MT1001 Applied Calculus

Exercises 1.1

Selected Questions
Instructor: Mukhtar Ullah

1
Question 3 Find the domain and range of
√
𝐹 (𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 10
Solution Any input 𝑥 permissible by 𝐹 satisfies
5𝑥 + 10 ≥ 0
or, equivalently,
𝑥 ≥ −2
The smallest output value of 𝐹 is 𝐹 (−2) = 0.
The domain and range of 𝐹 are therefore
Domain (𝐹) = {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ≥ −2} = [−2, ∞)
{√ }
Range (𝐹) = 5𝑥 + 10 ∣ 𝑥 ≥ −2 = [0, ∞)

2
Question 4 Find the domain and range of
2
𝐺 (𝑡) =
𝑡2 − 16
Solution Any input 𝑡 permissible by 𝐺 satisfies
𝑡 2 − 16 ≠ 0 ⇐⇒ (𝑡 − 4) (𝑡 + 4) ≠ 0 ⇐⇒ 𝑡 ≠ ±4
The output of 𝐺 can be any value except 0 as that would require an impossible denominator.
The domain and range of 𝐹 are therefore
Domain (𝐺) = {𝑡 ∣ 𝑡 ≠ ±4} = ℝ ⧵ {−4, 4} = (−∞, −4) ∪ (−4, 4) ∪ (4, ∞)
2
Range (𝐺) = { 2 ∣ 𝑡 ≠ ±4} = ℝ ⧵ {0} = (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
𝑡 − 16

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Question 7 Which of the graphs are graphs of functions, and which are not?,
y b. y

x x
0 0

Solution

a. Not graph of a function as it fails the vertical line test.

b. Graph of a function as it passes the vertical line test.

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Question 9 Express the area and perimeter of an equilateral triangle as a function of its side length
𝑥.
Solution Write 𝑎 for the area and 𝑝 for the perimeter. The two variables can be easily expressed as
functions of 𝑥 from trigonometry:
√
3 2
𝑎= 𝑥 , 𝑥>0
4
𝑝 = 3𝑥, 𝑥 > 0
It is important to note that 𝑥 > 0 is dictated by the definition of a triangle. You cannot have a
triangle with 𝑥 ≤ 0.

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Question 12 A point 𝑃√
in the first quadrant lies on the graph
of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 . Express the coordinates of 𝑃 as
functions of the slope of the line joining 𝑃 to the origin.
Solution The function 𝑓 is graphed on the right. Begin with
the slope 𝑚 expressed as a function of 𝑥 , namely
√ √
𝑥−0 𝑥 1
𝑚= = = √ , 𝑥>0
𝑥−0 𝑥 𝑥
Note that 𝑚 > 0. This equation can be rewritten to express
the 𝑥 coordinate of 𝑃 as a function of 𝑚, namely
1
𝑥 = 2, 𝑚 > 0
𝑚 √
The 𝑦 coordinate of 𝑃 is the output of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 1 ⁄ 𝑚2 , namely,
√ 1
𝑦= 𝑥= , 𝑚>0
𝑚

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Question 21 Find the natural domain of, and
graph, the function
𝑥+3
𝑦= √
4 − 𝑥2 − 9
Solution Any input 𝑥 permissible by the func-
tion satisfies √
𝑥 2 − 9 ≥ 0 and 4 − 𝑥2 − 9 ≠ 0
or, equivalently, -5
-3 3 5
(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 3) ≥ 0 and (𝑥 − 5) (𝑥 + 5) ≠ 0
or, equivalently,
𝑥 ≤ −3 or 𝑥 ≥ 3 and 𝑥 ≠ ±5
The natural domain of the function is therefore
ℝ ⧵ {−5, 5} ⧵ (−3, 3) = (−∞, −5) ∪ (−5, −3] ∪ [3, 5) ∪ (5, ∞)
The function is graphed on the right.
Note the range ℝ ⧵ (0, 1] = (−∞, 0] ∪ (1, ∞).

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 Question 26 Graph the function g(x)
1−𝑥 0≤𝑥 ≤1 1
𝑔(𝑥) = {
2−𝑥 1<𝑥 ≤2
x
Solution The function is graphed on the right. 0 1 2

Question 31 Find a formula for the functions graphed.

y b. y
(- 1, 1) (1, 1) 2
1
x
3 x
1
(- 2, - 1) (1, - 1) (3, - 1)

Solution a. The formula for the graph on the left b. The formula for the graph on the right
⎧−𝑥 −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 ⎧𝑥 ⁄ 2 −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑦= 1 0<𝑥≤1 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 − 1) 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
⎨ ⎨
⎩(3 − 𝑥) ⁄ 2 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 3 ⎩−1 1<𝑥≤3
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Question 34 What real numbers 𝑥 satisfy the equation ⌈𝑥⌉ = ⌊𝑥⌋?

Solution The two observations

⌊𝑥⌋ ≤ 𝑥 < ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 and ⌈𝑥⌉ − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ ⌈𝑥⌉
imply that ⌈𝑥⌉ = ⌊𝑥⌋ is satisfied by integer 𝑥 only.
Question 35 Does ⌈−𝑥⌉ = − ⌊𝑥⌋ hold for all real 𝑥 ? Give reasons for your answer.

Solution The two observations

⌊𝑥⌋ ≤ 𝑥 < ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 and ⌈𝑥⌉ − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ ⌈𝑥⌉
rewritten as
− ⌊𝑥⌋ ≥ −𝑥 > − ⌊𝑥⌋ − 1 and ⌈−𝑥⌉ − 1 < −𝑥 ≤ ⌈−𝑥⌉
imply that ⌈−𝑥⌉ = − ⌊𝑥⌋ holds for all real 𝑥 .

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Question 39 Graph the function 𝑦 = −1⁄𝑥 . What symmetries,
-1/x
if any, does the graph have? Specify the intervals over which the 2
function is increasing and the intervals where it is decreasing.
Solution The function is graphed on the right.
1
The graph is symmetric about the origin.
The function is increasing on (−∞, 0) and on (0, ∞). It is x
decreasing nowhere. –2 –1 0 1 2

–1
Question 53 Say whether the following function is even, odd,
or neither. Give reasons for your answer.
1 –2
𝑔 (𝑥) =
𝑥2 −1
Solution Even because
1 1
𝑔 (−𝑥) = 2
= = 𝑔 (𝑥)
(−𝑥) − 1 𝑥2 − 1

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