to create customised functions
called the user-defined functions.
 A function is a block of statements that can be
used repeatedly in a program.
 A function will not execute immediately when a
page loads.
 A function will be executed by a call to the
function.

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Why should we use functions?
 Reusability: If we have a common code that we would like
to use at various parts of a program, we can simply contain it
within a function and call it whenever required. This reduces
the time and effort of repetition of a single code. This can be
done both within a program and also by importing the PHP
file, containing the function, in some other program
 Easier error detection: Since, our code is divided into
functions, we can easily detect in which function, the error
could lie and fix them fast and easily.
 Easily maintained: As we have used functions in our
program, so if anything or any line of code needs to be
changed, we can easily change it inside the function and the
change will be reflected everywhere, where the function is
called. Hence, easy to maintain.
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Creating a User Defined
Function in PHP
 A user defined function declaration starts with the word
keyword "function":
 Syntax:
function functionName() {
code to be executed;
}
 Note: A function name can start with a letter or underscore
(not a number) and ends with an open and closed parenthesis.
 To call a function we just need to write its name followed by
the parenthesis
 Programmers should assign function names that reflect what
the function does.
 Function names are NOT case-sensitive.

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Example: Creating a function named
"writeMsg()"

 The opening curly brace ( { ) indicates the

beginning of the function code and the closing
curly brace ( } ) indicates the end of the function.
 The function outputs "Hello world!".
 To call the function, just write its name:

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Function Parameters/Arguments

 The information or variable, within the function’s

parenthesis, are called parameters. They are used to
hold the values executable during runtime.
 A programmer can take in as many parameters as he
wants, separated with the comma(,) operator.
 Parameters are used to accept inputs during runtime.
While passing the values like during a function call, they
are called arguments.
 An argument is a value passed to a function and a
parameter is used to hold those arguments. In common
term, both parameter and argument mean the same. We
need to keep in mind that for every parameter, we need
to pass its corresponding argument.
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Function Parameters/Arguments
 Syntax:
function function_name($first_parameter,
$second_parameter) {
executable code;
}

Example Code:
<?php
// function along with three parameters
function proGeek($num1, $num2, $num3) {
$product = $num1 * $num2 * $num3;
echo "The product is $product";
}
// Calling the function & Passing three arguments
proGeek(2, 3, 5);
?>

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Setting Default Values for Function
Parameter
 PHP allows us to set default argument values for function
parameters. If we do not pass any argument for a parameter with
default value then PHP will use the default set value for this
parameter in the function call.

 Example Code:
<?php
// function with default parameter
function defAge($str, $num=12) {
echo "$str is $num years old \n";
}
// Calling the function
defAge(“Jane", 15);
// In this call, the default value 12 will be considered
defAge("Adam");
?>
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Returning Values from Functions
 Functions can also return values to the part of
program from where it is called.
 The return keyword is used to return value back
to the part of program, from where it was called.
 The returning value may be of any type
including the arrays and objects.
 The return statement also marks the end of the
function and stops the execution after that and
returns the value.

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Returning Values from Functions
 Example Code:
<?php
//function along with three parameters
function proThree($num1, $num2, $num3) {
$product = $num1 * $num2 * $num3;
return $product; //returning the product
}
//storing the returned value
$retValue = proThree(2, 3, 5);
echo "The product is $retValue";
?>

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Returning Values from Functions
PHP allows two ways in which an argument can be
passed into a function:
(1) Pass by Value: On passing arguments using pass by
value, the value of the argument gets changed within a
function, but the original value outside the function
remains unchanged. That means a duplicate of the
original value is passed as an argument.
(2) Pass by Reference: On passing arguments as pass
by reference, the original value is passed. Therefore, the
original value gets altered. In pass by reference we
actually pass the address of the value, where it is stored
using ampersand sign (&).
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Returning Values from Functions
<?php
// pass by value
function valPass($num) {
$num += 2;
return $num;
}
// pass by reference
function refPass(&$num) {
$num += 10;
return $num;
}
$n = 10;
valPass($n);
echo "The original value is still $n \n";
refPass($n);
echo "The original value changes to $n";
?>
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