L1: Tropical Design Climate Change

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L1: TROPICAL DESIGN differences, physical impurities, electric content in

the air, and the like, not considered in this study).
CLIMATE CHANGE
is generally defined as a significant variation of
average weather conditions—say, conditions
becoming warmer, wetter, or drier—over several
decades or more. It's the longer-term trend that
differentiates climate change from natural weather
variability
CAUSES AND IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Changes observed in Earth’s climate since the early
20th century are primarily driven by human
activities, particularly fossil fuel burning, which
increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in
Earth’s atmosphere, raising Earth’s average surface
temperature.
These human-produced temperature increases are

commonly referred to as global warming. L2: INTRODUCTION TO CLIMATIC DESIGN
I. BIOCLIMATIC APPROACH
Natural processes can also contribute to climate
change, including internal variability (e.g., cyclical
ocean patterns like El Niño, La Niña and the Pacific
Decadal Oscillation) and external forcings (e.g.,
volcanic activity, changes in the Sun’s energy
output, variations in Earth’s orbit).
DESIGN WITH NATURE

By Ian Mcharg
By “design with nature” McHarg meant that the way
we occupy and modify the earth is best when it is
planned and designed with careful regard to both
the ecology and the character of the landscape. II. THE ATMOSPHERE
Earth's atmosphere: a thin layer of gases that
THE BIOCLIMATIC APPROACH surrounds the Earth
The bioclimatic design approach could be simply 99% nitrogen and oxygen, and 1% of other gases
described that architecture design methods could divided into layers as you can see in the picture
take advantage of the climate through the right
application of design elements and building
technology to energy saving as well as to ensure
comfortable conditions into buildings
(Olgyay,1973).
The major elements of climatic environment which

affect human comfort can be categorized as: air
temperature, radiation, air movement, and
humidity. (There are others too, such as chemical
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THE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE CLIMATE
1. Troposphere (0-10 km) average weather conditions of a place, usually
• lowest region in the Earth's atmosphere measured over one year.
• weather and clouds occur Includes temperature and rainfall
temperature decreases as altitude increases "Climate" - integration in time of weather
conditions, characteristics of a certain geographical
2. Stratosphere (10-50km) location.
earth's ozone layer formed by the differential solar heat input and the
absorbs a lot of ultraviolet rays which are dangerous uniform heat emission over the earth's surface.
for human beings
temperature increases at this layer IV. CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
Temperature
3. Mesosphere (50-80 km) Humidity
Temperatures quickly decrease as height increases Air Movement
(about –90oC) Precipitation
Cloud Cover
4. Thermosphere (80-500km) Solar Radiation
Temperatures rise again and can exceed 1,000oC Sunshine duration
5. Exosphere (500-1,280km) 1. Temperature

last layer of the Earth's atmosphere 1.1. Temperature
separates the Earth from the outer space the degree or intensity of heat present in a
substance or object, especially as expressed
according to a comparative scale and shown by a
thermometer or perceived by touch.
4 Factors Affecting Temperature

a. Latitude
Temperatures decrease as you move away from the
equator.
This is because the Sun’s rays are dispersed over a
larger area of land than in the equator.
In addition, polar regions are colder because the
Sun’s rays have further to travel than on the
equator.
o Sun rays go directly over the Equator areas,
temperatures are higher there.
III. WEATHER AND CLIMATE

WEATHER
day to day condition of the atmosphere
includes temperature, rainfall and wind.
• "Weather" is the set of atmospheric conditions
prevailing at a given place and time.
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• Coastal winters are mild and summers are
cool.
• Innland areas - temperatures are high in the
summer and cold in the winter.
Greenhouse Effect
the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences
because certain gases in the atmosphere like water
vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane
trap energy from the sun.
b. Water Currents
the circulation of water and air
Warm air and water are transported up towards the
poles
• Cool air and water are transported down 2. Humidity
towards the equator • a quantity representing the amount of water
vapor in the atmosphere or a gas
3. Air movement
• caused by temperature or pressure
differences and is experienced as wind
• both wind speed and direction are indicated.
c. Altitude
• Temperatures decrease with height
• air is less dense and cannot hold heat as
easily
• Temperatures rise 6oC every 1,000 m high.
d. Distance from the sea

• Land heats and cools faster than the sea.
• Coastal areas have a lower temperature than 3.1. Atmospheric Pressure
inland areas. • The weight of air on the earth's surface
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• You can see pressure on a weather map with • tiny droplets of water form clouds
lines called isobars. • complex forces make the water droplets fall
as rainfall.
Low pressure
• occurs when air becomes warmer
• air becomes lighter and it rises forming
clouds and rain
• Areas of low pressure are called. depressions
High pressure
• occurs when air becomes colder
• air becomes heavier and it sinks
• Areas of high pressures are called
anticyclones = cold clear days in winter and
hot and sunny days in summer
Barometer – measures air pressure
3.2. Wind
• Wind is the movement of air masses from
high pressure areas (highs) to low pressure
areas (lows).
• weather vane indicates the wind direction
• anemometer measures its speed in km/h.
• Anticyclones send out winds and they are
attracted by depressions
4. Precipitation
• the total amount of rain, hail, snow, dew,
measured in rain gauges and expressed in
mm per unit time (day, month, year).
• water which falls to the earth in different
forms: rain, snow, sleet or hail
• occurs when water vapour cools
• when the air reaches condensation point:
the water vapour condenses and forms tiny
droplets of water

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TD

L1: TROPICAL DESIGN differences, physical impurities, electric content in

CAUSES AND IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

These human-produced temperature increases are

DESIGN WITH NATURE

The major elements of climatic environment which

5. Exosphere (500-1,280km) 1. Temperature

4 Factors Affecting Temperature

III. WEATHER AND CLIMATE

d. Distance from the sea

Barometer – measures air pressure

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