JIM101 Learning Material (Lecture Note) - CHAPTER 1
JIM101 Learning Material (Lecture Note) - CHAPTER 1
JIM101 Learning Material (Lecture Note) - CHAPTER 1
Chapter 1: Functions
LEARNING MATERIAL:
LECTURE NOTE
JIM 101 Course Instructor
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Definition and Characteristics
CHAPTER 1: of Functions
Composite Functions
JI M101
Inverse Functions
Trigonometric, Inverse
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
Functions
Learning Objectives:
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1.1 Definition and Characteristics of Functions
A function is a relation in which each
element of the domain is paired with
exactly one element of the range.
Another way of saying it is that there is
one and only one output (y) with each
input (x).
x f(x) y
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1.1 Definition and Characteristics of Functions
Input
y = f (x )
Name of
Output Function
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1.1 Definition and Characteristics of Functions
Solution
(a) 𝑓𝑓(2)
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 8𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑓𝑓 2 = 8(2) − 1
= 15
1.1 Definition and Characteristics of Functions
Example 1
Given 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 8𝑥𝑥 − 1, find:
(a) 𝑓𝑓(2)
(b) the value of 𝑘𝑘 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘 = 3
Solution
(b)𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘 = 3
𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘 = 8𝑘𝑘 − 1
8𝑘𝑘 − 1 = 3
8𝑘𝑘 = 3 + 1
4 1
𝑘𝑘 = =
8 2
1.1 Definition and Characteristics of Functions
For example, in Figure P.1(a), you can see that the graph
does not define y as a function of x because a vertical line
intersects the graph twice, whereas in Figures P.1(b) and (c),
the graphs do define y as a function of x.
Figure P.1
1.2 Basic Classes of Functions
Classifications and Combinations of Functions
1.2 Basic Classes of Functions
Classifications and Combinations of Functions
In the terminology of functions, a function y = f(x) is even when
its graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, and is odd
when its graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
Solution (a)
) x3 − x
f ( x=
f (− x) = ( − x ) − ( − x )
3
=− x3 + x
− ( x3 − x )
=
= − f ( x)
Solution (b)
1
g ( x) = 2
x
1
g (− x) =
(−x)
2
1
= 2
x
= g ( x)
Solution (c)
h( x)= 10 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 3 x − 8
h(− x) 10 ( − x ) − 4 ( − x ) + 3 ( − x ) − 8
3 2
=
−10 x 3 − 4 x 2 − 3 x − 8
=
−(10 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 3 x + 8)
=
≠ h( x) or − h( x)
It implies h( x) is neither odd nor even function.
1.2 Basic Classes of Functions
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1.2 Basic Classes of Functions
Figure P.2 shows the graphs of basic functions.
Figure P.2
1.2 Basic Classes of Functions
What are the domain and range of a function?
• The Domain is the set of all possible x-values in a
function.
Solution:
Algebraic method
Hence,
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 18 .
1.2 Basic Classes of Functions
(b) Linear Function
Example 4: Compute the domain and range of,
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 5
Solution:
Algebraic method
𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 5 Graphical Method
𝑦𝑦 is defined for all values of 𝑥𝑥.
Then, rewrite as
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2
𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑦𝑦 − 2
𝑥𝑥 = ± 𝑦𝑦 − 2
𝑥𝑥 is defined for 𝑦𝑦 such that 𝑦𝑦 − 2 ≥ 0,
which 𝑦𝑦 ≥ 2. 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
Then, rewrite
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2
𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = [2, ∞)
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2
𝑥𝑥 is defined for 𝑦𝑦 if 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2 ≥ 0
Therefore, the range
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, ∞
1.2 Basic Classes of Functions
(e) Absolute Value Function
Example 7: Compute the domain and range of,
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1
Solution:
Algebraic method Graphical Method
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑦𝑦 is defined for all values of 𝑥𝑥.
Hence, the domain 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, ∞
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
Then, rewrite
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥 + 1 = ±𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 = ±𝑦𝑦 − 1
𝑥𝑥 is defined for 𝑦𝑦 if 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, ∞
Therefore, the range
𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, ∞
1.2 Basic Classes of Functions
(f) Rational Function
Example 8: Compute the domain and range of,
3
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥 − 1
Solution:
Algebraic method Then, rewrite
3 3
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 − 1 𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥 − 1) = 3
In order to calculate the domain, 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 = 3
𝑥𝑥 − 1 ≠ 0 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 + 3
𝑦𝑦 + 3
𝑥𝑥 ≠ 1 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦 is defined for all values of 𝑥𝑥 except 𝑥𝑥 is defined for all values of 𝑦𝑦 except
if 𝑥𝑥 = 1. if 𝑦𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
Graphical Method
x
𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −∞, 1 ∪ (1, ∞)
1.2 Basic Classes of Functions
(g) Combination of Functions
Example 9: Compute the domain of the following function:
5𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2
𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 3
Solution:
Algebraic method
5𝑥𝑥 + 1 𝑥𝑥 − 3 ≠ 0
𝑦𝑦 = 2 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 3
𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 3
Figure P.30
(a) 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥
(b) 𝑔𝑔 ∘ 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
(c) Find the values of 𝑥𝑥 if 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 7
Solution:
1.3 Composite Functions
Example 4 – Solution cont’d
1.3 Composite Functions
Example 4 – Solution cont’d
(c) Find the values of 𝑥𝑥 if 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 7
2𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 = 7
2𝑥𝑥 2 = 7 + 1
2𝑥𝑥 2 = 8
2
8
𝑥𝑥 = = 4
2
𝑥𝑥 = 4
= ±2
Hence, 𝑥𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2
1.4 Inverse Functions
A function y = f(x) with domain D is one-to-one on D
if and only if for every x1 and x2 in D, f(x1) = f(x2)
implies that x1 = x2.
4 4
-4 4 -4 4
x x
Solution
Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦
𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 Switch x and y
1
= 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 − 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 − 3 = 1
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 = 1
1 + 3𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥
1+3𝑥𝑥
Therefore, 𝑓𝑓 −1 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑥𝑥
1.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions
ln x → ∞ as x → ∞
ln x → −∞ as x → 0, x > 0
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1.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example 12: Find the inverse function of ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 , 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
Solution
Let 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦
𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 Switch x and y
𝑒𝑒 2𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
ln 𝑒𝑒 2𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥
2𝑦𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑥
ln 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = Solve for y.
2
ln 𝑥𝑥
Therefore, ℎ−1 𝑥𝑥 =
2
1.6 Trigonometric, Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
Trigonometric Functions
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1.6 Trigonometric, Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
Trigonometric Functions
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1.6 Trigonometric, Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
(−∞, ∞)
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1.6 Trigonometric, Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
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1.6 Trigonometric, Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
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1.6 Trigonometric, Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
(−∞, ∞)
(−∞, ∞)
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