MODULE 1 FUNCTIONS

Differential Calculus

I. MODULE CONTENT
1. Different Types of Functions
2. Domain and Range
3. Graph of Functions
4. Function Notation

II. MODULE OVERVIEW

This lesson provides the students an understanding on the different types of functions It also includes
the basic manipulation of functions in its forms.

III. LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Evaluate functions to the different variety of functions.
2. Calculate the average rate of change of functions and to interpret its meaning
3. Sketch the graph of the different types of functions.
4. Model the different types of functions.

IV. COURSE CONTENT

1 Functions
INTRODUCTION
This first section deals with the difference between relations and functions. It explains how to represent
relations and functions using both mapping diagrams and graphs. It also explains how to determine
whether or not a relation is a function, given a representation of that relation.

The second section deals with domains of functions and relations; that is, the set of values which are
inputs for a relation or function. It explains how to determine the domain of a relation. It also deals with
two types of restricted domain-restrictions of an infinite set of numbers, and restrictions of a few points.
Some functions cannot take certain values as inputs, and this section details how to find those values.

The final section deals with ranges of functions and relations. While domain is the set of inputs of a
function, range is the set of outputs. Both are important to mention when describing a graph or function.
Calculus is concerned with the study of the properties of functions. Here, the student will graph functions,
find their maximum and minimum values, and determine their attributes solely from their equations.
Functions will be used to solve many different types of problems. However, one must first learn the
basics--how to recognize a function, and how to determine its domain and range.

1.1 FUNCTIONS
A set of an ordered pair of numbers (x, y) such that to each value of the first variable (x) there corresponds
a unique value of the second variable (y). Consists of two variables; independent variable and dependent
variable. A set of ordered pairs of real numbers (x, y) in which no two ordered pairs have the same first
component.
Independent Variable
The first of the two numbers in the ordered pair (x). Its values are not affected by the value of the second
variable. The set of all values taken on by it is called the domain of the function.
Dependent Variable
The second of the two numbers in the ordered pair (y). Its values are dependent on the value of the first
variable. The set of all values taken on by it is called the range of a function.

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 EXAMPLE

𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 E is the function of m
E and m are the variables
E is the dependent variable
m is the independent variable

m is the function of E
𝐸 E and m are the variables
𝑚= m is the dependent variable
𝑐2
E is the independent variable

Things to Be Considered When Determining a Function:

1. Rule of Correspondence − A certain value of x may not correspond to more than one value of y.
2. Domain − The set of all values of x.
3. Range − The set of all values of y.

EXAMPLE
X Y
OP: (1, 4), (2, 6) (3, 5)
1 4 Domain: {1,2,3}
Range: {4,5,6}
2 5 One is to one correspondence
3 6

X Y
A OP: (A, 3), (B, 3) (C, 3)
Domain: {A, B, C}
B 3
Range: {3}
C many is to one correspondence

X Y
H
OP: (2, H), (2, I) (2, J)
2 I Domain: {2}
Range: {H, I, J}
J one is to many correspondence

Take note that the last example is not a function, this is because the value of x is corresponding to
multiple values of y

Determine whether the following set of ordered pairs is a function or not and determine
its domain and range.
1. (2, 3) (3, 4) (4, 5) (5, 6) 6. (0, 1) (1, 2) (3, 5) (8,13)
2. (a, e) (b, e) (c, f) (d, f) 7. (25, 5) (16, 4) (9, 3) (4, 2)
3. (1, 1) (2, 4) (3, 9) (4, 16) 8. (24, 3) (21, 3) (18, 3) (15, 3)
4. (c ,3) (c, 4) (b, 2) (b, 1) 9. (0, 1) (0, 2) (0, 3) (0, 4)
5. (9, 0) (8, 1) (7, 2) (7, 1) 10. (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4)

1.2 VALUE FUNCTIONS

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If f(x) is a given function of (x) and it is decided to find the value of this function when x assumes a
certain value of x in the given function.

EXAMPLE
If f (x) = x2 + 4x – 12, find: (a) f(0), (b) f(2b), (c) f(x + h), (d) f(x) + f(z)
Solution:
a. 𝑓 (0) = 02 + 4(0)– 12
𝑓(0) = 0 + 0 – 12
𝑓(0) = −12

b. 𝑓 (2𝑏) = (2𝑏)2 + 4(2𝑏) – 12

𝑓 (2𝑏) = 4𝑏2 + 8𝑏 – 12

c. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ)2 + 4(𝑥 + ℎ)– 12

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ 2 + 4𝑥 + 4ℎ – 12

d. 𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 – 12 + 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 – 12
𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑧2 + 4𝑧 – 12 – 12
𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑧2 + 4𝑧 – 24

EXAMPLE
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 14, show that 𝑓(𝑘 + 2) = 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 − 20.
Solution:

𝑓(𝑘 + 2) = (𝑘 + 2)2 − 5(𝑘 + 2) − 14 = 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 − 20

𝑓(𝑘 + 2) = 𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 4 − 5𝑘 − 10 − 14 = 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 − 20
𝑓(𝑘 + 2) = 𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 − 5𝑘 + 4 − 10 − 14 = 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 − 20
𝑓(𝑘 + 2) = 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 − 20 = 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 − 20

EXAMPLE
1 2𝑥−3
If 𝑓(𝑥) = , show that 𝑓(𝑥 − 3) + 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥 2 −3𝑥

Solution:

1 1 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓(𝑥 − 3) + 𝑓(𝑥) = + = 2
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑥
𝑥 + (𝑥 − 3) 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓(𝑥 − 3) + 𝑓(𝑥) = = 2
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥) 𝑥 − 3𝑥
𝑥+𝑥−3 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓(𝑥 − 3) + 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 = 2
𝑥 − 3𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑥
2𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓(𝑥 − 3) + 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 = 2
𝑥 − 3𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑥

Evaluate the following functions:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 17, find:
a. 𝑓(2)
b. 𝑓(−2)
c. 𝑓(𝑥 + 5)
d. 𝑓(𝑥 − 3)

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 14, find:

a. 𝑓(0)
b. 𝑓(−1)

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 c. 𝑓(3)
d. 𝑓(2𝑏)

3. (𝑥) = 15𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 11, find:

1
a. 𝑓 ( )
3
b. 𝑓(−1)
c. 𝑓(0)
d. 𝑓(2𝑐)

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 7, find:
a. 𝑓(𝑥 + 4)
b. 𝑓(−1)
c. 𝑓(0)
d. 𝑓(1)

5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1, find:
a. 𝑓(−3)
b. 𝑓(−1)
c. 𝑓(0)
d. 𝑓(3)

6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1, find:
a. 𝑓(2)
b. 𝑓(1)
c. 𝑓(0)
d. 𝑓(−1)

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 9, find:
1
a. 𝑓 ( )
3
b. 𝑓(1)
c. 𝑓(0)
1
d. 𝑓 (− )
2

8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4, find:
a. 𝑓(2)
b. 𝑓(−1)
c. 𝑓(𝑎)
d. 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ)

9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5,find:
a. 𝑓(5)
b. 𝑓(0)
c. 𝑓(4𝑎)
d. 𝑓(2𝑐)

10.𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥, find:

a. 𝑓(0)
b. 𝑓(𝜋)
c. 𝑓(2𝜋)
d. 𝑓(3𝜋)

11.If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 3, show that 𝑓(𝑏 + 2) = 2𝑏 2 + 15𝑏 + 25

1
12.If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4, show that 𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓(3) = 15
2
𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
13.If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4, show that = 2𝑎 + ℎ + 3
ℎ
14.If 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1, show that 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 4𝑎2 + 4𝑏 2 + 8𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 − 1
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 1
15.if 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4, show that 𝑓(4𝑎) + 𝑓 ( ) = 8𝑎 + 9
2

1.3 OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

1. The sum of f and g denoted by𝑓 + 𝑔 is the function defined by:

(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
2. The difference of f and g denoted by𝑓 − 𝑔 is the function defined by:
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
3. The product of f and g denoted by𝑓 𝑔 is the function defined by:
(𝑓 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)  𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓
4. The quotient of f and g denoted by ⁄𝑔 is the function defined by:
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑎. (𝑥) = 𝑏. (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
5. The composite function denoted by𝑓• 𝑔 is the function defined by:
𝑎. (𝑓 • 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥) 𝑏. (𝑔 • 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
It refers to recombining functions in a manner where the input from the functions becomes the
input of the next function. The range of the function becomes the range of the next function.

EXAMPLE
1 𝑥+4
If 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥−1

Solution:
1 𝑥+4
a. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = +
𝑥 𝑥−1
(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥2 − 𝑥
𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙

1 𝑥+4
b. 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = −
𝑥 𝑥−1
(𝑥 − 1) − 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)
−𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥2 − 𝑥
𝟐
−𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙

1 𝑥+4
c. 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥) = ( ) ( )
𝑥 𝑥−1
𝒙+𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙

1 𝑥+4
d. 𝑓(𝑥) ÷ 𝑔(𝑥) = ÷
𝑥 𝑥−1
1 𝑥−1
𝑓(𝑥) ÷ 𝑔(𝑥) = ÷
𝑥 𝑥+4
𝒙−𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) ÷ 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙

𝑥+4 1
e. 𝑔(𝑥) ÷ 𝑓(𝑥) = ÷
𝑥−1 𝑥
𝑥+4
𝑔(𝑥) ÷ 𝑓(𝑥) = ( )𝑥
𝑥−1
𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙
𝒈(𝒙) ÷ 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏

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 1
f. 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) =
𝑥+4
𝑥−1
𝒙−𝟏
𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) =
𝒙+𝟒

1
+4
g. 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
1
−1
𝑥
1 + 4𝑥
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
1−𝑥
𝑥
1 + 4𝑥 𝑥
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = ( )( )
𝑥 1−𝑥
𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙
𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) =
𝟏−𝒙

EXAMPLE
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥
Solution:

a. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1
𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

b. 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 1

𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏

c. 𝑓(𝑥)  𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥)

𝒇(𝒙)  𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
d. =
𝑔(𝑥) 2𝑥

𝑔(𝑥) 2𝑥
e. =
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1

f. 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (2𝑥)2 − 2(2𝑥) + 1

𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏

g. 𝑔(𝑓 (𝑥)) = 2(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)

𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐

EXAMPLE
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Solution:

a. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 3) + 𝑥 2

𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3

b. 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 3) − 𝑥 2

𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑

c. 𝑓(𝑥)  𝑔(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 )

𝒇(𝒙)  𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐
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 𝑓(𝑥) 2𝑥+3
d. =
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥2

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥2
e. =
𝑔(𝑥) 2𝑥+3

f. 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2(𝑥 2 ) + 3
𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑

g. 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = (2𝑥 + 3)2

𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗

Find the (a) sum, (b) difference, (c) product, (d) quotient, and (e) composite function of the
following:

1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1

2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥−3 1
3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥+2 𝑥
2𝑥+8
4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 9 and 𝑔(𝑥) =
4
6𝑥−4 2
5. If 𝑓(𝑥) = , and 𝑔(𝑥) =
3 𝑥

1.4 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

1.4.1. ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

1.4.1.1 CONSTANT FUNCTIONS

A linear function for which the range does not change no matter which member of the
domain is used. With a constant function, for any two points in the interval, a change in x
results in a zero change in f(x). Defined by the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐, wherein the value of
𝑐can be any real number.

EXAMPLE

1
𝑓(𝑥) = −1 𝑓(𝑥) =
2
Domain= ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ Domain= ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ
1
Range = {-1} Range = ቄ ቅ
2

I. Graph the following functions and determine its domain and range.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = −3
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5

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 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9

II. Identify whether the following functions is a constant function or not. Write C if it is
a constant function and N if it isn’t.
____1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 7 ____5. 𝑓(𝑥) = √9
____2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ____6. 𝑓(𝑥) = −2
____3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 ____7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1⁄2
____4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 ____8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1⁄𝑥

III. Determine which graph represent a constant function.

1.4.1.2 IDENTITY FUNCTIONS

Is a function that always returns the same value that was used as its argument. The locus
of points satisfying the equation in a straight line dividing two alternate axis into equal
parts. Defined by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

EXAMPLE

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

Solution:
X -2 0 2
Y -2 0 2

Domain: ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ
Range: ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ∈ 𝑅ሽ

I. Complete the following tables and show the graph of the function for each table.
1.
X -3 -1 0 1 3
Y
2.

X -6 -4 -2 0 2
Y
3.

X ½ ¼ 0 -¼ -½
Y
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1.4.1.3 LINEAR FUNCTIONS
A first degree function derived by the equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐. It has three forms:
a. Slope Intercept Form
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
b. Point Slope Form
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
c. Intercept Form
𝑥 𝑦
+ =𝑐
𝑎 𝑏

EXAMPLE

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥
Domain= ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ Domain= ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ
Range = ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ∈ 𝑅ሽ Range = ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ∈ 𝑅ሽ

I. Complete the following tables and show the graph of the function for each table.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 = 1 X 1 3 -3 -5
Y

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 2 X 1 0 -1 -2
Y

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5 X -2 0 2 4
Y

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2 X 1 3 -3 -5
Y

5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1 X -2 -4 4 2
Y

6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 4 X 2 0 -2 -4
Y

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 7 X 7 3 0 2
Y

II. Graph the following equations using the 𝑥 and 𝑦 intercepts.

1. 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6
2. 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 12
III. Graph the following functions using the slope-intercept method.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3

1.4.1.4 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

A polynomial function with one or more variables in which the highest-degree term is of the
second degree. If the quadratic function is set equal to zero, then the result is a quadratic

Page |9
equation. The solutions to the univariate equation are called the roots of the univariate
function. Its general form is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12

Solution:

A. Finding the roots

a. By Factoring:
0 = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12
0 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4)
0=𝑥−3 0=𝑥−4
3=𝑥 4=𝑥
7 ± √1
𝑥=
2
7±1
𝑥=
2
7+1 7−1
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
8 6
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
𝑥=4 𝑥=3
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (4,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3,0)

b. Using the quadratic formula:

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
−(−7) ± √(−7)2 − 4(1)(12)
𝑥=
2(1)
7 ± √49 − 48
𝑥=
2
B. Finding the Vertex
−𝑏 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
𝑥= 𝑦=
2𝑎 4𝑎
−(−7) 4(1)(12) − (−7)2
𝑥= 𝑦=
2(1) 4(1)
7 48 − 49
𝑥= 𝑦=
2 4
1
𝑦=−
4
7 1
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑖𝑠 ( , − )
2 4

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
Solution:
A. Finding the roots
P a g e | 10
 0 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
0 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1)
0=𝑥−2 0=𝑥−1
2=𝑥 1=𝑥
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 (2,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1,0)

B. Finding the Vertex

−𝑏 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
𝑥= 𝑦=
2𝑎 4𝑎
−(−3) 4(1)(2) − (−3)2
𝑥= 𝑦=
2(1) 4(1)
3 8−9
𝑥= 𝑦=
2 4
1
𝑦=−
4
3 1
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑖𝑠 ( , − )
2 4

I. Find the quadratic function using the given roots.

3
1. (− , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1,0)
2
2
2. ( , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−3,0)
3
1
3. (− , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1,0)
2
4. (2,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1,0)
1
5. ( , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1,0)
2
II. Predict whether the graph of the function will open upwards or downwards
based on the given domains and ranges.
1. Domain = ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ, Range =ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ≥ 4ሽ
2. Domain = ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ, Range =ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ≤ 3ሽ
3. Domain = ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ, Range =ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ≥ −1ሽ
4. Domain = ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ, Range =ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ≤ 0ሽ
5. Domain = ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ, Range =ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ≥ −2ሽ
III. Determine the a) roots, b) vertex, and c) domain and range of the given
functions. Illustrate its graph.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8
9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1
10. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3

1.4.1.5 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Is any function which can be written as the ratio of two polynomial functions, where the
polynomial in the denominator is not equal to zero.A rational function can have at most
one horizontal or oblique asymptote, and many possible vertical asymptotes.

Asymptote

P a g e | 11
An asymptote of a curve is a line, such that the distance between the curve and the line
approaches zero as they tend to infinity. There are three kinds of asymptotes: horizontal,
vertical and oblique. The existence of a horizontal or oblique asymptote depends on the
degrees of polynomials in the numerator and denominator.

EXAMPLE
𝑥+2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1

Solution:
A. Solving for the Vertical Asymptote
𝑥+2
0=
𝑥−1
0=𝑥−1
1=0
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 1.
B. Solving for the Horizontal Asymptote
𝑥+2
𝑦=
𝑥−1
𝑦(𝑥 − 1) = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2

𝑥(𝑦 − 1) 𝑦 + 2
=
(𝑦 − 1) 𝑦−1
𝑦+2
𝑥=
𝑦−1

𝑦+2
0=
𝑦−1
0 =𝑦−1
1=𝑦
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 1

𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 = ሼ𝒙ȁ𝒙 ≠ 𝟏ሽ
𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 = ሼ𝒚ȁ𝒚 ≠ 𝟏ሽ

Find the vertical and horizontal asymptote of the following functions and illustrate
the graph.
𝑥+1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
𝑥−1
2. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+3
𝑥+3
3. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2

P a g e | 12
 𝑥+6
4. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−4
𝑥+5
5. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2
𝑥+3
6. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1

𝑥+3
7. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−5
𝑥+1
8. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−4
𝑥−3
9. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
𝑥−2
10. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−3
𝑥+1
11. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−3
𝑥−5
12. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+3
𝑥−2
13. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+1
1.4.1.6 IRRATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Is a function whose analytic expression has the independent variable under the root
symbol.

𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑔(𝑥)

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1
Solution:

X 1 2 5
Y 0 1 2
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ≥ 1ሽ
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ≥ 0ሽ

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = √2 − 𝑥

Solution:
P a g e | 13
 X 2 1 -2
Y 0 1 2
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ≤ 2ሽ
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ≥ 0ሽ

Complete the following tables. Illustrate the graph of the function and determine its
domain and range.
1.𝑓(𝑥) = √9 − 𝑥
X 8 5 4 0
Y

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2
X 0 2 4 6
Y

3.𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2
X 3 4 5 6
Y

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + √𝑥
X 1 2 4 9
Y

5. 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥
X 3 2 1 0
Y

6. 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 + 𝑥
X 4 2 1 0
Y

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 16
X 4 3 0 -2
Y

8. 𝑓(𝑥) = √10 + 𝑥
X 19 10 6 0
Y

9. 𝑓(𝑥) = √13 − 𝑥
X 13 9 4 0
Y

10. 𝑓(𝑥) = √36 − 𝑥 2

X 6 5 4 3
Y

1.4.1.7 ABSOLUTE FUNCTIONS

P a g e | 14
Also called the Modulus Function. Is defined as the real valued function. Is used to
measure the distance between two numbers on the number line.
𝑓(𝑥) = ȁ𝑥 ȁ, 𝑓(𝑥) = −ȁ−𝑥 ȁ

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = 2ȁ𝑥 − 3ȁ
Solution:

X 1 2 3 4 5
Y 4 2 0 2 4
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ≥ 0ሽ

EXAMPLE
𝑓(𝑥) = ȁ𝑥 − 3ȁ
Solution:

X 1 2 3 4 5
Y 2 1 0 1 2
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ሼ𝑥ȁ𝑥 ∈ 𝑅ሽ
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = ሼ𝑦ȁ𝑦 ≥ 0ሽ

Complete the following tables. Illustrate the graph of the function and determine its
domain and range.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = ȁ𝑥 − 2ȁ
X 0 1 2 3
Y

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = ȁ3 + 𝑥ȁ

X -7 -5 -3 -1
Y

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = ȁ𝑥 + 1ȁ

P a g e | 15
 X -5 -3 -1 1
Y

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = ȁ−2𝑥 + 1ȁ
X -2 -1 -1/2 0
Y

5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2ȁ𝑥ȁ
X 0 3 -3 -5
Y

6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3ȁ𝑥 + 1ȁ
X -3 -2 -1 0
Y

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5ȁ𝑥 + 3ȁ

X -2 -1 0 1
Y

1
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = ȁ𝑥ȁ
2

X -4 -2 0 2
Y

9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2ȁ𝑥 − 3
X 9 -6 4 0
Y

10. 𝑓(𝑥) = ȁ5 − 𝑥ȁ

X 3 6 9 12
Y

1.4.2 TRANSCENDAL FUNCTIONS

Exponential Function- It is denoted by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
Logarithmic Function- It is denoted by f(x) = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
Properties/ Laws of Exponents

Multiplication Property 𝑎 𝑦 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦

EXAMPLE
32 33 = 32+3 = 35 =243

42 44 = 42+4 = 46= 4096

Division Property
𝑎𝑥
= 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥>𝑦
𝑎𝑦
𝑎𝑥
=1 𝑥=𝑦
𝑎𝑦
𝑎𝑥 1
= 𝑥<𝑦
𝑎 𝑦 𝑎 𝑦−𝑥

EXAMPLE
24
= 24−2 = 22 = 4
22

P a g e | 16
 22
=1
22
22 1 1 1
4 = 4−2 = 2 =
2 2 2 4

Raising Product to a Power

(𝑎𝑏)2 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥

EXAMPLE
(3𝑏)2 = 32 𝑏 2 = 9𝑏 2

(4𝑏)2 = 42 𝑏 2 = 16𝑏 2
Raising Power to a Power
(𝑎 𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥)(𝑦)

EXAMPLE
(22 )2 = 2(2)(2) = 24 = 16
(23 )2 = 2(3)(2) = 26 = 64

Raising a Quotient to a Power

𝑎 2 𝑎2 𝑎2
( ) = 2= 2
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

EXAMPLE
3 2 32 9
( ) = 2= 2
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
3 2 32 9
( ) = 2=
2 2 4

Fractional Exponent
𝑚 𝑛 𝑛 𝑚
𝑎 𝑛 = √𝑎𝑚 = ( √𝑎)

EXAMPLE

4 2 2 4
𝑐 2 = √𝑐 4 = ( √𝑐 )
5 3 3 5
𝑐 3 = √𝑐 5 = ( √𝑐 )

I. Evaluate the following functions:

1. 25 2 2−3
22
2.
2
3. (102 )2
4. (7𝑎)3
1 2
5. ( )
4
1
6. 83
7. 42 4 43
𝑥3
8. 3
𝑥
9. (53 )2
10. (5𝑥𝑦)3
𝑎 2
11. ( )
5
1
12. 2434
22
13.
25
P a g e | 17
 14. 52 5 54
15. (82 )5

II. Evaluate the following functions:

1. 22 = 4
2. 33 = 27
3. 43 = 64
4. 25 = 64
5. 102 = 100
6. 92 = 81
7. 103 = 1000
8. 53 = 125
9. 62 = 36
10. 74 = 2401

III. Evaluate the following functions:

1. log 9 81 = 2
2. log 2 8 = 3
3. log 7 49 = 2
4. log 2 16 = 4
5. log 3 81 = 4
6. log 7 343 = 3
7. log 3 243 = 5
8. log 2 128 = 7
9. log 6 36 = 2
10. log 5 25 = 2

IV. Evaluate the following functions:

1. log 𝑥 64 = −2
2
2. log125 𝑥 =
3
1
3. log 𝑥 2 =
3
4. log 2 𝑥 = 4
5. log 4 𝑥 = 2
6. log 3 𝑥 = 5
7. log 𝑏 4 = 2
8. log 3 𝑥 = 2

V. Evaluate the following functions:

1. log 2 16 + log 3 9 − log10 100
2. log11 121 + log 7 343 − log14 196
1
3. log10 1000 − log 4 + log 3 81
16
4. log 2 8 − log 4 16 + log 3 27
5. log 5 125 + log 3 √3 + log 6 36
1 1
6. log10 0.001 + log 2 + log 4
4 16
7. log 3 9 − log 4 64 + log 2 8
8. log 2 4 + log 4 16 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81
9. log 2 4 + log 2 8
10. log 3 9 + log 7 49 + log 6 36

VI. Evaluate the following functions:

1
1. 2log 3 + log 16 − log 3 = log 𝑥
2
2. 4𝑥 = 17
3. log 5 (2𝑥 + 𝑦) = 2

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