FUNCTIONS

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
 (x,y)
RELATION is any set of ordered pairs. First
element
Second
element

The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs is called the
domain of the relation, and the set of all second elements is called
the range.
Mapping Diagram Set of ordered pairs Table of Values
X -2 0 2 4
A = {(0,1),(2,3),(4,5)}
Y -1 0 1 2
Domain: {0,2,4}
Domain: {-2,0,2,4}
Range: {1,3,5}
Range: {-1,01,2}
Domain: {3,1,2}
Range: {a,b}
 is a relation or rule of correspondence between

FUNCTION two elements (domain and range) such that each

element in the domain corresponds to exactly one
element in the range.

FUNCTION NOT FUNCTION

FUNCTION NOT FUNCTION

FUNCTIONS

Given the following ordered pairs, which

relations are functions?
A = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)} FUNCTION
B = {(3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)} FUNCTION
C = {(1,0), (0,1), (-1,0), (0,-1)} NOT FUNCTION
D = {(a,b), (b, c), (c,d), (a,d)} NOT FUNCTION
FUNCTIONS
How about from the given table of values, which relation shows a
function?
X 1 2 3 4
A. FUNCTION
Y 2 4 5 6

B. X -4 -3 -2 -1
FUNCTION
Y -5 -2 -2 -1

C. X 0 0 1 2
NOT FUNCTION
Y -1 0 1 4
FUNCTIONS
We can also identify a function given a diagram. On the following
mapping diagrams, which do you think represent functions?
DOMAIN RANGE
a
x
b
A. c
y
FUNCTION

B. a
x
y
b NOT FUNCTION
c

C.
Jana Ken FUNCTION
Dona Mark
Maya Rey
How about if the given are graphs of
relations, can you identify which are
functions?

A relation between two sets of numbers can

be illustrated by graph in the Cartesian
plane, and that a function passes the
vertical line test.

A graph of a relation is a function if any

vertical line drawn passing through the
graph intersects it at exactly one point.
Using the vertical line test, can you identify
the graph which are function or not?

FUNCTION FUNCTION

NOT FUNCTION NOT FUNCTION

As part of their requirements in Statistics class, Andrei made a survey on the
religion of his classmates and here’s what he found out.
Andrei: Good morning classmates, as our requirement in Statistics may I know
your religion. This data will be part of my input in the survey that I am
doing.
Ana: I am a Catholic.
Ana Catholic
Kevin: I am also a Catholic.
Sam: I am a member of the Iglesia ni Cristo. Kevin
INC
Joey: I am a Born Again Christian. Sam
Lanie: My family is a Muslim. Joey Born
Jen: We are sacred a Catholic Family. Again
Andrei: Thank you classmates for your responses. Lanie
Jen Muslim

REAL-LIFE SITUATION Domain Range

OF FUNCTIONS
EVALUATING
FUNCTIONS
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
TYPES OF DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
FUNCTIONS
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃, where 𝑏 is
Constant a constant (a
𝑦=7
Function single value that
does not change).

Identity 𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙,
𝑓 2 =2
Function for all values of x.

𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2
+ ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 , where
Polynomial
n is a nonnegative
Function
integer and 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 ,
𝑎2 , …, n ∈ 𝑅.
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
TYPES OF DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
FUNCTIONS
Polynomial Function
Linear
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5
Function

Quadratic
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
Function
𝑦
Cubic Function 𝑦 = 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3
= 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

Power Function 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 3

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
TYPES OF DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
FUNCTIONS

𝒑(𝒙)
Rational 𝒇 𝒙 = , 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
Function 𝒒(𝒙) 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟏
𝒒(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎.
Exponential 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 𝑦 = 2𝑥
Function

Logarithmic 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 49

Function 𝑥 > 0.
Absolute Value
𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥| 𝑦 = 𝑥−4 +2
Function
Greatest Integer
𝑓 𝑥 = [𝑥] 𝑓 𝑥 = [𝑥] + 1
Function
Example 1: Given 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 4, find the value
of the function if 𝑥 = 3.

Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 4
𝑓 3 =2 3 −4
𝑓 3 =6−4
𝑓 3 =2
Example 2: Given g 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 7, find 𝑔(−3).

Solution:
g 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 7
g −3 = 3(−3)2 + 7
g −3 = 3 9 + 7
g −3 = 27 + 7
g −3 = 34
 Example 3: Given p 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2, find p(0)
and 𝑝(−1).

Solution:
p 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2
p 0 = 3(0)2 + 5 0 − 2 p −1 = 3(−1)2 + 5 −1 − 2
𝑝 0 =0+0−2 𝑝 −1 =3 1 −5−2
𝑝 0 = −2 𝑝 −1 =3−5−2
𝑝 −1 = −4
Example 4: Given f 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 1, find 𝑓(ℎ + 1).

Solution:
f 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 1
f ℎ + 1 = 5(ℎ + 1) + 1
f ℎ + 1 = 5ℎ + 5 + 1
f ℎ + 1 = 5ℎ + 6
Example 5: Given 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2, find 𝑔(9).

Solution:
𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2
𝑔(9) = 3(9) − 2
𝑔(9) = 27 − 2
𝑔(9) = 25
𝑔(9) = 5
Example 6: Evaluate 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1 if 𝑥 = 3.

Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑓 3 = 23 − 1
𝑓 𝑥 =8−1
𝑓 𝑥 =7
OPERATIONS
ON
FUNCTIONS
Definition. Let f and g be functions.
1. Their sum, denoted by 𝑓+𝑔, is the
function denoted by
(𝑓+𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)+𝑔(𝑥).

2. Their difference, denoted by 𝑓−𝑔,

is the function denoted by
(𝑓−𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)−𝑔(𝑥).
3. Their product, denoted by 𝑓•𝑔, is
the function denoted by
(𝑓•𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)•𝑔(𝑥).

𝑓
4. Their quotient, denoted by , is the function
𝑔
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
denoted by (𝑥) = ,
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
excluding the values of x where 𝑔(𝑥)=0.

5. The composite function denoted by (𝑓 ∘𝑔)(𝑥)=𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)).

The process of obtaining a composite function is
called composition of functions.
Example 1. Given the functions:
𝑓(𝑥)=4𝑥+12
𝑔(𝑥)=4

Determine the following functions:

a. (𝑓+𝑔)(𝑥) e. (𝑓∘g)(𝑥)
b. (𝑓−𝑔)(𝑥)
c. (𝑓•𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑓
d. (𝑥)
𝑔
a. (𝑓+𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)+𝑔(𝑥)
= (4𝑥+12)+(4)
= 4𝑥+16

b. (𝑓-𝑔)(𝑥) =𝑓(𝑥)−𝑔(𝑥)
=(4𝑥+12)−(4)
= 4𝑥+8
c. (𝑓•𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) • 𝑔(𝑥)
= (4𝑥+12) • (4)
= 16𝑥+48

𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
d. (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
4𝑥+12
=
4
4(𝑥+3)
=
4
=𝑥+3
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥+12, and g(𝑥) = 4.
e. (𝑓∘g)(𝑥) = 𝑓(g(𝑥))
= 𝑓(4)
= 4(4)+12
= 16+12
= 28
Example 4. Given the functions:
𝑓(𝑥)=5𝑥−10
𝑔(𝑥)=𝑥−2

Determine the following functions:

a. (𝑓+𝑔)(𝑥) e. (𝑓∘g)(𝑥)
b. (𝑓−𝑔)(𝑥)
c. (𝑓•𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑓
d. (𝑥)
𝑔
a. (𝑓+𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)+𝑔(𝑥)
= (5𝑥−10)+(𝑥−2)
= 6𝑥−12

b. (𝑓-𝑔)(𝑥) =𝑓(𝑥)−𝑔(𝑥)
=(5𝑥−10)−(𝑥−2)
= 5𝑥−10−𝑥+2
=4𝑥−8