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Quadratic Functions

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9 views

Quadratic Functions

Uploaded by

amajobe34
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grade 11 Maths

Charmaine
Functions
Functions of the general form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 are called parabolic functions. The
constants a, b and c have different effects on the parabola

The effect of a
The sign of a determines the shape of the graph.
• For a > 0, the graph of f(x) is a “smile”. The graph of f(x) is stretched vertically
upwards; as a gets larger, the graph gets narrower.
For 0 < a < 1, as a gets closer to 0, the graph of f(x) gets wider.

• For a < 0, the graph of f(x) is a “frown”. The graph of f(x)


is stretched vertically downwards; as a gets smaller, the graph gets narrower.
For -1 < a < 0, as a gets closer to 0, the graph of f(x) gets wider

Functions
Functions
The effect of b:
!
The x-value of the turning point is determined by 𝑥 = − . This is the
"#
axis of symmetry

The effect of c:
c gives us the y intercept i.e. (0;c)

Functions
Example: Functions
$ " %
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 +
" "
Determine the intercepts, turning point and the axis of symmetry. Give
the domain and range of the function.
$ %
We notice that 𝑎 = ; 𝑏 = −4 𝑐 =
" "
Step 1: Examine the equation of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 " + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

We notice that a > 0, therefore the graph is a “smile” and has a


minimum turning point.

Functions
Example: Functions
Step 2: Determine the turning point and the axis of symmetry
𝑏
𝑥=−
2𝑎
−4
𝑥=− =4
1
2 2
Therefore the axis of symmetry is x = 4.
Substitute x = 4 into the original equation to obtain the corresponding y-value.
1 !
7 1
𝑦 = (4) −4 4 + = −4
2 2 2
"
This gives the point 4; −4 as the turning point
!

Functions
Example: Functions
Step 3: Determine the y-intercept
#
The y-intercept is obtained by letting x = 0: 𝑦 = !
#
This gives the point 0; ! as the y-intercept

Step 4: Determine the x-intercepts


The x-intercepts are obtained by letting y = 0:
1 ! 7
0 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 +
2! 2
= 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 7
= 𝑥−7 𝑥−1
Either x = 7 or 1
This gives the points (1; 0) and (7; 0).

Functions
Example: Functions
• Step 5: Plot the points and sketch the graph

Functions
Example: Functions
Step 6: State the domain and range
• Domain: {x: x ∈ R}
$
• Range: {y: y≥ −4 " , 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅}

Functions
Exercise: Functions
Sketch graphs of the following functions and determine:
• intercepts
• turning point
• axes of symmetry
• domain and range

a) 𝑦 = −𝑥 " + 4𝑥 + 5
b) 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 1)"
c) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 " − 2(𝑥 + 2)
d) 𝑦 = 3(𝑥 − 2)" + 1

Functions
Solutions: Functions

Functions
Solutions: Functions

Functions
Solutions: Functions

Functions
Solutions: Functions

Functions
Functions: Finding the equation of a parabola

Functions
Functions: Finding the equation of a parabola

Functions
Functions: Finding the equation of a parabola

Functions
Exercise: Functions
Determine the equations of the following graphs

Functions
Exercise: Functions

Functions
Exercise: Functions

Functions
Exercise: Functions

Functions
Solutions: Functions
"
1. 𝑦 = −3 𝑥 + 1 + 6 or 𝑦 = −3𝑥 " − 6𝑥 + 3
$ " &
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥
" "

"
3. 𝑦 = ' (𝑥 + 2)"

4. 𝑦 = −𝑥 " + 3𝑥 + 4

Functions
Functions: !Inverse
Given 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 . Determine the inverse of f(x). Sketch 𝑓 "# (𝑥) and y = x on
the same axes as f(x)
Step 1: Swap the x and y

𝑦 = 2𝑥 ! becomes 𝑥 = 2𝑦 !
Step 2: Make y the subject of the formula
!
1
𝑦 = 𝑥
2

1
𝑦=± 𝑥
2

Functions
Functions: Inverse
• Not all inverses of functions are also functions. Some inverses of
functions are relations. If an inverse is not a function, then we can
restrict the domain of the function in order for the inverse to be
a function.

Functions
Functions: Inverse
• To check for a function, draw a vertical line. If any vertical line cuts the
graph in only one place, the graph is a function. If any vertical line
cuts the graph in more than one place, then the graph is not a
function.

• To check for a one-to-one function, draw a horizontal line. If any


horizontal line cuts the graph in only one place, the graph is a one-to-
one function. If any horizontal line cuts the graph in more than one
place, then the graph is a many-to-one function.

Functions

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