Design of Machine Elements (3171917) : B.E. Semester 7 (Mechanical)

A Laboratory Manual for
Design of Machine Elements

(3171917)
B.E. Semester 7 (Mechanical)
Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Government Engineering College,
Bharuch
Directorate of Technical Education, Gandhinagar,

Gujarat
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Design of Machine Elements (3171917)
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

BHOLAV, BHARUCH – 392002 (GUJARAT)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ____________________________________________
________ of 7Th Semester, Mechanical Branch, Division ______,
Enrolment no. ________________ has satisfactorily completed his/her work in
__________________________________________ for the term ending 2024 – 25.
Date: _________________
Signature of faculty Head of Department
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INSTITUTE VISION
Impart value based Integrative education to empower youth by fostering innovation and
leadership ethos for socio-professional needs.
INSTITUTE MISSION
1. Strengthen academic infrastructure to achieve excellence in engineering Education.
2. Foster talent by developing global mind-set and sustained leadership in professional outlook to
meet ever-rising industry expectations.
3. Nurture students by inculcating ethical and professional behaviour for their holistic development
DEPARTMENT VISION
Perceive itself as a leader for quality technical education and innovation in the field of
Mechanical Engineering to serve the changing needs of industry and society.
DEPARTMENT MISSION
1. Build requisite skills imparting quality education to prepare competitive mechanical engineers.
2. Offer students environment of academic excellence, leadership, innovation and lifelong learning.
3. Educate and mentor students to inculcate ethical principles and develop professional behaviour.
PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

Graduate of mechanical engineer will be able to:
1. Apply their knowledge in design, thermal science and manufacturing to provide effective
solutions for the engineering problems.
2. Attain excellence in product design and development through engineering knowledge.
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

Graduate of mechanical engineer will be able to:
1. Demonstrate the ability to analyse, formulate and solve/design engineering/real life problems
based on his/her fundamentals in the field of mechanical engineering.
2. Showcase the ability to apply the knowledge and skills required by a mechanical engineer for a
successful career in diverse domains viz., industry, research and higher education with creativity,
commitment and social consciousness.
3. Exhibit moral and ethical values, communication skills, team work, multidisciplinary approach
and understand the need for lifelong learning for a successful professional career.
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PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science, Engineering
fundamentals, and Mechanical Engineering to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and Engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex Engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration
for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex Engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
6. The Engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional Engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional Engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and the need
for sustainable developments.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the Engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex Engineering activities with the
Engineering Community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
Engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life -long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and lifelong learning in the broadest context of technological change
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Preface
Main motto of any laboratory/practical/field work is for enhancing required skills as well as
creating ability amongst students to solve real time problem by developing relevant competencies
in psychomotor domain. By keeping in view, GTU has designed competency focused outcome-
based curriculum for engineering degree programs where sufficient weightage is given to
practical work. It shows importance of enhancement of skills amongst the students and it pays
attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst students, instructors and
faculty members to achieve relevant outcomes by performing the experiments rather than having
merely study type experiments. It is must for effective implementation of competency focused
outcome-based curriculum that every practical is keenly designed to serve as a tool to develop
and enhance relevant competency required by the various industry among every student. These
psychomotor skills are very difficult to develop through traditional chalk and board content
delivery method in the classroom. Accordingly, this lab manual is designed to focus on the
industry defined relevant outcomes, rather than old practice of conducting practical to prove
concept and theory.
By using this lab manual students can go through the relevant theory and procedure in advance
before the actual performance which creates an interest and students can have basic idea prior to
performance. This in turn enhances pre-determined outcomes amongst students. Each experiment
in this manual begins with competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes as well as
practical outcomes (objectives). The students will also achieve safety and necessary precautions
to be taken while performing practical.
This manual also provides guidelines to faculty members to facilitate student centric lab activities
through each experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that the
students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve the
outcomes. It also gives an idea that how students will be assessed by providing rubrics.
The subject design of machine elements requires a deep understanding of the underlying physics
and engineering principles, as well as an awareness of the latest developments in materials and
manufacturing technologies. In this subject, we will explore into the design of various machine
elements, including couplings, springs, pressure vessels, gears, gear box, bearings, IC engine
component and hoisting and lifting devices. By mastering the skills and techniques covered in
this subject, you will be able to create innovative and effective machine elements that can
withstand the stresses and demands of real-world applications.
Utmost care has been taken while preparing this lab manual however always there is chances of
improvement. Therefore, we welcome constructive suggestions for improvement and removal of
errors if any.
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Practical – Course Outcome matrix
Course Outcomes (COs):

CO1: Relate various standard used in industry and utilize knowledge of manufacturing process in
design of machine elements.
CO2: Determine forces acting on machine elements like couplings, springs, gears, bearings and
perform stress analysis for machine components.
CO3: Estimate life of rolling element bearings and determine performance parameters of sliding
contact bearings.
CO4: Evaluate speed variation on gear box shafts and optimize fluctuation of shaft speeds in gear
box.
CO5: Design and dissect mechanisms for strength and improve their life.
Sr. CO CO CO CO CO
Objective(s) of Experiment
No. 1 2 3 4 5
1. To study general design considerations in machine design. √
2. Design of rigid and flexible couplings. √
3. Design of helical and leaf springs. √
4. Design of pressure vessels. √
5. Design of Spur Gear and Helical Gear √
6. Design of Bevel Gear and Worm Gear √
7. Design gear box √
Determination of a pressure distribution in a journal

8. √
bearing.
9. Design of Sliding and Rolling Contact bearings √ √
10. Design of Material handling equipment. √
11. Design of IC Engine Component: Valve Mechanism. √
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Industry Relevant Skills
The following industry relevant competency are expected to be developed in the student by
undertaking the practical work of this laboratory.
1. Design skills: Students will develop skills in designing and selecting machine elements
based on the specific requirements of a given application. This involves understanding
the principles of material selection, manufacturing processes, and mechanical analysis
techniques.
2. Analysis skills: Students will learn how to analyze the mechanical behavior of machine
elements using both analytical and numerical methods. This includes calculating
stresses and strains, performing fatigue and fracture analysis, and predicting
component life.
3. Testing and validation skills: Students will learn how to test and validate machine
elements using experimental methods. This includes performing mechanical tests such
as tension, compression, and torsion, and using data acquisition and analysis tools to
evaluate component performance.
4. Technical communication skills: Students will develop skills in communicating
technical information to others through written reports, presentations, and drawings.
This involves effectively conveying complex information and analysis results to
stakeholders, such as colleagues, clients, and supervisors.
5. Teamwork and collaboration skills: Students will learn how to work effectively in
teams to solve complex engineering problems. This involves collaborating with others,
delegating tasks, and contributing to group discussions to achieve a common goal.
Guidelines for Faculty members
1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students
with all features.
2. Teacher shall explain basic concepts/theory related to the experiment to the students before
starting of each practical
3. Involve all the students in performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the
students and ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in the
students after the completion of the experimentation.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on experience after the
demonstration.
6. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not
covered in the manual but are expected from the students by concerned industry.
7. Give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on task
assigned to check whether it is as per the instructions or not.
8. Teacher is expected to refer complete curriculum of the course and follow the
guidelines for implementation.
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Instructions for Students

1. Students are expected to carefully listen to all the theory classes delivered by the faculty
members and understand the COs, content of the course, teaching and examination scheme,
skill set to be developed etc.
2. Students shall organize the work in the group and make record of all observations.
3. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
4. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
5. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. apart from
those included in scope of manual.
6. Student shall refer technical magazines and data books.
7. Student should develop a habit of submitting the experimentation work as per the schedule
and s/he should be well prepared for the same.
Common Safety Instructions

Students are expected to
1. Familiarize yourself with the location and proper use of safety equipment, including fire
extinguishers, first aid kits, and emergency exits.
2. Ensure that all machinery and equipment are properly maintained and inspected before use
to prevent accidents caused by equipment malfunction.
3. Follow all safety procedures and protocols, including machine startup and shutdown
procedures, lockout/tag-out procedures, and material handling procedures.
4. Keep the laboratory clean and organized to prevent tripping hazards and cluttered
workspaces.
5. Always read and follow manufacturer's instructions and warnings before using any
equipment or machinery.
6. Report any accidents or near-misses immediately to your supervisor or laboratory manager.
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INDEX
Teacher with
Assessment
submission
Remarks
Page No.
Sign. of
Date of
Marks
Sr.
Date
date
No.
To study general design considerations in

1.
machine design.
2. Design of rigid and flexible couplings.
3. Design of helical and leaf springs.
4. Design of pressure vessels.
5. Design of spur gear and helical Gear
6. Design of bevel gear and worm gear
7. Design gear box

Determination of a pressure distribution in a
8.
journal bearing.
Design of sliding and rolling Contact
9.
bearings
10. Design of material handling equipment.
Design of IC engine component: valve
11.
mechanism.
Total
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Progressive Assessment Sheet
Criteria
Participation
Punctuality
Knowledge
Quality of
Sr.
( 30 % )
( 25% )
( 25 % )
( 20 % )
report
No.
To study general design considerations in machine

1.
design.
2. Design of rigid and flexible couplings.
3. Design of helical and leaf springs.
4. Design of pressure vessels.
5. Design of spur gear and helical Gear
6. Design of bevel gear and worm gear
7. Design gear box

Determination of a pressure distribution in a journal
8.
bearing.
9. Design of sliding and rolling Contact bearings
10. Design of material handling equipment.
11. Design of IC engine component: valve mechanism.
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Experiment No: 01
To Study General Design Considerations in Machine Design.
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Creativity, Analytical skills, technical skills, teamwork and
collaboration.
Relevant CO: CO1
Objectives:
(a) Students can learn several important concepts and skills like engineering design process,
materials science and engineering, safety engineering, reliability engineering from studying
the general design considerations in machine design.
(b) Students can learn about the principles of cost-effective design, such as design for
manufacturability (DFM) and design for assembly (DFA).
(c) Students can learn about ergonomics to design machines that are comfortable and safe to
use for operators and
(d) Students can learn about tolerances and fits to ensure that machine components fit together
properly.
Theory:
Design considerations are critical in the field of machine design as they ensure that the final
product is reliable, efficient, and safe to use. Here are some more details on the design
considerations mentioned:
1. Standardization: Standardization is a critical aspect of the design of machine elements.

Standardization involves the use of commonly accepted standards, specifications, and
guidelines to ensure that the components of a machine are interchangeable and can be produced
efficiently and cost-effectively.
There are several organizations that establish standards for the design of machine elements,
such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). These
organizations publish standards and guidelines related to tolerances, fits, materials, and
dimensions for various machine components such as bolts, gears, bearings, and shafts.
Designers can use these standards as a starting point when designing machine elements, which
can help to ensure that the components they produce are compatible with other machines and
can be produced efficiently. Designers can also use software tools and libraries that are based
on these standards to help them design machine components quickly and accurately.
Standardization ensures that components are interchangeable, production is efficient, and costs
are reduced. Standardization reduces the need for manufacturers to create unique parts for every
product, which lowers production costs, minimizes inventory, and streamlines the supply chain.
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2. Preferred numbers: Preferred numbers in design of machine elements refer to a series of
standardized sizes for various components such as bolts, screws, bearings, gears, etc. These
standardized sizes make it easier for manufacturers to design, produce, and maintain
machinery, as well as for users to replace and interchange parts. The use of preferred numbers
also reduces the number of unique sizes required and minimizes the inventory of parts.
Preferred numbers, are a series of numbers that facilitate easy selection of machine
components. These numbers allow designers to quickly determine the appropriate size of a
component by using a logarithmic scale. Using preferred numbers also helps to minimize waste,
reduce manufacturing costs, and simplify assembly.
3. Tolerances and fits: Tolerances and fits ensure that machine components work together as
intended. Tolerances and fits refer to the degree of permissible variation in the dimensions of
a part and the degree of interference or clearance between two mating parts, respectively.
Tolerances and fits are critical considerations in the design of machine elements to ensure
proper functioning, assembly, and interchangeability of parts. Tolerance is the allowable limit
of variation in a dimension of a part, while fit is the degree of tightness or looseness between
two mating parts.
Some of the common types of fits in the ISO system are:
Clearance fit: This fit allows for a clearance or gap between the two mating parts, such as
a shaft and a hole. It is typically used for applications where ease of assembly and
disassembly is important.
Interference fit: This fit requires a force or pressure to assemble the two mating parts due
to their tightness. It is commonly used in applications where high precision and rigidity are
required, such as in bearings and gears.
Transition fit: This fit falls between the clearance and interference fits and is used when
both clearance and interference fits are required, depending on the specific parts and their
tolerances.
The selection of appropriate tolerances and fits depends on the application requirements,
materials, manufacturing processes, and environmental conditions.
4. Ergonomics: Ergonomics is the study of how humans interact with machines and equipment.
Ergonomic design ensures that machines are comfortable and safe for operators, which reduces
the risk of injury, fatigue, and other health issues. Ergonomic design also improves efficiency,
as it minimizes the time and effort required to operate a machine.
Some of the key considerations in the ergonomic design of machine elements are:
Operator posture: The machine should be designed to accommodate the operator's posture
and movement. This includes the height and angle of the controls, the position of the
operator relative to the machine, and the accessibility of the controls.
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Force and torque requirements: The machine should be designed to minimize the force
and torque required to operate it. This includes the design of the handles, levers, and other
control mechanisms, as well as the weight and balance of the machine.
Visibility and access: The machine should be designed to provide clear visibility and easy
access to controls and displays. This includes the design of the operator's position, the
placement of controls and displays, and the use of appropriate lighting.
Vibration and noise: The machine should be designed to minimize vibration and noise
levels, which can cause operator discomfort and fatigue. This includes the use of appropriate
damping and isolation techniques, as well as the selection of appropriate materials and
components.
5. System design: System design considers how all the components of a machine work together
to achieve a specific function or goal. System design ensures that all the components are
compatible and function together seamlessly. It also considers factors such as control systems,
feedback mechanisms, and power sources to optimize the overall performance of the machine.
6. Manufacturing considerations: Manufacturing considerations take into account the

availability of materials, the cost of production, and the manufacturing process itself. By
considering these factors, designers can optimize the design of the product for efficient and
cost-effective manufacturing. This includes the use of appropriate materials, selecting
appropriate manufacturing processes, and minimizing the complexity of the design.
Quiz:
1. What are the preferred numbers? How many series are used? How will you denote them?
2. Explain ergonomics and aesthetic considerations in design.
3. What are the principles for the design of machine components?
4. What are the principles for the design of welded assembly?
5. What is DFM and what is DFMA?
6. What do you mean by standardization? Explain the use of standardization in design.
7. The maximum & minimum load carrying capacities of dumpers in a manufacturing unit are
40 kN and 630 kN respectively. The company is interested in developing seven models in this
range. Specify their load carrying capacities.
8. Standardize six speeds between 250 to 1400 rpm and state the series of torque for 0.5 KW
drive.
Rubric wise marks obtained:
Rubrics 1 2 3 4 Total
Marks
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Experiment No: 02
Design of rigid and flexible couplings.
Date:
collaboration.
Relevant CO: CO2
Objectives:
(a) Students can learn several important concepts and skills like engineering design process,
materials science and engineering, mechanical design from studying the design of rigid and
flexible couplings.
(b) Students can identify the industrial purpose of different couplings.
Theory:
Couplings are mechanical devices used to connect two shafts together to transmit torque and
rotation. The design of couplings can be classified into two main categories: rigid couplings and
flexible couplings.
(a) Rigid Couplings:

Rigid couplings are designed to provide a solid, permanent connection between two shafts.
They are generally used in applications where shaft misalignment is not a concern.
Fig.1 Rigid coupling
Rigid couplings are designed to transmit high levels of torque and are typically made from
materials such as steel or aluminum.
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Design Considerations:
1. The bore size of the coupling must match the shaft diameter of the equipment being
connected.
2. The coupling must be designed to withstand the torque and horsepower of the
application.
3. The length of the coupling must be sufficient to accommodate any axial movement
of the shafts.
4. The coupling should be balanced to minimize vibration and wear.
(b) Flexible Couplings:

Flexible couplings are designed to accommodate shaft misalignment and reduce shock and
vibration.
Fig. 2 Flexible coupling
They are used in applications where the shafts are not perfectly aligned, such as those with
parallel, angular, or axial misalignment. Flexible couplings can be further classified into
three types: elastomeric, metallic, and universal.
Design Considerations:
1. The coupling must be designed to accommodate the level and type of misalignment
present in the application.
2. The bore size of the coupling must match the shaft diameter of the equipment being
connected.
3. The coupling must be designed to withstand the torque and horsepower of the
application.
4. The coupling should be balanced to minimize vibration and wear.
5. The material used for the coupling must be selected based on the environmental
conditions and type of application.
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Quiz:
1. Discuss the function of a coupling. Give at least three practical applications.

2. What are flexible couplings and what are their applications? Illustrate your answer with
suitable examples and sketches.
3. Design a cast iron protective flange coupling to connect two shafts in order to transmit 7.5
kW at 720 r.p.m. The following permissible stresses may be used:
Permissible shear stress for shaft, bolt and key material = 33 MPa
Permissible crushing stress for bolt and key material = 60 MPa
Permissible shear stress for the cast iron = 15 MPa
4. Design a shaft and flange for a Diesel engine in which protected type of flange coupling is
to be adopted for power transmission. The following data is available for design:
Power of engine = 75 kW;
Speed of engine = 200 r.p.m.;
Maximum permissible stress in shaft = 40 MPa;
Maximum permissible twist in shaft = 1° in length of shaft equal to 30 times the diameter
of shaft;
Maximum torque = 1.25 × mean torque;
Pitch circle diameter of bolts = 3 × diameter of shaft; maximum permissible stress in bolts
= 20 MPa.
Find out: 1. Diameter of shaft, 2. number of bolts, and 3. diameter of bolts.
5. The shaft and the flange of a marine engine are to be designed for flange coupling, in which
the flange is forged on the end of the shaft. The following particulars are to be considered
in the design:
Power of the engine = 3 MW
Speed of the engine = 100 rpm.
Permissible shear stress in bolts and shaft = 60 MPa
Number of bolts used = 8
Pitch circle diameter of bolts = 1.6 × Diameter of shaft
Find:
1. diameter of shaft;
2. diameter of bolts;
3. thickness of flange; and
4. diameter of flange.
6. Design a bushed-pin type of flexible coupling to connect a pump shaft to a motor shaft
transmitting 32 kW at 960 rpm. The overall torque is 20 percent more than mean torque.
The material properties are as follows:
(a) The allowable shear and crushing stress for shaft and key material is 40 MPa and 80 MPa
respectively.
(b) The allowable shear stress for cast iron is 15 MPa.
(c) The allowable bearing pressure for rubber bush is 0.8 N/mm2.
(d) The material of the pin is same as that of shaft and key.
Draw neat sketch of the coupling.
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Marks
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Experiment No: 03
Design of helical and leaf springs.
Date:
collaboration.
Relevant CO: CO2
Objectives:
(a) Students can design different springs like helical sprig and leaf spring as per industry
requirements.
(b) Students can identify the industrial application of different springs with its materials.
Theory:
1. Introduction
A spring is defined as an elastic body, whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its
original shape when the load is removed. The various important applications of springs are as
follows:
1. To cushion, absorb or control energy due to either shock or vibration as in car springs,
railway buffers, air-craft landing gears, shock absorbers and vibration dampers.
2. To apply forces, as in brakes, clutches and spring-loaded valves.
3. To control motion by maintaining contact between two elements as in cams and followers.
4. To measure forces, as in spring balances and engine indicators.
5. To store energy, as in watches, toys, etc.
2. Types of springs
Though there are many types of the springs, yet the following, according to their shape, are
important from the subject point of view.
1. Helical spring
2. Conical and volute springs
3. Torsion springs
4. Laminated or leaf spring
5. Disc or bellevile springs
6. Special purpose springs
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Fig. 1 Types of springs
3. Material for spring

The material of the spring should have high fatigue strength, high ductility, high resilience and it
should be creep resistant. It largely depends upon the service for which they are used i.e. severe
service, average service or light service.
Severe service means rapid continuous loading where the ratio of minimum to maximum load (or
stress) is one-half or less, as in automotive valve springs.
Average service includes the same stress range as in severe service but with only intermittent
operation, as in engine governor springs and automobile suspension springs.
Light service includes springs subjected to loads that are static or very infrequently varied, as in
safety valve springs.
Helical Spring:
A helical spring is made of a tightly wound coil of wire, which is typically made of steel or other
metals with high tensile strength. The wire is wound in a helical or spiral shape, with each coil
touching the adjacent coil.
Stress and Deflection Equations:

The stress and deflection equations for a helical spring can be calculated using the following
formulas:
Stress: σ = 8Wd / πd3n
where, σ = stress (N/mm2)

W = load (N)
d = wire diameter (mm)
D = mean coil diameter (mm)
n = number of coils
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Deflection: δ = (8Wd3n)/(Gd4N)
where,
δ = deflection (mm)
G = shear modulus of elasticity (N/mm2)
N = number of active coils
Leaf Spring:
A leaf spring is a type of suspension system commonly used in automobiles and other vehicles. It
is a simple and effective design that has been used for centuries, dating back to horse-drawn
carriages.
A leaf spring consists of several layers or leaves of spring steel, which are bound together with
clamps or bolts. The longest leaf, called the master leaf or main leaf, is attached to the vehicle
chassis, while the other leaves are attached to the axle. When the vehicle moves over a bump or
uneven terrain, the leaf spring deflects and absorbs the shock.
Quiz:
1. Explain the importance of Wahl’s stress factor in spring design.
2. What is nipping in a leaf spring? Discuss its role.
3. Explain surge in spring.
4. Calculate the dimensions of the helical spring for a rams bottom safety valve for the following
data.
Valve diameter = 65 mm,
Maximum blows off pressure = 0.8 N/mm2,
Valve lift for pressure rise from 0.75 to 0.80 N/mm2 = 3.5 mm
Maximum allowable stress = 550 N/mm2
Spring index = 6, Modulus of rigidity = 8.3×104 N/mm2
5. Design a helical compression spring from the following data:
Minimum load = 100 N,
Maximum load = 225.6 N,
Compression of spring = 10 mm,
Permissible shear stress for spring material = 440 MPa
Spring end – square and ground ends
Modulus of rigidity for spring material = 0.80 x 105 MPa
6. A semi-elliptic leaf spring consists of two extra full-length leaves and eight graduated length
leaves, including the master leaf. The center-to-center distance between the two eyes of the
spring is 1 m. The maximum force acting on the spring is 10 kN and the width of the leaf is 50
mm. The spring is initially preloaded in such a way that when the load is maximum, the stresses
induced in all the leaves are equal to 350 N/mm2. The modulus of elasticity of the leaf material
is 2.07x105 N/mm2. Determine: (i) The thickness of leaves. (ii) The deflection of the spring at
maximum load.
7. Design a leaf spring for the following specifications: Total load = 140 kN; Number of springs
supporting the load = 4; Maximum number of leaves = 10; Span of the spring = 1000 mm;
Permissible deflection = 80 mm. Take Young’s modulus, E = 200 kN/mm2 and allowable stress
in spring material as 600 MPa.
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Marks
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
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Experiment No: 04
Design of pressure vessels.
Date:
collaboration.
Relevant CO: CO2
Objectives:
(a) Students can design different pressure vessels as per industry standards and codes.
(b) Students can identify the industrial application of different types of pressure vessels.
Theory:
1. Introduction:
The pressure vessels (i.e. cylinders or tanks) are used to store fluids under pressure. The fluid being
stored may undergo a change of state inside the pressure vessel as in case of steam boilers or it may
combine with other reagents as in a chemical plant. The pressure vessels are designed with great
care because rupture of a pressure vessel means an explosion which may cause loss of life and
property. The material of pressure vessels may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile such as mild
steel.
Fig. 1 Pressure vessel
2. Classification of pressure vessels:
a) The pressure vessels, according to their dimensions, may be classified as thin shell or thick
shell. If the wall thickness of the shell (t) is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell (d),
then it is called a thin shell. On the other hand, if the wall thickness of the shell is greater
than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell, then it is said to be a thick shell. Thin shells are used
33
in boilers, tanks and pipes, whereas thick shells are used in high pressure cylinders, tanks,
gun barrels etc.
b) The pressure vessels, according to the end construction, may be classified as open end or
closed end. A simple cylinder with a piston, such as cylinder of a press is an example of an
open end vessel, whereas a tank is an example of a closed end vessel. In case of vessels
having open ends, the circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid pressure,
whereas in case of closed ends, longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential stresses
are induced.
3. Stresses in thin cylinder shell due to an internal pressure:

a. Circumferential or hoop stress
b. Longitudinal stress
4. Stresses in thick cylinder shell due to an internal pressure:

It can be calculated by following theories related to pressure vessel
a. Lame’s equation b. Birnie’s equation
b. Clavarino’s equation d. Barlow’s equation
Quiz:
1. Sketch and explain the different types of ends used for pressure vessels.
2. What is pre-stressing the cylinder? What are the various methods used for it?
3. Explain Autofrettage for cylinders.
4. A cast iron pipe of internal diameter 200 mm and thickness of 50mm carries water under a
pressure of 5 N/mm2. Calculate the tangential and radial stresses at Radiuses (r) =100 mm;
110 mm; 130 mm; 140 mm and 150 mm. Sketch the stress distribution curves.
5. A single acting cast iron hydraulic cylinder to enable a thrust of 50 kN has maximum piston
speed of 0.15 m/min. Oil is supplied to cylinder through vane pump having capacity of 10
x 10-4 lit/rev and running at 2800 rpm. Find the thickness of the cylinder based on Lame’s
theory. Assume pump efficiency as 85 % and σt = 20 N/mm2.
6. A hydraulic press has the following specifications:
Capacity = 80 kN
Fluid pressure = 16 MPa
Stroke = 80 mm
Permissible tensile stress for pillar and ram = 75 MPa
Permissible stress for C.I. cylinder = 30 MPa
Distance between the center line of pillars = 800 mm
Distance between top supporting platform and bottom of top plate when the ram is in the
down most position = 800mm
Design the ram, cylinder and pillars.
7. A compound cylinder consists of an inner steel tube with inner and outer diameters of 40
mm and 60 mm respectively. It is reinforced by shrinking a steel jacket of outer diameter 80
mm. The compound cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure of 60MPa. The shrinkage
allowance is such that the maximum circumferential stress in inner tube and jacket are same.
Calculate: (i) The interference pressure; and (ii) the original dimensions of inner tube and
jacket.
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Marks
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Experiment No: 05
Problems on design of Spur Gear and Helical Gear
Date:
collaboration.
Relevant CO: CO2
Objectives:
(a) Students can design spur gear and helical gear as per industry standards and codes.
(b) Students can identify the materials industrial application of spur gears and helical gears.
Theory:
Spur Gear
Spur gears are one of the most commonly used types of gears in mechanical systems. They are
cylindrical in shape and have teeth that are straight and parallel to the axis of rotation.
Fig. 1 Spur gear
Here are some key concepts and examples related to spur gears:
Gear Ratio: The gear ratio is the ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear (or the input gear)
to the number of teeth on the driven gear (or the output gear). It determines how much the output
gear will rotate compared to the input gear.
Pitch Circle: The pitch circle is the imaginary circle on which the teeth of a gear are located. The
diameter of the pitch circle is called the pitch diameter.
Module: The module is a measure of the size of a gear. It is defined as the ratio of the pitch diameter
to the number of teeth.
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Fig. 1 gear nomenclature
Pressure Angle: The pressure angle is the angle between the direction of the force exerted by one
gear tooth on another gear tooth and the line perpendicular to the pitch circle.
Spur gear design:
Determine the gear ratio: It can be calculated by dividing the number of teeth on the driven gear by
the number of teeth on the driving gear.
Determine the pitch diameter: It can be calculated by multiplying the number of teeth by the
module.
Determine the number of teeth: The number of teeth is determined by the desired gear ratio and
pitch diameter.
Determine the pressure angle: It is typically set at 20 degrees or 14.5 degrees, depending on the
application.
Determine the tooth profile: The tooth profile is the shape of the teeth on the gear. It can be
calculated using specialized software or found in tables provided by gear manufacturers.
Choose the material: The material of the gear depends on the application, load, and operating
conditions. Common materials include steel, brass, and plastic.
Design the gear assembly: The gear assembly includes the gear, shaft, and bearings. The design
should ensure proper alignment, clearance, and lubrication.
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Here are the equations for designing a spur gear:
Pitch Diameter (D):

D=N/m
where, N is the number of teeth and m is the module.
Module (m):
m=D/N
Gear Ratio (GR):

GR = N2 / N1
where, N1 is the number of teeth on the driving gear and N2 is the number of teeth on the
driven gear.
Center Distance (C):

C = (D1 + D2) / 2
where, D1 is the pitch diameter of the driving gear and D2 is the pitch diameter of the driven
gear.
Addendum (a):
a=m
Dedendum (b):
b = 1.25 × m
Tooth Thickness (t):

t = (π × m) / 2
Circular Pitch (p):

p=π×m
Outside Diameter (Do):

Do = D + 2 × a
Root Diameter (Dr):

Dr = D - 2 × b
Face Width (F):

F=b
Contact Ratio (CR):

CR = (L1 + L2) / (π × m)
Where, L1 and L2 are the arc of action for the driving and driven gears, respectively.
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These equations can be used to design spur gears for various applications. It is important to note
that these equations provide a basic understanding of spur gear design, and more advanced design
considerations such as tooth form, gear strength, and meshing conditions must also be taken into
account.
Applications of spur gears:
Gearboxes: Spur gears are commonly used in gearboxes to transmit power from one rotating shaft
to another.
Clocks: Spur gears are used in clock mechanisms to control the motion of the clock's hands.
Robotics: Spur gears are used in robotics to control the movement of robot arms and other
components.
Automobiles: Spur gears are used in automobile transmissions to control the speed and torque of
the wheels.
Industrial machinery: Spur gears are used in many types of industrial machinery, such as conveyor
belts, printing presses, and machine tools.
Helical gear
Helical gears are a type of cylindrical gears that have teeth that are cut at an angle to the axis of
rotation. The teeth of a helical gear are shaped like a helix, which is a spiral curve.
Fig. Helical gear
Helix Angle: The helix angle is the angle between the helix of the gear teeth and the axis of rotation.
It determines the degree of overlap between the teeth of the driving and driven gears.
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Design of a helical gear:
Pitch Diameter (D):

D = m × N / cos(α)
where, m is the module, N is the number of teeth, and α is the helix angle.
Module (m):
m = D / N / cos(α)
Gear Ratio (GR):

GR = N2 / N1
where, N1 is the number of teeth on the driving gear and N2 is the number of teeth on the
driven gear.
Center Distance (C):

C = (D1 + D2) / 2
where, D1 is the pitch diameter of the driving gear and D2 is the pitch diameter of the
driven gear.
Addendum (a):
a = m × (π / 2 + tan(α))
Dedendum (b):
b = 1.25 × m
Tooth Thickness (t):

t = (π × m) / 2
Circular Pitch (p):

p = π × m / cos(α)
Outside Diameter (Do):

Do = D + 2 × a
Root Diameter (Dr):

Dr = D - 2 × b
Face Width (F):

F = b × (2.5 + 0.02 × N)
Contact Ratio (CR):

CR = (L1 + L2) / (π × m × cos(α))
where, L1 and L2 are the arc of action for the driving and driven gears, respectively.
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These equations can be used to design helical gears for various applications. It is important to note
that helical gears have more complex geometries than spur gears, and additional design
considerations such as helix angle, tooth form, gear strength, and meshing conditions must also be
taken into account.
Applications of helical gears can be found in many mechanical systems:
Gearboxes: Helical gears are commonly used in gearboxes to transmit power from one rotating
shaft to another. They are often used in high-speed applications, as they provide smoother and
quieter operation than spur gears.
Industrial machinery: Helical gears are used in many types of industrial machinery, such as
printing presses, machine tools, and conveyors. They can transmit high torque and are less prone to
wear than spur gears.
Vehicles: Helical gears are used in automotive transmissions to control the speed and torque of the
wheels. They provide smoother and more efficient operation than spur gears.
Robotics: Helical gears are used in robotics to control the movement of robot arms and other
components. They can transmit high torque and provide precise motion control.
Quiz:
1. Explain standard system of gear tooth and advantage and disadvantages of 14.50 and 200
involutes system.
2. What is formative number of teeth in helical gear? Derive the expression for formative
number of teeth in helical gears.
3. The following data refers to a spur gear pair:
Service factor = 1.5 Dynamic load factor = 230 N/mm

Lewis’s form factor Y = Π [0.154 – 0.912/Z]
Velocity factor = 3 / 3 + v
Wear factor = 0.156 [ BHN/ 100]2 MPa
Specify the kW capacity of the gear unit.
4. Design a spur gear pair from the following given data.
Power to be transmitted = 22.5 kW, Pinion speed = 1450 rpm, Speed reduction = 2.5, No.
of teeth on pinion = 20, Service factor = 1.5, b= 10m, Pitch line velocity = 5 m/sec (For
initial calculation of module), Maximum permissible error in gear tooth profile = 0.025 mm,
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k = A factor depending upon the form of teeth = 0.111, Velocity factor = 3/ (3 + V), where
V is the pitch line velocity in m/s. Take endurance surface hardness = 600 MPa.
Lewis form factor = 0.154 – 0.912/No. of teeth for 200 pressure angle involute tooth system.
The materials and stresses are as under:
5. A pair of spur gear with 20o full depth involutes teeth needs to be designed. Input shaft
rotates at 800 rpm and receives 6 kW power. Speed reductions of output shaft by 5 times.
Pinion and gear are made of steel with σut= 450 N/ mm2 service factor is 1.3. The gears are
machined to accuracy of grade 10. Assume a pitch line velocity of 3.6 m/s and FOS is 2.
Estimate the module of the gear teeth. Determine static and dynamic load from Spott’s
equation. Specify the surface hardness of gear teeth assuming that strength in bending is the
same as strength in wear.
6. A stock helical gear has normal pressure angle of 20o, a helix angle of 25o, and a transverse
diametral pitch of 6 teeth / in, and has 18 teeth. find:
(a) The pitch diameter
(b) The transverse, the normal and axial pitches
(c) The normal diametral pitch
(d) The transverse pressure angle.
7. The following data is given for a pair of helical gears made of steel:
Normal module = 5 mm,
Face Width = 50 mm,
No. of Pinion Teeth = 30,
No. of Gear Teeth = 60,
Centre distance = 245 mm,
Normal Pressure angle =200,
Pinion speed = 1000 r.p.m,
Surface hardness = 300 BHN,
FOS = 2
Service Factor = 1.5,
Grade of Machining = 8,
Tooth form factor (Y) = 0.385
Permissible σb for pinion and gear material=150N / mm2.
Determine: (i) Helix angle (ii) Beam strength (iii) Max. static load that gear can transmit
(iv) Power transmitting capacity
8. A pair of parallel helical gears consists of a 20 teeth pinion meshing with a 100 teeth gear.
The pinion rotates at 720 rpm. The normal pressure angle is 200, while the helix angle 250.
The face width is 40 mm and the normal module is 40 mm. The pinion as well as the gear
are made of steel 40C8 having ultimate tensile strength of 600 N/mm2 and heat treated to a
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surface hardness of 300 BHN. The service factor and the factor of safety are 1.5 and 2
respectively. Assume that the velocity factor accounts for the dynamic load and calculate
the power transmitting capacity of gears.
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Experiment No: 06
Design of Bevel Gear and Worm Gear
Date:
collaboration.
Relevant CO: CO2
Objectives:
(a) Students can design bevel gear and worm gear as per industry standards and codes.
(b) Students can identify the materials and industrial application of bevel gears and worm gears.
Theory:
Bevel Gear:
Bevel gears are gears with teeth that are cut on a cone-shaped surface. They are used to transmit
power and motion between intersecting shafts.
Fig. 1 Bevel gear
Here are some key theories and examples of bevel gears:
Types of Bevel Gears: Bevel gears can be classified into two main types: Straight bevel gears and
spiral bevel gears.
Straight bevel gears have teeth that are cut straight across the gear surface, while spiral bevel gears
have teeth that are curved and spiral around the gear surface.
Pitch Cone: The pitch cone is the imaginary cone that intersects with the bevel gear teeth. The
diameter of the pitch cone is determined by the gear ratio and the distance between the shafts.
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Cone Angle: The cone angle is the angle between the axis of the bevel gear and the axis of the pitch
cone. It determines the distance between the shafts and the gear ratio.
Tooth Profile: The tooth profile of a bevel gear is similar to that of a spur gear, but the teeth are
cut on a curved surface. The profile of the teeth is determined by the shape of the pitch cone.
Hypoid Gears: Hypoid gears are a type of spiral bevel gear with an offset between the axes of the
gear and the pitch cone. They are used to transmit power between non-intersecting shafts.
Design of a bevel gears:
Pitch Cone Diameter (D): The pitch cone diameter is the diameter of the imaginary cone that
intersects with the gear teeth. It can be calculated using the following equation:
D = m / sin(α)
where, m is the module (the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth), and
α is the cone angle (the angle between the gear axis and the axis of the pitch cone).
Face Width (b): The face width is the width of the gear tooth along the direction of the shaft. It
can be calculated using the following equation:
b = 2 m cos(β)
where, β is the spiral angle (the angle between the tooth trace and the perpendicular to the
gear axis).
Outside Diameter (Do): The outside diameter is the diameter of the gear at the widest point. It can
be calculated using the following equation:
Do = D + 2 m cos(β)
Tooth Thickness (s): The tooth thickness is the thickness of the gear tooth along the direction of
the pitch circle. It can be calculated using the following equation:
s = π m / 2 cos(γ)
where, γ is the cone angle of the mating gear.
Pitch Diameter (dp): The pitch diameter is the diameter of the pitch circle that passes through the
center of the gear teeth. It can be calculated using the following equation:
dp = N m / cos(α)
where, N is the number of teeth.
Contact Ratio (C): The contact ratio is the ratio of the length of the tooth contact to the pitch circle
circumference. It can be calculated using the following equation:
C = (cos(α) + cos(β)) / (cos(α) + cos(β) - tan(α) tan(β))
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Applications of bevel gears:
Differential Gear: A differential gear is a type of bevel gear system used in automobiles to transmit
power from the engine to the wheels. It allows the wheels to rotate at different speeds while still
maintaining power transmission.
Angle Grinder: An angle grinder is a handheld power tool that uses a pair of bevel gears to transmit
power from the motor to the grinding wheel. The bevel gears allow the tool to operate at different
angles and orientations.
Marine Applications: Bevel gears are commonly used in marine applications to transmit power
between the engine and the propeller. They can also be used to adjust the pitch of the propeller
blades for better performance.
Worm and worm wheel

Worm and worm wheel are a type of mechanical power transmission system that is commonly used
in various machines, including automobiles, elevators, and industrial machinery. The worm is a
threaded shaft, while the worm wheel is a gear with teeth that mesh with the worm's threads. The
worm is typically the driver, while the worm wheel is the driven component.
Fig. 2 Worm and worm wheel
The worm and worm wheel mechanism provide a high gear ratio, making it ideal for reducing speed
and increasing torque. The worm's thread angle provides a locking action, which prevents the driven
component from turning the worm. The main disadvantage of the worm and worm wheel system is
that it has a low efficiency due to high friction and sliding contact between the worm and worm
wheel.
Design of a worm and worm wheel:
Pitch diameter of the worm wheel (DW):

DW = (PD × ZW) / π
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where, PD is the pitch diameter of the worm, and
ZW is the number of teeth on the worm wheel.
Lead angle of the worm (λ):

λ = tan^-1 (P / πDW)
where, P is the pitch of the worm.
Helix angle of the worm (α):

α = tan^-1 (tan λ / cos φ)
where, φ is the pressure angle of the worm wheel.
Center distance between worm and worm wheel (C):

C = (PD + DW) / 2
Gear ratio (GR):

GR = ZW / ZP
where, ZP is the number of teeth on the worm.
Efficiency (η):
η = (cos α / tan (φ + λ)) × (π / (2 × ZW))
where, α is the helix angle of the worm,
φ is the pressure angle of the worm wheel, and
ZW is the number of teeth on the worm wheel.
These equations can help in designing a worm and worm wheel that meets the specific requirements
of the application, such as gear ratio, efficiency, load capacity, and speed.
Application of the worm and worm wheel:
Automotive applications - Worm and worm wheel are commonly used in the steering system of
some vehicles to convert the rotary motion of the steering wheel into lateral motion of the wheels.
Industrial machinery - Worm and worm wheel are used in various industrial applications,
including conveyor systems, printing presses, and textile machinery.
Elevators - Worm and worm wheel are used in the hoisting mechanism of elevators to lift and lower
the elevator car.
Valves - Worm and worm wheel are used in valves to control the flow of fluids or gases in a system.
Robotics - Worm and worm wheel are used in robotic joints to provide high torque and precise
motion control.
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Quiz:
1. Design the pair of 900 straight bevel gear is used to transmit 7.5 kW from the motor running
at 1440 rpm from the given data:
Speed reduction = 4:1
No of teeth on pinion = 18
Pressure angle = 200 full depth
Design stress for C.I. gears = 55 MPa
Stress concentration factor = 1.1
Service load factor = 1.5
σes = 550 MPa and take EP = EG = 2.0 x 105 N/mm2
2. A pair of straight bevel gears, manufactured by generation, consists of 14 teeth pinion
meshing with 85 teeth gear. The module at large end is 5.5 mm while the face width is
limited to 0.25 times the slant height. The pinion is made of steel having ultimate tensile
strength is 750 N / mm2 and surface hardness of 210 BHN. The gear is made of cast iron
having ultimate tensile strength 260 N/mm2 and surface hardness of 210 BHN. The shaft
angle is 900. If the pinion rotates at 750 rpm, estimate the power that gear pair can transmit.
3. Why the efficiency of warm gear drive is low? Explain.
4. Explain the thermal consideration in worm and worm gears in detail.
5. The following data refers to a worm gear:
Power = 15 kw
Speed of worm = 1200 rpm
Teeth on worm gear = 36 (200 full depth)
Triple threaded worm
Axial pitch of the worm = 30 mm
Pitch diameter of worm = 60 mm
Coefficient of friction = 0.03
Find (1) helix angle of worm (2) speed ratio (3) center distance between two shafts (4)
apparent stress in the worm gear (5) efficiency of drive.
6. A speed reducer unit is to be designed for an input of 5 kW with a transmission ratio of 25.
The speed of the hardened steel worm is 1750 rpm. The worm wheel is to be made of chilled
bronze. The tooth form is to be 200 full depths involute. Assume double start worm. Design
a worm and worm wheel.
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Experiment No: 07
Minor problem of Design Gear box

Date:
collaboration.
Relevant CO: CO4
Objectives:
(a) As per application students can design gear box as per industry standards and codes.
(b) Students can identify the industrial application of different gear boxes.
Theory:
A speed gearbox is a device that allows the speed of a motor or engine to be changed by adjusting
the gear ratio between the input and output shafts. The gearbox consists of a series of gears with
different diameters that can be engaged or disengaged to change the gear ratio and, therefore, the
speed of the output shaft.
Fig. 1 Lathe gearbox
Various laws of stepped regulation:
Constant Step Law - The gear ratio between consecutive steps is the same.
Constant Percentage Law - The percentage change in the gear ratio between consecutive steps is
the same.
Close Ratio Law - The gear ratio between consecutive steps is small.
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Standard values of Gear Ratio: The standard values of gear ratio for automotive applications are
typically between 2.5:1 and 5:1.
Guidelines for selecting a proper gear ratio:
1. Determine the required output speed range.

2. Consider the motor or engine's torque and power output.
3. Consider the load requirements of the application.
4. Consider the desired efficiency and noise level of the gearbox.
5. Breakup of speed steps:
The speed steps of a gearbox depend on the gear ratios and the desired output speed range. The
steps are typically broken up into ranges, such as low range, mid-range, and high range.
Structural diagram and analysis:
The structural diagram of a gearbox shows the arrangement of the gears and their connections. The
analysis of the diagram involves calculating the gear ratios, torque capacity, and efficiency of the
gearbox to determine the best possible version for the application.
Speed chart:
The speed chart shows the input and output speeds of the gearbox at each gear ratio. It is used to
determine the appropriate gear ratio for a given speed and load.
General recommendations for developing the gearing diagram:
1. Determine the required gear ratios for the desired output speed range.
2. Select gears with appropriate diameters and tooth profiles.
3. Calculate the torque capacity and efficiency of the gearbox.
4. Ensure that the gear ratios and torque capacity are suitable for the load requirements of the
application.
5. Determine the number of teeth of gear:
The step-by-step design procedure for a lathe gearbox:
Step 1: Determine the speed range required for the lathe spindle.
This can be determined based on the type of work that will be done on the lathe. For
example, a lathe used for general-purpose turning may require a speed range of 50-2000 RPM.
Step 2: Determine the number of speeds required.

The number of speeds required is based on the desired speed range and the number of gear
stages. Generally, a lathe gearbox has 6-8 speeds. For this example, let's assume we need 6 speeds.
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Step 3: Determine the gear ratios required.
The gear ratios required are based on the desired speed range and the number of speeds
required. The gear ratio range should be approximately 10:1. For example, if the input shaft speed
is 1200 RPM and the lathe spindle speed range is 50-2000 RPM, the gear ratio range required is:
2000/1200 = 1.67:1 (maximum gear ratio)

50/1200 = 0.042:1 (minimum gear ratio)
So, the gear ratio range required is approximately 40:1 (1.67/0.042).
Step 4: Determine the number of gear stages required.

The number of gear stages required is based on the gear ratio range required and the gear
ratios available. For example, if the gear ratios available are 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, and 8:1, two
stages of gears can be used to achieve a gear ratio range of 40:1.
Step 5: Determine the gear ratios for each stage.

To determine the gear ratios for each stage, divide the gear ratio range required by the
number of gear stages. In this example, the gear ratio range required is 40:1, and two stages of gears
are used. So, the gear ratio range for each stage is 20:1 (40/2). The gear ratios for each stage can be
selected based on the available gear ratios. For example, the following gear ratios could be used:
Stage 1: 5:1
Stage 2: 4:1
Step 6: Determine the number of teeth for each gear.

The number of teeth for each gear can be determined using the following equation:
Number of Teeth = (Gear Ratio x Previous Number of Teeth) / Previous Gear Ratio
For example, if the first gear has 20 teeth and a gear ratio of 5:1, the second gear would have
100 teeth (5 x 20 / 1). The third gear would have 25 teeth (4 x 100 / 5), and so on.
Step 7: Determine the rotational speed for each gear.

The rotational speed for each gear can be determined using the following equation:
Rotational Speed = Input Speed / Gear Ratio
For example, if the input shaft speed is 1200 RPM and the first gear has a ratio of 5:1, the
rotational speed of the first gear would be 240 RPM (1200/5). The rotational speed of each
subsequent gear can be calculated using the same equation.
Step 8: Check for power requirements.

The power requirements for the gearbox can be determined using the following equation:
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Power = Torque x Speed
The maximum power requirement for the lathe spindle can be determined based on the type of work
that will be done on the lathe. Once the maximum power requirement is known, the torque required
for each gear can be calculated using the same equation. If the power requirement for each gear is
below.
Quiz:
1. Answer the following questions.

(a) What are the basic considerations in design of multi speed gearbox?
(b) Which conditions should be satisfied by optimum structure diagram of multi speed gear
box?
2. Explain what is structural diagram and method of drawing structural diagram of gear box.
3. A speed gearbox for a head stock of a lathe machine is to give speed variation from 125 rpm
to 1500 rpm in 12 steps. The power is supplied to the input shaft by an electric motor of 5
kW running at 1500 rpm, through a belt drive, giving speed reduction 1.2:1. Find the speed
steps arranged in geometric progression. Draw the structural diagram, Ray diagram and
speed charts.
4. A radial drill machine using a gear box is required to give 8 stepped speeds. The motor
power is 4 kw at 1440 rpm. The power from motor to the input shaft of gear box is
transmitted by a V belt drive giving a speed reduction of 1:6. The minimum and maximum
speeds are 70 rpm and 1800 rpm respectively. Make layout diagram of gear box. Draw ray
diagram and speed chart.
5. Draw speed ray diagram and layout for a six-speed gear box. The output speed is 160 rpm.
minimum and 1000 rpm maximum. The motor speed is 1440 rpm.
6. Design & draw a 2-stage spur gear reduction gear box pairs for operating a set of two belt
conveyor for following data:
Maximum conveyor speed = 1.5 m/s
Effective diameter of driving pulley of conveyor = 250 mm
Amount of torque transmitted by each driving pulley of conveyor = 200 Nm.
Speed of input shaft = 1920 rpm. Use data design book.
7. A three-stage gear box with twelve speeds is to be designed based on R10 series with
minimum spindle speed of 125 rpm. The second stage consists of three speed steps. The
electric motor is connected to the gear box through a belt drive and runs at 1440 rpm and
transmits of 5 kW. Using standard spindle speeds,
1. Draw the structure and speed diagram for the arrangement.
2. Determine the ratio of the belt pulley diameters.
3. Draw the gear box layout.
4. Determine the number of teeth on each gear of the gear box.
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Experiment No: 08
Determination of a pressure distribution in a journal bearing.
Date:
collaboration.
Relevant CO: CO3
Objectives:
Study how pressure would vary around the section of a journal bearing at various speed of the shaft
and loading conditions
Equipment/Instruments: Journal bearing apparatus.
Theory:
1. Introduction
Journal Bearing Apparatus is designed on the bearing action used in practice. To formulate
the bearing action accurately in mathematical terms is a more complex job. However, one can
visualize the pattern of bearing pressure distribution due to the hydrodynamic action with the help
of experimental rig. This helps to understand the subject properly. The experimental rig consists of
a small journal bearing as shown in Fig 1. This apparatus helps to demonstrate and study the effect
of important variables such as speed, viscosity and load, on the pressure distribution in a Journal
Bearing.
2. Description
The apparatus is illustrated in Fig 1. It consists of a Brass bearing mounted freely on steel
Journal shaft (A). This journal shaft is fixed directly on to a motor shaft (S). A Dimmer stat finely
controls the speed of the DC motor. The Journal Bearing (E) has twelve (No.1 to 12) equi spaced
of 30° pressure tapings around its circumference, and two No, 13, 14 additional axial pressure
tapings are positioned on the topside of the journal bearing. The two sides of bearing are closed
with two MS plates and sealed with gasket packing to avoid leakage. Balancing weights are
provided to maintain the bearing in horizontal position while taking the readings. Both the weights
can be adjusted freely along the rod connected to the bearing by a flexible plastic tube. From this
reservoir oil enters the bearing through this plastic tube.
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Fig. 1 Journal bearing apparatus
3. Theory of Journal Bearings
The mathematical analysis of the behavior of a journal in a bearing fall into two distinct
categories:
1. Hydrodynamics of fluid flow between plates.
2. Journal bearing analysis where the motion of the journal in the oil films is
considered.
According to the equation the Sommerfeld pressure function (when the velocity of
the eccentricity and the whirl speed of the journal are both zero) is given by: (with
seepage)
𝑟 2 𝜇𝑁
𝑆𝑜 = [𝑐 ] [ 𝑃 ] KW 10-6
Where, KW correction factor for side leakage from graph.

Where, ‘p’ is the pressure of the oil film at the point measured anticlockwise from the line
of common centers (00’)
NOTE: Some books on lubrication give the Summerfield function with a negative sign for
‘n’. This is true if it is measured from the point of minimum thickness of the oil film.
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Fig. 1 Geometry of journal bearing
4. Range of Experiments
Determine the pressure distribution in the oil film of the bearing for various speeds and
a) Plot the polar pressure curve for various speeds by graphical method.
b) Calculate by using the Sommerfeld pressure equation.
c) Sommerfeld number:
𝑟 2 𝜇𝑁
𝑆𝑜 = [𝑐 ] [ 𝑃 ] KW 10-6
Quiz:
1. Design a suitable journal bearing has to support a steady load for the following application to
operate under hydrodynamic condition. For Sr. No. 1 to 6 consider diameter of journal as 100
mm and for Sr. No. 7 to 8 consider diameter of journal as 90 mm. and plot journal position
under stable hydrodynamic lubrication condition on graph.
Sr. No. Application Speed, rpm Steady Load, kN

1. Electric motors 1800 9
2. Centrifugal pumps 1780 10
3. Steam turbines 1650 8
4. Air compressors Main bearing 1560 11
5. Gear reducers 1700 10
6. Air compressors Crank pin bearing 1680 8
7. Steam turbines 1740 9
8. Centrifugal pumps 2000 10
9. Electric motors 2500 8
10. Air compressors Main bearing 1800 11
93
Fig. 2
7. Graphs:
Graph to be plotted for pressure head of oil above supply head in cm of oil, at
angular intervals of 30° of the oil film. The angular interval positions are measured in
anticlockwise, commencing with position marked.
94
Marks
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Experiment No: 09
Design of Sliding and Rolling Contact bearings
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Creativity, analytical skills, technical skills, teamwork and
collaboration.
Relevant CO: CO2, CO3
Objectives:
(a) The design aims to minimize wear on the surfaces and to distribute the load evenly across
the bearing surface.
(b) Students can learn several important concepts such as materials science, tribology,
engineering design, applications in industry.
Theory:
(A) Sliding contact bearings
Sliding contact bearings, also known as plain bearings or journal bearings, are a type of bearing
that operates with sliding contact between the bearing surface and the shaft. The primary
function of these bearings is to support the radial load and axial load of rotating machinery
while reducing friction and wear.
Fig. 1 3D model of sliding contact bearing
There are several types of sliding contact bearings, some of which are:
Plain Bearings: A plain bearing is a simple type of bearing that consists of a shaft rotating
inside a hole or bore. The contact between the shaft and the bore is lubricated to reduce friction
and wear. Plain bearings are commonly used in engines, turbines, and other machinery.
Journal Bearings: A journal bearing is a type of plain bearing that supports a shaft that rotates
103
inside the bearing. The bearing has a cylindrical shape, and the contact between the shaft and
the bearing is lubricated to reduce friction and wear. Journal bearings are commonly used in
engines, turbines, and other machinery.
Thrust Bearings: A thrust bearing is a type of bearing that is designed to support axial loads,
which are forces that act parallel to the axis of the shaft. Thrust bearings are often used in
applications where there is a need to support heavy loads, such as in gearboxes and industrial
equipment.
Spherical Bearings: A spherical bearing is a type of bearing that can support radial and axial
loads. The bearing has a spherical shape, and the contact between the bearing and the shaft is
lubricated to reduce friction and wear. Spherical bearings are commonly used in applications
where there is a need for flexibility and alignment, such as in automotive suspensions and
steering systems.
Linear Bearings: A linear bearing is a type of bearing that is designed to support linear motion.
The bearing consists of a shaft that moves along a track or guide. Linear bearings are commonly
used in applications such as robotics, machine tools, and automation equipment.
Basic mode of lubrication:

The basic mode of lubrication in sliding contact bearings is hydrodynamic lubrication. In this
mode, a thin film of lubricant is created between the bearing surface and the shaft due to the
relative motion between them. This film of lubricant prevents direct metal-to-metal contact and
reduces friction and wear.
Measurement of viscosity:
Viscosity is a key property of lubricants that determines the ability of the lubricant to flow and
form a film between the bearing and the shaft. Viscosity can be measured using viscometers
such as the Saybolt viscometer, Redwood viscometer, and the Engler viscometer. The unit of
viscosity is typically expressed in centipoise (cP) or centistokes (cSt).
Viscosity index:
Viscosity index is a measure of the change in viscosity of a lubricant with temperature. It is a
dimensionless number that indicates the rate of change of viscosity with temperature. A high
viscosity index indicates that the lubricant's viscosity changes minimally with temperature,
making it suitable for use in a wide range of operating conditions.
Petroff’s equation:
Petroff's equation is an analytical solution to the Reynolds equation, which governs the flow of
lubricant in journal bearings. The equation provides a mathematical model of the pressure
distribution in the lubricant film and helps in the design of journal bearings.
McKee’s equations:
McKee's equations are a set of equations that describe the pressure distribution in the lubricant
104
film in journal bearings. These equations consider the effects of shaft speed, viscosity, bearing
length, and bearing diameter on the pressure distribution.
Reynold’s equation:
Reynolds equation is a partial differential equation that describes the flow of a thin film of
lubricant in journal bearings. The equation provides a mathematical model of the pressure
distribution in the lubricant film and helps in the design of journal bearings.
Difference between hydrodynamic and hydrostatic bearing:

In a hydrodynamic bearing, the bearing surface is separated from the shaft by a thin film of
lubricant generated by the relative motion between them. In a hydrostatic bearing, the lubricant
film is generated by an external source such as a pump, and the bearing surface is separated
from the shaft by a pressurized lubricant film.
Performance parameters for journal bearings:

The performance parameters for journal bearings include load capacity, coefficient of friction,
temperature rise, and oil flow rate. These parameters are important in the design and selection
of journal bearings for specific applications.
Selection of parameters for journal bearing design:

The selection of parameters for journal bearings depends on the operating conditions, such as
load, speed, and temperature. The key parameters to consider include bearing clearance,
bearing length, bearing diameter, lubricant viscosity, and lubricant flow rate. The design of
journal bearings involves a trade-off between load capacity, friction, and temperature rise. The
design must also consider factors such as ease of maintenance and durability.
(B) Rolling contact bearings:

Rolling contact bearings are used extensively in machinery to support rotating shafts with
minimum friction and maximum reliability. There are two main types of rolling contact
bearings: ball bearings and roller bearings. These bearings rely on rolling elements, such as
balls or rollers, to reduce friction between two surfaces that are in contact.
(a) (b)
Fig.2 Rolling contact bearing
105
There are several types of rolling contact bearings used in various applications. Here are some
of the most common types of rolling contact bearings with a neat sketch:
Ball bearings: Ball bearings are the most commonly used type of rolling contact bearings.
They are designed to support both radial and axial loads. A ball bearing consists of an outer
race, an inner race, and a cage that holds the balls in place.
Roller bearings: Roller bearings are used to support radial loads. They have a cylindrical shape
and are available in different designs, such as cylindrical, needle, and tapered. A roller bearing
consists of an outer race, an inner race, and a roller cage that holds the rollers in place.
Thrust bearings: Thrust bearings are used to support axial loads. They are designed to
accommodate the axial load in one direction only. A thrust bearing consists of two races and a
set of rollers or balls between them.
Tapered roller bearings: Tapered roller bearings are designed to support both radial and axial
loads. They have a conical shape and can handle larger loads than ball bearings. A tapered
roller bearing consists of an outer race, an inner race, and tapered rollers.
Needle bearings: Needle bearings are used to support high radial loads in limited spaces. They
have a cylindrical shape and a small diameter. A needle bearing consists of an outer race, an
inner race, and needle rollers.
Selection of the appropriate type of bearing depends on the application, including factors such
as load capacity, operating speed, temperature, and environmental conditions.
Static load carrying capacity: Static load carrying capacity refers to the maximum load a
bearing can support without deformation or damage. Dynamic load carrying capacity, on the
other hand, refers to the maximum load a bearing can support over a certain period of time
while maintaining proper function.
Equivalent bearing load: Equivalent bearing load is a way to calculate the dynamic load
carrying capacity of a bearing, taking into account the magnitude, direction, and frequency of
the loads. Load-life relationship is used to determine the life of the bearing, given the applied
loads and operating conditions.
Bearing selecting from a manufacturer's catalogue: When selecting a bearing from a

manufacturer's catalogue, important parameters to consider include the type and size of the
bearing, load rating, and speed rating. It is also important to consider the probability of survival,
which is the likelihood that the bearing will last a given amount of time without failing.
Design for cyclic load: Design for cyclic load involves selecting a bearing with adequate
dynamic load carrying capacity to withstand the cyclic loads that it will experience during
operation. This involves calculating the equivalent bearing load and selecting a bearing that
can withstand the expected cyclic loading conditions.
106
Quiz:
1. Explain the performance of a hydrodynamic bearing with the curve of μ versus ZN/p.
2. Explain Petroff’s equation for hydrodynamic journal bearings.
3. How do you express the life of a bearing? What is an average or median life?
4. Define the following terms as applied to rolling contact bearings:
(a) Basic static load rating (b) Static equivalent load
(c) Basic dynamic load rating (d) Dynamic equivalent load.
5. Design a journal bearing from the following data:
Radial load = 20 kN
Diameter of journal =100 mm
Speed of journal =900 r.p.m.
Oil SAE 10 with viscosity at 550 C = 0.017 kg/m-sec
Ambient temperature =15.50 C
Maximum bearing pressure = 1.5 Mpa
Permissible rise in oil temperature = 100 C
Heat dissipation coefficient = 1232 W/m2/0C
L/D ratio = 1.6
Design parameter ZN/p = 28
Clearance ratio = 0.0013
Specific heat of oil = 1900 J/kg/0C
6. A 75 mm diameter full journal bearing runs at 400 rpm. It is 75 mm long and is subjected
to a radial load of 2500 N. The bearing is lubricated with SAE 30 oil with the viscosity
16.5×10-3 kg/m-s flows into the bearing at a temperature of 75oC. The radial clearance is
0.03 mm. Determine:
(1) Summerfield number (2) Minimum film thickness (3) Attitude (4) Power loss in friction
(5) Heat loss (6) Side flow & Total flow of lubricants (7) Temperature rise
7. The ball bearings are to be selected for an application in which the radial load is 2000 N
during 90 per cent of the time and 8000 N during the remaining 10 per cent. The shaft is to
rotate at 150 rpm. Determine the minimum value of the basic dynamic load rating for 5000
hours of operation with not more than 10 per cent failures.
8. It is required to select a ball bearing suitable for a 50 mm diameter shaft rotating at 1500
rpm.The radial and thrust loads at the bearing are 4500 N and 1600 N respectively. The
value of X and Y factors are 0.56 and 1.2 respectively. Select a proper ball bearing from the
following table for the rating life of 22500 hr. the inner ring rotates and the service factor is
1.
Bearing No. 6010 6210 6310 6410
C (N) 21600 35100 61800 87100
Marks
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108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
Experiment No: 10
Design of Material handling equipment.
Date:
collaboration.
Relevant CO: CO5
Objectives:
(a) Students can learn to analyze and design material handling systems such as conveyors, cranes,
hoists, and lifts.
(b) Students can do material selection, load calculations, power requirements, component design,
and safety considerations for material handling systems for various industrial applications.
Theory:
Hoisting Tackle:
Hoisting tackle is a mechanism used for lifting heavy loads. The mechanism consists of a series of
pulleys and ropes or chains. The design of hoisting tackle involves determining the size and strength
of the ropes or chains, the number and size of the pulleys, and the arrangement of the pulleys to
achieve the desired lifting capacity. The analysis of hoisting tackle involves calculating the forces
acting on the ropes or chains, the tension in the ropes or chains, and the mechanical advantage of
the pulley system.
Wire Rope Design:

Wire ropes are used in a variety of applications, such as hoisting tackle, cranes, elevators, and
suspension bridges. The design of wire ropes involves determining the diameter, number of strands,
and construction of the rope to achieve the desired strength and durability. The analysis of wire
ropes involves calculating the stress and strain in the rope under various loading conditions, such
as tension, bending, and torsion.
Crane Hook Assembly:

The crane hook assembly is a mechanism used for lifting heavy loads using a crane. The assembly
consists of a hook, a shank, and a swivel. The design of the crane hook assembly involves
determining the size and strength of the hook, shank, and swivel to achieve the desired lifting
capacity. The analysis of the crane hook assembly involves calculating the stress and strain in the
components under various loading conditions, such as tension, bending, and torsion.
Quiz:
1. Explain the Classification of material handling equipment’s. Write basic objectives of

material handling system.
117
2. Design a wire rope for a lift using following details:
i. Number of ropes = 02
ii. Maximum load on the ropes including the cabin weight = 8 kN
iii. Tensile strength of 6×19 wire rope = 43.5 d2 kN where d = Rope diameter in cm.
iv. Factor of safety = 12 and assume necessary data.
3. Find the main dimensions of a cast iron rope drum from the following data for winding rope
(two sides):
i. Maximum load to be lifted = 40 kN
ii. Diameter of wire rope = 14 mm
iii. Lifting height = 10 m iv. Number of falls = 04
v. Drum diameter is 30 times rope diameter
vi. Allowable stress for cast iron = 25 MPa
vii. Use two movable sheaves.
4. An elevator is designed to carry workers and materials to height of 40 meter. It is estimated
that at least 10 workers with material load of 12 KN should be hoisted at a speed of 0.5m/sec
which should be attained in the first 0.4s. The recommended steel wire rope is 6x19 with
wire diameter 2.5mm. Determine factor of safety. Assume E = 84GPa, for 6x19 rope wire
diameter dw=0.063d, cross sectional area =0.38d2, ultimate tensile strength for the wire rope
is 435d2.
5. Determine the resistance offered by a single carrying and return idler for the conveyor
having the following data:
Capacity of the conveyor is 400 tph, Belt speed is 2 m/s, Mass of belt = 16 kg/m, Mass of
each idler = 25.1 kg, Carrying side pitch = 1 m, Return side pitch = 2m, Coefficient of
friction between the idler and the pulley = 0.02, coefficient of friction between the roller pin
and the idler = 0.04, Ratio of roller pin diameter to idler tube diameter = 0.5 , Belt inclination
= 15o.
6. Design the crane hook for a maximum load lifting capacity of 100 kN. The material for hook
is forged steel with permissible tensile stress 120 N/mm2. Select the most suitable cross
section for the hook.
Marks
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Experiment No: 11
Design of IC Engine Component: Valve Mechanism
Date:
collaboration.
Relevant CO: CO5
Objectives:
(a) To understand the working principles of valve mechanism in IC engines.
(b) To learn the design calculations involved in determining the valve dimensions and shape,
and the cam profile required for proper operation of the valve mechanism.
Theory:
Valve Gear Mechanism for IC Engine:
The valve gear mechanism is an important component in the internal combustion (IC) engine. It is
responsible for opening and closing the intake and exhaust valves in the engine cylinder, which
allows fuel to enter and exhaust gases to exit the cylinder. The design of the valve gear mechanism
must take into account various factors such as the engine's speed, valve lift, and valve duration.
The valve gear mechanism consists of various components such as the camshaft, cam follower,
pushrod, rocker arm, and valve spring. The camshaft is responsible for controlling the motion of
the cam follower, which in turn opens and closes the valves. The pushrod transmits the motion of
the cam follower to the rocker arm, which then actuates the valve.
The design of the valve gear mechanism begins with the determination of the engine's operating
characteristics such as its speed and power output. Based on these factors, the valve lift and duration
can be determined. The valve lift is the maximum height that the valve opens, while the valve
duration is the length of time that the valve remains open.
Once the valve lift and duration have been determined, the cam profile can be designed. The cam
profile is the shape of the camshaft that controls the motion of the cam follower. The design of the
cam profile must take into account factors such as the valve acceleration and deceleration, as well
as the valve spring force.
The selection of the cam follower, pushrod, rocker arm, and valve spring must also be taken into
account during the design process. The components must be able to withstand the loads and stresses
generated during operation. The material selection is also critical to ensure that the components do
not wear out quickly.
The design procedure for a valve gear mechanism for an IC engine involves the following steps:
Determine the valve timing: The valve timing is determined based on the engine's operating
conditions, such as the maximum power and torque required, the speed range, and the fuel type
used. This determines the opening and closing times of the intake and exhaust valves.
129
Select camshaft type: The type of camshaft (overhead or side-valve) and its location is selected
based on the engine's layout and other design considerations.
Determine camshaft dimensions: The camshaft dimensions are determined based on the valve
timing and the camshaft's lift and duration requirements.
Design the cam profile: The cam profile is designed based on the valve timing and the camshaft
dimensions. This involves determining the shape of the cam lobes, which control the valve lift and
duration.
Select the valve train components: The valve train components, including the cam followers, push
rods, rocker arms, and valves, are selected based on the engine's operating conditions and the
camshaft design.
Design the valve train: The valve train is designed to accommodate the selected valve train
components and to ensure proper valve actuation and timing.
Perform stress and deflection analysis: The valve gear mechanism is analyzed for stresses and
deflections to ensure that the design is strong enough to withstand the operating loads.
Quiz:
1. What is the function of a valve gear mechanism? Explain with neat sketches the valve gear
mechanism in case of a vertical and horizontal engine.
2. Design a tubular type pushrod for operating an exhaust valve of 4 stroke I. C. engine using
the following data:
i. Maximum force required to open the exhaust valve = 900 N
ii. Ratio of lp/lw for rocker arm = 1.2
iii. Length of push rod = 110 mm
iv. Ratio of inner diameter to outer diameter for tubular push rod = 0.75
v. Required factor of safety = 04
vi. Compressive yield strength for mild steel push rod = 350 N/mm2
vii. Modulus of elasticity for mild steel = 210 × 103 N/mm2
3. Design the various components of a valve gear mechanism for a horizontal gas engine with
the following data:
Diameter of port is 70 mm, its weight is 5 N, and its lift is 25 mm. The maximum combustion
pressure is 4.5 MPa. The valve opens 330 before O.D.C. and closes 10 after I.D.C. and it is
to open with constant acceleration and deceleration for each half of the lift. The gas pressure
in cylinder when the exhaust valve start to opens is 0.34 N/mm2 , the pressure on the top
side of the valve may be taken as 0.1 N/mm2 absolute and the greatest suction pressure is
0.035 N/mm2 below atmospheric. The engine runs at 350 rpm. The effective length of each
arm of the rocker lever is 175 mm and the included angle is 1400.
130
Marks
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A Laboratory Manual for

Design of Machine Elements

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Directorate of Technical Education, Gandhinagar,

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ____________________________________________

________ of 7Th Semester, Mechanical Branch, Division ______,

Enrolment no. ________________ has satisfactorily completed his/her work in

__________________________________________ for the term ending 2024 – 25.

Signature of faculty Head of Department

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Practical – Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):

1. To study general design considerations in machine design. √

2. Design of rigid and flexible couplings. √

3. Design of helical and leaf springs. √

4. Design of pressure vessels. √

5. Design of Spur Gear and Helical Gear √

6. Design of Bevel Gear and Worm Gear √

7. Design gear box √

Determination of a pressure distribution in a journal

9. Design of Sliding and Rolling Contact bearings √ √

10. Design of Material handling equipment. √

11. Design of IC Engine Component: Valve Mechanism. √

Industry Relevant Skills

Guidelines for Faculty members

Instructions for Students

Common Safety Instructions

To study general design considerations in

3. Design of helical and leaf springs.

4. Design of pressure vessels.

5. Design of spur gear and helical Gear

6. Design of bevel gear and worm gear

7. Design gear box

Progressive Assessment Sheet

To study general design considerations in machine

3. Design of helical and leaf springs.

4. Design of pressure vessels.

5. Design of spur gear and helical Gear

6. Design of bevel gear and worm gear

7. Design gear box

10. Design of material handling equipment.

11. Design of IC engine component: valve mechanism.

To Study General Design Considerations in Machine Design.

Relevant CO: CO1

1. Standardization: Standardization is a critical aspect of the design of machine elements.

6. Manufacturing considerations: Manufacturing considerations take into account the

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Design of rigid and flexible couplings.

Relevant CO: CO2

__ of 7Th Semester, Mechanical Branch, Division ,