MATHEMATICS()

SPHINX UNIVERSITY

Professor Dr.
Ahmed A. Elsonbaty
 Practical Information
Lectures 12 lectures (2 hours)

Tutorials 9 sheets (2 hours)

Readings Stewart, J. (2015) Calculus, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company,.8th edition.

Briggs, Cochran and Gillett (2015), Calculus, Pearson; 2nd edition.

Syllabus 9 lectures Differentiation

(Functions, Limits. Continuity, Derivatives, Application of Differentiation)
 Assessment System
60% Final exam

30% Mid-term exam

Semester work
10% Quiz, Tutorial
 Important Remarks
 Lectures notes are available, while white board is an
essential element of this course.
 Take notes in the lectures (just copy the white board).
 Attempt all homework problems.
 Review the material before each exam
 textbook
 Lectures notes
 Model answer of the homework problems
 Lecture 1,2,3

 Inequalities.

 Functions

 Doman and Range

Inequalities
Solve each inequality, and then sketch the graph of its solution:

2𝑥 + 5 < 13

Solution:

2𝑥 + 5 < 13 ⇒ 2𝑥 < 8 ⇒ 𝑥 < 4 ⇒ 𝑥 ∊ (−∞, 4)

Then the solution is an open interval.

-∞ ∞
0 4
Inequalities
Absolute value Inequalities Remember
The absolute value of a real number 𝑥 is:
|𝑥 − 2| < 5
𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥 =
Solution: −𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

𝑥−2 <5⇒ −5<𝑥−2<5⇒−3<𝑥 <7

, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ∊ (−3,7)
Then the solution is an open interval.

-∞ ∞

-3 0 7

𝒙 − 𝟐 > 𝟓 ????????
Inequalities
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 > 0
Solution:
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 > 0 ⇒ (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) > 0
-∞ -3 2 ∞
𝒙+𝟑 - + +

𝑥−2 - - +
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) + - +
-∞ ∞

-3 0 2

Then 𝑥 ∊ −∞, −3 ∪ ( 2, ∞ )
Inequalities
𝑥−1
≥0
𝑥+2

Solution:

???
Functions

Definition:
A function f from a set X to a set Y is a correspondence that assigns
to each element x of X exactly one element y of the set Y.

Can be written as 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙

𝑥1 f 𝑦1
𝑥2 𝑥1
y 𝑦2

√ X
Functions

f
A B

Domain Range

A set A is the domain of The set of all values f(x) in B

the function f is the range of f written

Independent variables {𝒚: 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒎 𝒙 𝒐𝒔 𝑨}

Dependent variable
Functions

To determine whether a curve is a graph of a function, you can

use the vertical line test.

the vertical line test Acurve in the xy-plane is the graph of some
function f if and only if no vertical line intersects the curve more
than once.
Functions

Definition:
A polynomial is any function that can be written in the form:

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎

 where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are real numbers (the coefficients of the

polynomial).
 with 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 and 𝑛 ≥ 0 is an integer (the degree of the polynomial).

𝒇 𝒙 =𝟓 degree zero

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕 degree one (linear)

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 degree two (quadratic)

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐 degree four

Functions

Find the domain and range of the following functions:

Remember
 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 8  You can’t divide by zero.
1  You can’t take a square root for
 𝑓 𝑥 = a negative number.
𝑥−4
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−5
1
 𝑓 𝑥 =
1−𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥−6
Functions

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟖 Does that mean

The range of all polynomial
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = −∞, ∞ = ℝ must be ℝ? !
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = −∞, ∞ = ℝ
The domain of all polynomials is ℝ.

1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−4
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥: 𝑥 − 4 ≠ 0 = ℝ − {4}
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = ℝ − {0}
Functions

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = −∞, ∞ = ℝ
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0, ∞ = ℝ+
The range must be positive.

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−5

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥: 𝑥 − 5 ≥ 0 = 𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 5 = [5, ∞)
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑦: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 5 ≥ 0 = [0, ∞)
Functions

1
𝑓 𝑥 =
1−𝑥

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥: 1 − 𝑥 > 0 = 𝑥: 𝑥 < 1 = (−∞, 1)

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 0, ∞ = ℝ+

𝑓 𝑥 = |𝒙 − 𝟗|

𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ℝ
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = ℝ+ + 0 = [0, ∞)
Functions

Classifying Functions
Even and Odd Function

Increasing and
Decreasing functions

Inverse Function
Functions: Even and Odd Function
Definition: Let A be a set such that 𝑥∈‫ ⇒ ܣ‬−𝑥∈‫ܣ‬. A function
݂:‫ ܤ→ܣ‬is even.
If ݂(𝑥)=݂(−𝑥),∀𝑥∈‫ܣ‬. But f is odd function if ݂(−𝑥)=−݂(𝑥),∀𝑥∈‫ܣ‬.
Functions: Even and Odd Function

Determine whether each of following functions is

even, odd or neither even nor odd.

Hint:
𝟏
𝐷𝑔 = ℝ − 2, which is not symmetric about zero. Also g −𝒙 = −𝒙−𝟐,
𝟏 −𝟏
which is neither equal to 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟐 nor equal to 𝒈(−𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟐.
Functions: Increasing and Decreasing functions
Definition:
A function ݂ is called increasing on an interval 𝐼 if 𝑓 𝑥1 < 𝑓 𝑥2
, whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in 𝐼.
It f is called decreasing on 𝐼 if 𝑓 𝑥1 > 𝑓 𝑥2 , whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in 𝐼.
Functions: Increasing and Decreasing functions

Determine whether each of following functions is

increasing or decreasing.

Hint:
Functions: Inverse functions
Definition:
A function ݂ is called a one-to-one function if it never takes on the
same value twice; that is, 𝑓 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑓 𝑥2 , whenever 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 .

Definition:
Let ݂ be a one-to-one function with domain ‫ ܣ‬and range ‫ܤ‬. Then its
inverse function 𝑓 −1 has domain ‫ ܤ‬and range ‫ ܣ‬and is defined by
𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 𝑥 ⟺ ݂(𝑥) = 𝑦 for any 𝑦 in ‫ܤ‬.

• Notice that 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) does not mean 𝟏/𝒇−𝟏 . We write the reciprocal of
𝐟(𝐱) as:
𝟏 −𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = [𝒇 𝒙 ]

• domain of 𝒇−𝟏 = range of ݂, and range of 𝒇−𝟏 = domain of ݂

Ex: if 𝒇 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝒇 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇 𝟖) = 𝟐𝟎

So 𝒇−𝟏 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐, 𝒇−𝟏 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟓, 𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒇−𝟏 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟖.
Functions: Inverse functions
theorem (The Horizontal Line Test) A function has an inverse
function if and only if its graph is cut at most once by any
horizontal line.

theorem (The Horizontal Line Test) A function has an inverse function if and
only if its graph is cut at most once by any horizontal line.
Functions: Inverse functions
GRAPHS OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS

theorem If f has an inverse, then the graphs of y = f(x) and y = 𝑓 −1 (x)

are reflections of one another about the line y = x; that is, each graph
is the mirror image of the other with respect to that line.

theorem (The Horizontal Line Test) A function has an inverse function if and
only if its graph is cut at most once by any horizontal line.
Functions: Inverse functions
The graphs shows the function and its inverse.

theorem (The Horizontal Line Test) A function has an inverse function if and
only if its graph is cut at most once by any horizontal line.
Functions: Inverse functions
How to Find the Inverse Function of a One-to-One function 𝒇 ?

Ex: Find the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5.

Sol:
First we write y = 𝑥 3 − 5, then solve for 𝑥:
3
𝑥3 = 𝑦 + 5 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦+5
Then interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦 write the inverse function:

3 3
𝑦= 𝑥 + 5 ⇒ 𝑓 −1 (x) = = 𝑥+5
Functions: Inverse functions

Restricting Domain for Invertibility

theorem (The Horizontal Line Test) A function has an inverse function if and
only if its graph is cut at most once by any horizontal line.
Functions: Inverse functions

Find a formula for the inverse of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 with x as

independent variable, and state the domain of 𝒇−𝟏 ?

Sol:
??????/
Functions: Inverse functions
𝒙+𝟏
Find a formula for the inverse of 𝒇 𝒙 = with x as independent
𝒙−𝟏
variable, and state the domain of 𝒇−𝟏 ?

Sol:
??????/
Functions: Inverse functions
Find a formula for the inverse of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟐𝟐; 𝐱 > 𝟒 with x
as independent variable, and state the domain of 𝒇−𝟏 ?

Sol:
??????/