Iso - 16422 1 2024

International
Standard
ISO 16422-1
Pipes and joints made of oriented First edition
unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) 2024-02
(PVC-O) for the conveyance of water
under pressure —
Part 1:
General
Tubes et assemblages en poly(chlorure de vinyle) non plastifié
orienté (PVC-O) pour le transport de l'eau sous pression —
Partie 1: Généralités
Reference number
ISO 16422-1:2024(en) Este documento ha sido adquirido por MOLECOR CANALIZACIONES ©S.L.
ISO 2024
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ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
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ii
ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
Contents Page
Foreword..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. v
1 Scope.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
3 Terms and definitions................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
3.1 Terms related to wall construction................................................................................................................................................... 2
3.2 Terms related to geometrics.................................................................................................................................................................... 2
3.3 Terms related to material........................................................................................................................................................................... 3
3.4 Terms related to material characteristics................................................................................................................................... 3
3.5 Terms related to service conditions.................................................................................................................................................. 4
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.1 Symbols....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.2 Abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
5 Material...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.1 General requirements for compounds or formulations................................................................................................... 6
5.2 Special requirements for compounds or formulations for components in contact with
drinking water...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.3 Use of reworked material............................................................................................................................................................................6
6 Material classification................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
6.1 MRS value classification pipes...............................................................................................................................................................7
6.2 PN classification fittings.............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
6.3 Design stress pipes........................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Bibliography............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8

iii
ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 138, Plastics pipes, fittings and valves for the
transport of fluids, Subcommittee SC 2, Plastics pipes and fittings for water supplies.
This first edition of ISO 16422-1, together with ISO 16422-2 and ISO 16422-5, cancels and replaces the second
edition of ISO 16422:2014, which has been technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— ISO 16422:2014 has been split into several parts, under the general title “Pipes and joints made of oriented
unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) for the conveyance of water under pressure”. The information
previously included in ISO 16422:2014 has been divided into ISO 16422-1 (this document), ISO 16422-2
and ISO 16422-5.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16422 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
Introduction
Molecular orientation of thermoplastics results in the improvement of physical and mechanical properties.
Orientation is carried out at temperatures well above the glass transition temperature.
Orientation of PVC-U pipe-material can be induced by different processes.
In general, the following production process is common.
— A thick-wall tube is extruded (feedstock) and conditioned at the desired temperature.
— The orientation process is activated primarily in circumferential direction under controlled conditions.
Axial orientation can also be activated in the product.
— After the orientation process, the pipe is cooled down quickly to ambient temperature.
The orientation of the molecules creates a laminar structure in the material of the pipe wall. This structure
gives the ability to withstand brittle failure emanating from minor flaws in the material matrix or from
scratches at the surface of the pipe wall.
Improved hoop strength allows reduced wall thickness with material and energy savings. It also results in
improved resistance to impact and fatigue.
The classification of the material depends on material compound/formulation and stretch ratios used.
Therefore, with the classification, these characteristics may be specified or determined.
Regarding potential adverse effects on the quality of water intended for human consumption caused by
the products covered by this document, this document provides no information as to whether or not the
products can be used without restriction.
Requirements and test methods for PVC-O components are specified in this document, as well as in
ISO 16422-2 and ISO/TS 16422-3.

v
International Standard ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
Pipes and joints made of oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl

chloride) (PVC-O) for the conveyance of water under
pressure —
Part 1:
General
1 Scope
This document specifies the general characteristics of solid-wall pipes made of oriented unplasticized
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) for piping systems intended to be used underground or above-ground (where
protected from direct sunlight), for water supply, buried drainage, sewerage, treated waste water and
irrigation under pressure.
In conjunction with ISO 16422-2, ISO/TS 16422-3, ISO 16422-5 and ISO 1452-4, this document is applicable
to PVC-O pipes and PVC-O fittings, as well as to valves, their joints and to joints with components of other
plastics and non-plastics materials intended to be used for the following:
a) water mains and services lines;
b) conveyance of water for both outside and inside buildings;
c) drainage, sewerage and treated wastewater under pressure;
d) irrigation under pressure.
This document is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water under pressure up to and
including 25 °C (cold water), intended for human consumption and for general purposes as well as for
wastewater under pressure.
This document is also applicable to components for the conveyance of water and wastewater up to and
including 45 °C. For temperatures between 25 °C and 45 °C, see ISO 16422-2:2023, Figure C.1.
The piping system according to this document is intended for the conveyance of cold water up to pressures
of 25 bar1) and especially in those applications where special performance requirements are needed, such as
impact loads and pressure fluctuations, up to pressure of 25 bar.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16422-2:2023, Pipes and joints made of oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) for the
conveyance of water under pressure — Part 2: Pipes
ISO/TS 16422-3:2023, Pipes and joints made of oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) for the
conveyance of water under pressure — Part 3: Fittings
ISO 472, Plastics — Vocabulary
1) 1 bar = 0,1 MPa = 105 Pa; 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2

1
ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
ISO 1043-1, Plastics — Symbols and abbreviated terms — Part 1: Basic polymers and their special characteristics
ISO 9080, Plastics piping and ducting systems — Determination of the long-term hydrostatic strength of
thermoplastics materials in pipe form by extrapolation
ISO 12162, Thermoplastics materials for pipes and fittings for pressure applications — Classification, designation
and design coefficient
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 472 and ISO 1043-1 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://w ww.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://w ww.electropedia.org/
3.1 Terms related to wall construction

3.1.1
solid-wall
having smooth internal and external surface and the same homogeneous compound/formulation throughout
the wall
3.2 Terms related to geometrics

3.2.1
mean inside diameter of socket
dim
arithmetical mean of two measured inside diameters perpendicular to each other at the midpoint of the
socket length
3.2.2
mean outside diameter
dem
value of the measurement of the outer circumference of a pipe or spigot end of a fitting in any cross-section,
divided by π (≈ 3,142), rounded up to the nearest 0,1 mm
3.2.3
mean wall thickness
em
arithmetical mean of a number of measurements of the wall thickness, regularly spaced around the
circumference and in the same cross-section of a component, including the measured minimum and the
measured maximum values of the wall thickness in that cross-section
3.2.4
nominal diameter
dn
specified diameter assigned to a nominal size
Note 1 to entry: According to ISO 1452-2, the nominal (outside) diameter of a thermoplastics pipe or a spigot, is equal
to its minimum mean outside diameter, dem,min.
Note 2 to entry: The nominal (inside) diameter of the socket of a fitting, pipe, valve or ancillary equipment is equal to
the nominal (outside) diameter of the connecting pipe for which they are designed.
Note 3 to entry: The nominal diameter is expressed in millimetres.

2
ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
3.2.5
nominal wall thickness
en
numerical designation of the wall thickness of a component which is identical to the minimum permissible
wall thickness at any point
Note 1 to entry: The wall thickness is expressed in millimetres.
3.2.6
pipe series
S
dimensionless number for pipe designation
Note 1 to entry: The pipe series S is related to a given pipe geometry as given in Formula (1):
dn − en
S= (1)
2en
3.2.7
standard dimension ratio
SDR
numerical designation of a pipe series which is a convenient round number approximately equal to the
dimension ratio of the nominal outside diameter, dn, and the nominal wall thickness, en
Note 1 to entry: According to ISO 4065, the standard dimension ratio (SDR) and the pipe series (S) are related as given
in Formula (2):
SDR = 2 S + 1 (2)
3.2.8
wall thickness at any point
e
value of the measurement of the wall thickness at any point around the circumference of a component
3.3 Terms related to material

3.3.1
feedstock
starting stock of PVC-U pipes before orientation-process
3.3.2
own reprocessed material
material prepared from rejected unused feedstock, pipes or fittings, including trimmings from the
production of pipes or fittings, which will be reprocessed in a manufacturer's plant after having been
previously processed by the same manufacturer by a process such as moulding or extrusion and for which
the complete formulation or compound is known
3.3.3
virgin material
material in the form of granules or powder that has not been subjected to use or processing other than that
required for its manufacture and to which no reprocessed or recycled material(s) has been added
3.4 Terms related to material characteristics

3.4.1
overall service (design) coefficient
C
overall coefficient with a value greater than 1, which takes into consideration service conditions as well as
properties of the components of a piping system other than those represented in the lower predictive limit

3
ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
3.4.2
design stress
σs
allowable stress for a given application at 20 °C
Note 1 to entry: This is derived from the minimum required strength (MRS) by dividing it by the coefficient, C, using
Formula (3):
MRS
σs = (3)
C
Note 2 to entry: Design stress is expressed in megapascals (MPa).
3.4.3
lower prediction limit
σLPL
quantity with the dimension of stress, which represents the 97,5 % lower confidence limit of the predicted
hydrostatic strength for a single value at a temperature, T, and a time, t
Note 1 to entry: σLPL = σ(T,t,0,975).
Note 2 to entry: The value of this quantity is determined by the method given in ISO 9080.
3.4.4
minimum required strength
MRS
value of the lower prediction limit σLPL , rounded to the next lower value of the R10 series when σLPL is below
10 MPa, or to the next lower value of the R20 series when σLPL is 10 MPa or greater
Note 1 to entry: The R10 and R20 series are the basic series of preferred numbers conforming to ISO 3 and ISO 497.
3.4.5
orientation factor
λ
factor related to the stretching ratio used in orientation processing
3.5 Terms related to service conditions

3.5.1
allowable operating pressure
PFA
maximum hydrostatic pressure which a component is capable of withstanding continuously in service
(excluding surge)
Note 1 to entry: For water temperatures up to and including 25 °C: PFA = PN.
Note 2 to entry: For water temperatures above 25 °C: PFA = f T × PN.
where
fT is the derating factor depending on water temperature;
PN is the nominal pressure.

In cases where a further derating factor for application is required: PFA = fA × f T × PN, where fA is the factor depending
on the application.
3.5.2
hydrostatic pressure
p
internal pressure applied to a piping system

4
ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
3.5.3
hydrostatic stress
σ
stress induced in the wall of a pipe when a pressure is applied using water as a medium
Note 1 to entry: Hydrostatic stress is related to the applied pressure, p, in bar, the wall thickness at any point, e, and
the mean outside diameter, dem, of a pipe and is calculated using approximation Formula (4):
p ( dem − e )
σ= (4)
20e
Note 2 to entry: Hydrostatic stress is expressed in megapascals (MPa).
3.5.4
nominal pressure
PN
numerical designation used for reference purposes related to the mechanical characteristics of a component
of a piping system
Note 1 to entry: For plastics piping systems, this corresponds to the allowable operating pressure, in bar 2), conveying
water at 20 °C during 50 years, as given in Formula (5):
20 MRS
PN = (5)
C × ( SDR − 1 )
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Symbols
C overall service design coefficient
dem mean outside diameter
dim mean inside diameter of socket
dn nominal (outside or inside) diameter
e wall thickness (at any point)
em mean wall thickness
en nominal wall thickness
fA derating (or uprating) factor for application
fT derating factor for temperatures
p hydrostatic pressure
T temperature
t time
λ orientation factor
σ hydrostatic stress
σLPL lower predicted confidence limit
2) 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 0,1 MPa

5
ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
σs design stress
4.2 Abbreviated terms
DN nominal size
DN/ID nominal size, inside diameter related
DN/OD nominal size, outside diameter related
MRS minimum required strength
PFA allowable operating pressure
PN nominal pressure
PVC-O oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)
PVC-U unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)
SDR standard dimension ratio
5 Material
5.1 General requirements for compounds or formulations

The material from which the pipes and fittings are made shall be an unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)
compound or formulation. The K-value of the PVC resin shall be at least 64.
This compound or formulation shall consist of PVC resin/powder, to which shall be added those additives
which are needed to facilitate the manufacture of pipes and fittings conforming to ISO 16422-2 and
ISO/TS 16422-3 as applicable.
None of these additives shall be used separately or together in quantities sufficient to constitute a toxic,
organoleptic or microbiological hazard or to impair the fabrication or solvent cementing properties of the
product or to impair the chemical and physical or mechanical properties (in particular long-term mechanical
strength and impact strength) as specified in the ISO 16422 series.
5.2 Special requirements for compounds or formulations for components in contact with
drinking water
All plastics and non-plastics materials for components of the PVC-O piping system (e.g. pipes, fittings, valves,
elastomeric sealing rings, lubricants), when in permanent or in temporary contact with water which is
intended for human consumption, shall take into consideration national requirements and regulations for
drinking water if applicable.
5.3 Use of reworked material

The use of the manufacturer's own reprocessed material obtained during the production and production
testing of products conforming to ISO 16422-2 and ISO/TS 16422-3 as applicable is permitted in addition
to the use of virgin material. Own reprocessed material obtained during the production of feedstock or
products conforming to ISO 1452-2 or ISO 1452-3 with the same formulation may be used.
Reprocessed material obtained from external sources and recycled material shall not be used.

6
ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
6 Material classification
6.1 MRS value classification pipes

Oriented pipes made from a defined PVC compound and with a well-defined orientation level in
circumferential and axial direction shall be evaluated according to the procedures of ISO 16422-2:2023
Annex A. The minimum required strength (MRS) values shall be classified in accordance with 6.3 and
Table 1.
6.2 PN classification fittings

Oriented fittings made from a defined PVC compound and with a well-defined orientation level in
circumferential direction, shall be evaluated according to the procedures of ISO/TS 16422-3. The PN class
shall be classified in accordance with ISO/TS 16422-3.
6.3 Design stress pipes

The design stress for pipes shall be based on the value of the lower confidence limit, σLPL , of the long term
hydrostatic strength for the resistance to internal pressure as determined in accordance with ISO 9080. This
σLPL value shall be converted into a minimum required strength (MRS) value in accordance with ISO 12162.
The MRS shall be divided by a design coefficient, C, to give the design stress σs, which is expressed by
Formula (6):
MRS
σs = (6)
C
The pipe material classification based on the minimum required strength (MRS) is given in Table 1:
Table 1 — Material classification

Pipe material classification
315 355 400 450 500
number
MRS (MPa) 31,5 35,5 40 45 50
Ca 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,6
σs (MPa) 20 22 25 32 28 36 32
a Higher design coefficient (C) may be used according to ISO 12162.
Higher MRS classes can be chosen, provided they fall in the R20 range of ISO 3.

7
ISO 16422-1:2024(en)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 3, Preferred numbers — Series of preferred numbers

[2] ISO 497, Guide to the choice of series of preferred numbers and of series containing more rounded values
of preferred numbers
[3] ISO 4065, Thermoplastics pipes — Universal wall thickness table
[4] ISO 16422-5, Pipes and joints made of oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) for the
conveyance of water under pressure — Part 5: Fitness for purpose of the system

8
ICS 91.140.60; 23.040.20;
23.040.45
Price based on 8 pages
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Pipes and joints made of oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl

1) 1 bar = 0,1 MPa = 105 Pa; 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2

3 Terms and definitions

3.1 Terms related to wall construction

3.2 Terms related to geometrics

Note 3 to entry: The nominal diameter is expressed in millimetres.

3.3 Terms related to material

3.4 Terms related to material characteristics

3.5 Terms related to service conditions

Note 2 to entry: For water temperatures above 25 °C: PFA = f T × PN.

fT is the derating factor depending on water temperature;

PN is the nominal pressure.

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms

C overall service design coefficient

dem mean outside diameter

dim mean inside diameter of socket

dn nominal (outside or inside) diameter

e wall thickness (at any point)

em mean wall thickness

en nominal wall thickness

fA derating (or uprating) factor for application

fT derating factor for temperatures

σLPL lower predicted confidence limit

2) 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 0,1 MPa

4.2 Abbreviated terms

DN/ID nominal size, inside diameter related

DN/OD nominal size, outside diameter related

MRS minimum required strength

PFA allowable operating pressure

PVC-O oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)

PVC-U unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)

SDR standard dimension ratio

5.1 General requirements for compounds or formulations

5.3 Use of reworked material

6.1 MRS value classification pipes

6.2 PN classification fittings

6.3 Design stress pipes

Table 1 — Material classification

[1] ISO 3, Preferred numbers — Series of preferred numbers

© ISO 2024 iso.org

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