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LecturesChapmanChapter3ACFundamentals

The document outlines the fundamentals of AC machinery, covering topics such as the operation of simple loops in magnetic fields, the concept of rotating magnetic fields, and the relationship between electrical frequency and mechanical speed. It discusses induced voltage and torque in AC machines, as well as the effects of winding insulation and power flows. Additionally, it addresses voltage and speed regulation in generators and motors.

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i221811
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views

LecturesChapmanChapter3ACFundamentals

The document outlines the fundamentals of AC machinery, covering topics such as the operation of simple loops in magnetic fields, the concept of rotating magnetic fields, and the relationship between electrical frequency and mechanical speed. It discusses induced voltage and torque in AC machines, as well as the effects of winding insulation and power flows. Additionally, it addresses voltage and speed regulation in generators and motors.

Uploaded by

i221811
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AC Machinery

Fundamentals
Outline
• A simple loop in a uniform magnetic field
• The rotating magnetic field
• MMF and flux distribution on AC machines
• Induced voltage in AC machines
• Induced torque in AC machines
• Winding insulation in AC machines
• AC machines power flows and losses
• Voltage regulation and speed regulation
A simple loop in a uniform magnetic field
• Simplest machine
– Large stationary magnet (stator)
– Rotating loop of wire within that field (rotor)
Voltage Induced in a simple Rotating Loop
• Rotation of loop will induce a voltage
• Loop geometry rectangular
– ab and cd perpendicular to plane of page
– bc and da parallel to plane of page
Voltage Induced in a simple Rotating Loop

• Segment ab
– points into page
– Parallel to
–
• Segment bc
– first half of segment, points into page
– second half of segment, points out of page
– length in the plane of page
– perpendicular to for both portions of segment

• Segment cd
–
• Segment da
–
Voltage Induced in a simple Rotating Loop
• Total induced voltage
The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop
• Loop at some arbitrary angle with
• Current flowing
• Force and thus torque will be induced

– where between and


The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop
• Segment ab

• Segment bc

• Segment cd

• Segment da
The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop
• Total induced torque

• Flux density due to loop current

– depends on geometry of loop


• Induced torque

• Induced torque depends upon


1. Strength of rotor magnetic field
2. Strength of external magnetic field
3. Sine of angle between them
4. Constant representing construction of machine
The Rotating Magnetic Field
• Observe
– Torque increases as angle between fluxes
increase
– Will cause rotation to align two fields
– No rotation possible

• What if stator magnetic field rotates


– Torques will be induced in loop
– to constantly "chase" stator field
– Rotation

• This is basic principle of all ac motor


operation

• Possible to create a rotating stator field


with three-phase balanced currents
– Needs a three-phase winding
The Rotating Magnetic Field
• Three separate single-turn coils
– Displaced in space by 120
• Called two-pole winding
– One north and one south produced
• Currents given by

• Field intensities produced by each coil

• Resulting flux densities


The Rotating Magnetic Field
• At

• At
The Rotating Magnetic Field

• Observations
– One cycle of current = one complete
rotation of
– Magnitude constant at 1.5
Rotating Magnetic Field

t 0
Relation between Electrical Frequency and Mechanical Speed
• Rotating field in stator can be
represented as
– A north pole (where flux leaves stator)
– A south pole (where flux enters stator)

• Poles complete one mechanical


rotation for each electrical cycle of
applied current
– , Two Poles

• Winding order (taken


counterclockwise)
Relation between Electrical Frequency and Mechanical Speed
• What would happen in
stator if pattern were
repeated twice?

– two north poles and two


south poles
• A pole moves halfway
around the stator in one
electrical cycle
• One electrical cycle is
360 electrical degrees
• Mechanical motion is
180 mechanical degrees
• Electrical angle
Relation between Electrical Frequency and Mechanical Speed
• For four-pole winding
– ,
• In general
– If P poles on stator, there
are repetitions of winding
sequence around its inner
surface

• Relations between
electrical and mechanical
quantities on stator

P P P
 se   sm , f se 
f sm , se  sm
2 2 2
n P 120 f se
f se  sm  ns m 
120 P
Reversing the Direction of Magnetic Field Rotation
• Swapping of current in any two coils will reverse rotation of field

• Direction of rotation of an ac motor can be changed by switching


connections on any two of three coils
MMF and flux distribution on AC machines
• Discussion until now
– Assumes hollow stator
– Not the case

• Reality
– Rotor inside stator
– Small air gap
– Flux distribution vastly different
MMF and flux distribution on AC machines
• Rotor types
– Cylindrical (easier to understand)
– Salient pole (complex and left for advanced courses)
MMF and flux distribution on AC machines
• Cylinderical rotor
– Reluctance of air gap dominates
– jumps perpendicularly between
rotor and stator
– Production of sinusoidal voltage
needs sinusoidal variation of flux
density around stator periphery
• Can only happen if varies sinusoidally
MMF and flux distribution on AC machines
• Possible to achieve with
sinusoidal variation in winding
turns
• Number of turns in each slot
given by

• Not possible to do in practice


because of finite and discrete
nature of slots
– MMF distribution is approximately
sinusoidal
– Presence of harmonics

• More convenient for each slot to


contain same number of
conductors in each slot
Induced voltage in ac
machines
• A rotating magnetic field can
induce three-phase voltages
in coils

• Flux density at any position


around rotor

• Flux density vector wrt


stator
Induced voltage in ac
machines
• Segment ab
– = 180°
– directed radially outward
– Angle between and is
– in direction of

– minus sign because voltage is induced


with polarity opposite to the assumed

• Segment bc
– Induced voltage =0
– is perpendicular to
Induced voltage in ac
machines
• Segment cd
– = 0°
– directed radially outward
– Angle between and is
– in direction of

• Segment da
– Induced voltage = 0
– is perpendicular to
Induced voltage in ac machines
• Total voltage on coil

• For N-turn coil


eind  N  cos  t
The Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Set of Coils
• Voltages induced in each phase
– will have same peak
– will differ in phase by 120o
Induced Torque In An AC Machine
• Two magnetic fields present in a machine
– Rotor field
– Stator field
• Interaction of these produces torque
• Look at figure
– Stator field sinusoidally distributed

– Rotor field rotates with rotor


• Induced force and torque on conductor 1

• Induced force and torque on conductor 2


Induced Torque In An AC Machine
• Total torque on loop

• Further math
 ind 2rliBS sin  kBR BS
 ind kBR Bnet
 ind kBR Bnet sin 

• angle between and


AC Machine Power Flow and Losses

Generator

Motor
Voltage regulation and speed regulation
• VR for generators

• Speed regulation for motors

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