MATHEMATICS PROJECT

Name of Student: Anshita Gaur

Class: XII Section: E

Roll No: 04
 MATHEMATICS PROJECT
INVERSE TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

ANSHITA GAUR
XII-E
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my gratitude to the School Director Ms. Sudha Goyal and my
Mathematics teacher Mr. Rajesh Kaushish for guiding me throughout the
completion of this project.

I would also like to thank my family and friends for supporting me and for helping
me carry out this project work. This project would not be as it is now if not for them.
 Index

Serial no. Topic Page no.

1 Introduction to inverse trigonometric functions 1

2 Inverse Trigonometric functions – Meaning and Graphs 2-5

3 Practical uses of inverse trigonometric functions 6

4 Unit circle 7

5 Example 1 – arcsin (−½). 8

6 Example 2 - arccos (−½) 9

7 Conclusion 10

8 Bibliography 11
 Introduction to inverse trigonometric functions
Every mathematical function, from the simplest to the most complex, has an inverse. In
mathematics, inverse usually means opposite. For addition, the inverse is subtraction. For
multiplication, it's division. And for trigonometric functions, it's the inverse trigonometric
functions.

Trigonometric functions are the functions of an angle. The term function is used to describe the
relationship between two sets of numbers or variables. In modern mathematics, there are six
basic trigonometric functions: sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant, and cotangent. The inverse
of these functions are inverse sine, inverse cosine, inverse tangent, inverse secant, inverse
cosecant, and inverse cotangent.

The inverse trigonometric functions are used to determine the angle measure when at least two
sides of a right triangle are known. The particular function that should be used depends on what
two sides are known. For example, if you know the hypotenuse and the side opposite the angle
in question, you could use the inverse sine function. If you know the side opposite and the side
adjacent to the angle in question, the inverse tangent is the function you need.

There are two methods for determining an inverse trigonometric function. The first is by using a
table containing all the results for every ratio. It can be tedious and cumbersome. The other is
using a scientific calculator. The inverse functions for the sine, cosine, and tangent can be
determined quickly.
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions – Meaning and graphs

Arcsine Function
Arcsine function is an inverse of the sine function denoted by sin -1x. It is represented in the
graph as shown below:

Domain -1 ≤ x ≤ 1

Range -π/2 ≤ y ≤ π/2

Arccosine Function
Arccosine function is the inverse of the cosine function denoted by cos -1x. Domain & Range of
arcsine function:

Domain -1≤x≤1

Range 0≤y≤ π
Therefore, the inverse of cos function can be expressed as; y = cos-1x (arccosine x)

Arctangent Function
Arctangent function is the inverse of the tangent function denoted by tan-1x. It is represented in
the graph as shown below:

Therefore, the inverse of tangent function can be expressed as; y = tan -1x (arctangent x)
Domain & Range of Arctangent:

Domain -∞ < x < ∞

Range -π/2 < y < π/2

Arccotangent (Arccot) Function
Arccotangent function is the inverse of the cotangent function denoted by cot -1x. It is
represented in the graph as shown below:

Therefore, the inverse of cotangent function can be expressed as; y = cot -1x (arccotangent x)
Domain & Range of Arccotangent:

Domain -∞ < x < ∞

Range 0<y< π

Arcsecant Function
What is arcsecant (arcsec) function Arcsecant function is the inverse of the secant function
denoted by sec-1x. It is represented in the graph as shown below:
Therefore, the inverse of secant function can be expressed as; y = sec-1x (arcsecant x)
Domain & Range of Arcsecant:

Domain -∞ ≤ x ≤ -1 or 1 ≤ x ≤ ∞

Range -π/2 < y < π/2 ; y≠0

Arccosecant Function
What is arccosecant (arccosec x) function. Arccosecant function is the inverse of the cosecant
function denoted by cosec -1x. It is represented in the graph as shown below:

Therefore, the inverse of cosecant function can be expressed as; y = cosec-1x (arccosecant x)
Domain & Range of Arccosecant is:

Domain -∞ ≤ x ≤ -1 or 1 ≤ x ≤ ∞

Range -π/2 < y < π/2 ; y≠0

 Practical uses of inverse trigonometric functions

An example of people using inverse trigonometric functions would be builders such as

construction workers, architects, and many others. An example of the use would be the creation
of bike ramp. You will have to find the height and the length. Then find the angle by using the
inverse of sine. Put the length over the height to find the angle. Architects would have to calculate
the angle of a bridge and the supports when drawing outlines. These calculations are then applied
to find the safest angle. The workers would then use these calculations to build the bridge.

Another example of use of inverse trigonometric functions is if for example say you are a
carpenter and you want to make sure that the end of a piece of wood molding is cut at a 45-
degree angle. You can measure the side lengths at the end of the molding and use an inverse
trigonometric function to determine the angle of the cut. Therefore inverse trig functions can be
used for other functions related to carpentry like construction etc.

The third example can be that suppose, archeologists discovered an ancient ruin on the peak of
a steep mountain. They have heavy machinery, however, they cannot bring it up a steep slope.
They can find the elevation of the paths in order to determine the best route for the machinery
to take. If the route ends 200ft above their current position, 400ft horizontal and the machinery
cannot go at a greater angle than 40 degrees, they can use inverse trig functions to find the angle
of the route. Based on their findings, they can find the best route to take up the mountain.

The last example is that we can view a function as something that maps things of one type to
things of another type. The inverse of a function tells you how to get back to the original value.
We do this a lot in everyday life, without really thinking about it. For example, think of a sports
team. Each player has a name and a number. So if you knew a player’s name and wanted to know
their number, you could think of this as a function from players to their numbers. Now, if you
wanted to do the reverse, find a player’s name given their number, you would be using the
inverse of this function. Another example: suppose I am travelling at 60 miles per hour, and want
to know how far I have gone in x hours. Then this could be represented by the function(x) = 60 *
x Now I want to know the inverse: If I know I have traveled x miles how long have I been travelling
for? f^{-1}(x) = x/60
 Unit Circle
Definition
The unit circle is a circle centered at the origin, with a radius of one.

The equation of the unit circle is u2 + v2 = 1.

Note: To avoid labeling conflicts later, the unit circle is graphed in the u-v plane, rather than the
x-y plane.

The unit circle provides a visual way to think about trigonometry and trigonometric functions.
The unit circle concept takes any equivalence class of similar right triangles and represents the
class using a single triangle with a hypotenuse of one. The triangle is oriented in the coordinate
plane with the adjacent side along the x-axis, starting at the origin with angle θ (theta).
Example 1. Evaluate arcsin (−½).
Solution. Angles whose sines are negative fall in the 3rd and 4th quadrants. The angle of

smallest absolute value falls in the 4th quadrant between 0 and − .

The angle whose sine is −x is simply the negative of the angle whose sine is x.

arcsin (−½) = −arcsin (½) = − .

The range, then, of the function y = arcsin x will be angles that fall in the 1st and 4th

quadrants, between − and .

Example 2. Evaluate arccos (−½).
Solution.
π
arccos ½ = .
3
π
The radian angle whose cosine is ½ is (60°).
3

arccos ½ = π/3
Therefore, arccos (−½) is the supplement of which π/3 is the angle we must add to π/3
equal π.
π/3 + θ = π.
Now, π/3 is one-third of π. Therefore, its supplement will be two-third of π: 2π/3
θ =arccos (−½) = 2π/3

The range, then, of y = arccos x will be from 0 to π.

An angle whose cosine is positive will be a 1st quadrant angle; an angle whose cosine
is negative will fall in the 2nd. It will be the supplement of the 1st quadrant angle.
 Conclusion

Inverse trigonometric functions are simply defined as the inverse functions of the basic
trigonometric functions which are sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant
functions. They are also termed as arcus functions, antitrigonometric functions or cyclometric
functions. These inverse functions in trigonometry are used to get the angle with any of
the trigonometry ratios. The inverse trigonometry functions have major applications in the field
of engineering, physics, geometry and navigation.
Below is a table which consist of all the inverse trigonometric functions with their notation,
definition, domain and range

Function Name Notation Definition Domain of x Range

Arcsine or inverse  − π/2 ≤ y ≤ π/2

y = sin-1(x) x=sin y −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
sine  -90°≤ y ≤ 90°

Arccosine or inverse  0≤y≤ π

y=cos -1(x) x=cos y −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
cosine  0° ≤ y ≤ 180°

Arctangent or For all real  − π/2 < y < π/2

y=tan-1(x) x=tan y
Inverse tangent numbers  -90°< y < 90°

Arccotangent or For all real  0<y< π

y=cot-1(x) x=cot y
Inverse Cot numbers  0° < y < 180°

 0≤y<π/2 or π/2<y≤π
Arcsecant or x ≤ −1 or 1 ≤
y = sec-1(x) x=sec y  0°≤y<90° or
Inverse Secant x
90°<y≤180°

 −π/2≤y<0 or 0<y≤π/2
x ≤ −1 or 1 ≤
Arccosecant y=cosec-1(x) x=cosec y  −90°≤y<0°or
x
0°<y≤90°
 Bibliography

Study.com

openlab.citytech.cuny.edu

www.learnalberta.com

themathpage.com
byjus.com