KEY CONCEPTS

Teacher’s Note: These are the following definitions you need to understand as you go through to the lesson.

Definition: A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of values (called
the range).

A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x,y).

 The domain of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take.
 The range of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable y can take.
Definition: A function is a relation where each element in the domain (variable x) is related to only one value in the range
(variable y) by some rule. We denote function as f(x).
The element of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that supplies a rule so that each input corresponds to only
one output.

FUNCTION OR NOT FUNCTION

Teacher’s Note: There are ways to figure out if a relation is a function. Let’s figure that out. Read and understand
carefully,

A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different
y-values. Using functional notation, we can write f(x) = y, read as “f of x is equal to y.” In particular, if (1, 2) is an
ordered pair associated with the function f, then we say that f(1) = 2.

Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions?

a. f = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7)}
b. g = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,7)}
c. h = {(1,9), (2,6), (3,9),…, (n,3n),…}

Solution.

The relations f and h are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-values. Meanwhile,
g is not a function because (1,3) and (1,4) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but different y-values.
Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of the domain are
mapped to the elements of the range using arrows. In this case, the relation or function is represented by the set of
all the connections represented by the arrows.

Example 2. Which of the following mapping diagrams represent functions?

X Y X Y X Y
a. b. c.
1 3 4 13

2 5 6 0 2 15

3 9 9 5 19

4 17 10 3 27

5 33 15 9 33
\

Solution

The relations a and b are functions because each value y in Y is unique for a specific value of x. The relation c is not a
function because there is at least one element in X for which there is more than one corresponding y-value. For example,
x=2 corresponds to y = 13 or 15. Similarly, x=5 corresponds to both y=19 or 27.

A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian plane, and that a
function passes the vertical line test.

The Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
Example 3. Which of the following can be a graph of functions?

Solution

Graphs (a) and (b) are graphs of functions while (c) not because they do not pass the vertical line test.

EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
Teacher’s Note: Evaluating a function is quite easy. Try to understand what it’s all about! Read and understand
carefully.

Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with a value from the
function's domain and computing for the result. To denote that we are evaluating f at a for some a in the domain of
f, we write f(a).

Example 1. Evaluate the following functions at x = 1.5:

a) f(x) = 2x + 1
b) h(x) = x2 -2x + 2
c) i(x) = √𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 + 1
d) j(x) = 𝑥−1
e) k(x) = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1, where |x| is the greatest integer function.

Solution

Substituting 1.5 for x in the functions above, we have

a) f(1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4
b) h(1.5) = (1.5) 2 -2(1.5) + 2 = 2.25 – 3 + 2 = 1.25
c) i(1.5) = √(1.5) + 1 = √2.5
2(1.5) + 1 3+1
d) j(1.5) = (1.5) −1
= 0.5
=8
e) k(1.5) = ⌊1.5⌋ + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2

FUNCTION AS REPRESENTATIONS OF REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS

Teacher’s Note: This topic will allow you to relate function into a real-life situation. In reality, we don’t
know certain things that must be an example of a function so read and understand the details below.

Functions can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate functional model will lead
to a better understanding of various phenomena.

Example 1. Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if one meal costs P40.

Solution

Since each meal costs P40, then the cost function is C(x) = 40x.
Example 2. One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a rectangular area next to a river (see figure). Give a
function A that can represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms of x.

River

x
Solution

The area of the rectangular enclosure is A = xy. We will write this as a function of x. Since only 100 m of fencing is
available, then x + 2y = 100 or y = (100 – x)/2 = 50 – 0.5x. Thus, A(x) = x(50 – 0.5x) = 50x – 0.5x2.

Piecewise functions
Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the value of the independent
variable or the variable x.

Example 1. A user is charged P300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free text messages. Messages
in excess of 100 are charged P1 each. Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using the function t(m), where m is
the number of messages sent in a month.

Solution

The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the piecewise function:

300 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑚 ≤ 100

t(m)={
300 + 𝑚 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 100

Example 2. A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional integer kilometer adds P1.50 to the
fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d) in kilometers.

Solution

The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If F(d) represents the fare as a function of distance,
the function can be represented as follows:

8.00 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
F(d)={
8.00 + 1.5(𝑑) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 > 4

Note that is d the floor function applied to d. The floor function gives the largest integer less than or equal to d, e.g. .

PERFORM THE OPERATION

Teacher’s Note: The first topic in this lesson is to perform operation of function. Read and understand carefully.

KEY CONCEPTS

You can obtain a new function by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing functions. Accordingly,
these new functions are called sum, difference, product, and quotient of the original function.
Given two functions f and g,
a. their sum, denoted by f + g, is the function define by (f + g)(x)=f(x) +g(x).
b. their difference, denoted by f - g, is the function define by (f - g)(x)=f(x) - g(x).
c. their product, denoted by f ∙ g, is the function define by (f ∙ g)(x)=f(x) ∙ g(x).
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
d. their sum, denoted by , is the function define by ( )(x)= .
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)

In each case, the domain of the resulting function consists of those values of x common to the domains of
both f and g, except in the fourth case where values of x which g(x) = 0 are excluded.
1. Given that f(x) = x2 - 4 and g(x) = x + 2, find the following resulting function.

𝑓
a. (f+g)(x) b. (f - g)(x) c. (f ∙ g)(x) d. ( 𝑔 )(x)

Solution
a. (f + g)(x) = f(x)+g(x) write the definition
= (x2 - 4) + (x + 2) substitute the given function
(f + g)(x) = (x2 - x -2) add liked terms

b. (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x) write the definition

= (x2 - 4) - (x + 2) substitute the given function
(f - g)(x) = (x2 - x - 6) subtract liked terms

c. (f ∙ g)(x) = f(x) ∙ g(x) write the definition

= (x2 - 4) ∙ (x + 2) substitute the given function
(f ∙ g)(x) = (x3 + 2x2 - 4x - 8) multiply using FOIL method

f f(x)
d. ( g )(x)= g(x) write the definition
x2 − 4
= x+2
substitute the given function
(x − 2)(x + 2)
= x+2
factor out the factorable function
𝐟
( 𝐠 )(x)= x-2 cancel out liked terms

2. Given that f(x) = (2x2 + x – 3) and g(x) = 2x +3, perform the given operation.
𝑓
a. (f+g)(x) b. (f - g)(x) c. (f ∙ g)(x) d. ( 𝑔 )(x)

Solution
a. (f + g)(x) = f(x)+g(x) b. (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
= (2x2 + x - 3) + (2x + 3) = (2x2 + x - 3) - (2x + 3)
(f + g)(x) = (2x2 + 3x) (f - g)(x) = (2x2 - x – 6)

f 𝑓(𝑥) (2x+ 3)(x − 1)

c. (f ∙ g)(x) = f(x) ∙ g(x) d. ( g )(x)= g(x) = 2x + 3
= (2x2 + x - 3) ∙ (2x + 3)
2𝑥 2 + x − 3 𝐟
(f ∙ g)(x) = (4x3 + 8x2 - 3x - 9) = 2x + 3
( 𝐠 )(x)= x - 1

COMPOSE THE FUNCTION

Teacher’s Note: The second topic in this lesson is about composition of function. Read and understand carefully.

KEY CONCEPTS

Another operation which involves function is obtaining the composite function of two given function.

 Given two functions f and g, the composite function, denoted as f ○ g (read as “f composed with g”), is defined by
(f ○ g)(x) = f[g(x)].
 When computing for (f ○ g)(x), apply the first function g to x and then function of f to g(x).

1. If f(x) = 3x2 – 4x and g(x) = x -1, find:

a. (f ○ g)(x) b. (g ○ f)(x) c. (f ○ g)(-2)

Solution:

a. (f ○ g)(x) = f[g(x)] write the definition

= 3(x - 1)2 – 4(x – 1) replace the variable x in f with the function g
= 3(x2 – 2x +1) – 4(x – 1)
= 3(x2 – 2x +1) – 4(x – 1) use PEMDAS
= (3x2 – 6x + 3) – (4x – 4)
(f ○ g)(x) = 3x2 – 10x + 7 simplify
b. (g ○ f)(x) = g[f(x)] write the definition
= (3x2 – 4x) - 1 replace the variable x in g with the function f
(g ○ f)(x) = 3x2 – 4x - 1 simplify

c. Since (f ○ g)(x) = 3x2 – 10x +7

(f ○ g)(-2) = 3(-2)2 – 10(-2) +7 substitute the variable x in f with -2
(f ○ g)(-2) = 39 simplify

2. Given g(x) = 2x – 1 and h(x) = 2x2 + 3. Find (g ○ h)(x).

Solution:
a. (g ○ h)(x) = g[h(x)] b. (h ○ g)(x) = h[g(x)]
= 2(2x2 + 3) – 1 = 2(2x - 1)2 + 3
= (4x2 + 6) - 1 = 2(4x2 – 4x + 1) + 3
(g ○ h)(x) = 4x2 + 5 = 8x2 – 8x + 2 + 3
(h ○ g)(x) = 8x2 – 8x + 5